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Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice (2009)
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Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice

References

AAFP (American Academy of Family Physicians). 2006a. Board of Directors Report V to the 2006 Congress of Delegates. Leawood, KS: AAFP. http://www.aafp.org/online/etc/medialib/aafp_org/documents/about/congress/2006/bd-rpts/brdrptv.Par.0001.File.tmp/Board%20Report%20V%20on%20AAFP%20and%20Nondues%20Revenue.pdf (accessed April 8, 2009).

AAFP. 2006b. Full Disclosure for CME Activities: American Family Physician authors. Leawood, KS: AAFP. http://www.aafp.org/online/etc/medialib/aafp_org/documents/news_pubs/afp/afpconflictofinterestform.Par.0001.File.tmp/COI-form-2008.pdf (accessed August 12, 2008).

AAMC (Association of American Medical Colleges). 1998. Guidelines for Dealing with Faculty Conflicts of Commitment and Conflicts of Interest in Research. Adopted by AAMC Executive Council, February 1990; revised, January 1998. Washington, DC: AAMC.

AAMC. 2001. Protecting Subjects, Preserving Trust, Promoting Progress: Policy and Guidelines for the Oversight of Individual Financial Interests in Human Subjects Research. Washington, DC: AAMC. http://www.aamc.org/research/coi/firstreport.pdf (accessed June 23, 2008).

AAMC. 2002. Protecting Subjects, Preserving Trust, Promoting Progress II: Principles and Recommendations for Oversight of an Institution’s Financial Interests in Human Subjects Research. Washington, DC: AAMC. http://www.aamc.org/research/coi/2002coireport.pdf (accessed September 19, 2008).

AAMC. 2004. Clinical Trial Contracts: A Discussion of Four Selected Provisions. Washington, DC: AAMC. https://services.aamc.org/Publications/showfile.cfm?file=version6.pdf&prd_id=76&prv_id=75&pdf_id=6 (accessed February 21, 2009).

AAMC. 2008a. Table 3: applicants to U.S. medical schools by state of legal residence, 1997-2008. In AAMC Facts. Washington, DC: AAMC. http://www.aamc.org/data/facts/2008/2008slr.htm (accessed March 22, 2009).

AAMC. 2008b. Compact Between Biomedical Graduate Students and Their Research Advisors. Washington, DC: AAMC. https://services.aamc.org/Publications/showfile.cfm?file=version127.pdf (accessed February 18, 2009).

AAMC. 2008c. Industry Funding of Medical Education. Washington, DC: AAMC. https://services.aamc.org/Publications/showfile.cfm?file=version114.pdf&prd_id=232 (accessed October 10, 2008).

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Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice References AAFP (American Academy of Family Physicians). 2006a. Board of Directors Report V to the 2006 Congress of Delegates. Leawood, KS: AAFP. http://www.aafp.org/online/etc/medialib/aafp_org/documents/about/congress/2006/bd-rpts/brdrptv.Par.0001.File.tmp/Board%20Report%20V%20on%20AAFP%20and%20Nondues%20Revenue.pdf (accessed April 8, 2009). AAFP. 2006b. Full Disclosure for CME Activities: American Family Physician authors. Leawood, KS: AAFP. http://www.aafp.org/online/etc/medialib/aafp_org/documents/news_pubs/afp/afpconflictofinterestform.Par.0001.File.tmp/COI-form-2008.pdf (accessed August 12, 2008). AAMC (Association of American Medical Colleges). 1998. Guidelines for Dealing with Faculty Conflicts of Commitment and Conflicts of Interest in Research. Adopted by AAMC Executive Council, February 1990; revised, January 1998. Washington, DC: AAMC. AAMC. 2001. Protecting Subjects, Preserving Trust, Promoting Progress: Policy and Guidelines for the Oversight of Individual Financial Interests in Human Subjects Research. Washington, DC: AAMC. http://www.aamc.org/research/coi/firstreport.pdf (accessed June 23, 2008). AAMC. 2002. Protecting Subjects, Preserving Trust, Promoting Progress II: Principles and Recommendations for Oversight of an Institution’s Financial Interests in Human Subjects Research. Washington, DC: AAMC. http://www.aamc.org/research/coi/2002coireport.pdf (accessed September 19, 2008). AAMC. 2004. Clinical Trial Contracts: A Discussion of Four Selected Provisions. Washington, DC: AAMC. https://services.aamc.org/Publications/showfile.cfm?file=version6.pdf&prd_id=76&prv_id=75&pdf_id=6 (accessed February 21, 2009). AAMC. 2008a. Table 3: applicants to U.S. medical schools by state of legal residence, 1997-2008. In AAMC Facts. Washington, DC: AAMC. http://www.aamc.org/data/facts/2008/2008slr.htm (accessed March 22, 2009). AAMC. 2008b. Compact Between Biomedical Graduate Students and Their Research Advisors. Washington, DC: AAMC. https://services.aamc.org/Publications/showfile.cfm?file=version127.pdf (accessed February 18, 2009). AAMC. 2008c. Industry Funding of Medical Education. Washington, DC: AAMC. https://services.aamc.org/Publications/showfile.cfm?file=version114.pdf&prd_id=232 (accessed October 10, 2008).

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Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice AAMC. 2008d. Medical Schools. Washington, DC: AAMC. http://www.aamc.org/medicalschools.htm (accessed November 17, 2008). AAMC. 2008e. Table 26: total active enrollment by U.S. medical school and sex, 2003-2008. In AAMC Facts. Washington, DC: AAMC. http://www.aamc.org/data/facts/2008/schoolenrll0308.htm (accessed March 4, 2009). AAMC-AAU (Association of American Universities). 2008. Protecting Patients, Preserving Integrity, Advancing Health: Accelerating the Implementation of COI Policies in Human Subjects Research. Report of the AAMC-AAU Advisory Committee on Financial Conflicts of Interest in Human Subjects Research. Washington, DC: AAMC. https://services.aamc.org/Publications/showfile.cfm?file=version107.pdf&prd_id=220&prv_id=268&pdf_id=107 (accessed September 19, 2008). AAU. 2001. Report on Individual and Institutional Financial Conflict of Interest. Report of the AAU Task Force on Research Accountability. Washington, DC: AAU. http://www.aau.edu/research/COI.01.pdf (accessed August 1, 2008). AAUP (American Association of University Professors). 2004. Statement on Corporate Funding of Academic Research. Washington, DC: AAUP. http://www.aaup.org/NR/rdonlyres/7B12F7B9-FA00-44DD-999F-FFA21AAE1F39/0/CorporateFundingonAcaResearch.pdf (accessed April 17, 2009). AAUP/ACE (American Council on Education). 1965. On preventing conflicts of interest in government-sponsored research at universities; a joint statement of the Council of the American Association of University Professors and The American Council on Education. AAUP Bulletin 51:42-43. ABIM (American Board of Internal Medicine) Foundation, ACP-ASIM (American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine) Foundation, and European Federation of Internal Medicine. 2002. Medical professionalism in the new millennium: a physician charter. Annals of Internal Medicine 136(3):243-246. ABMS (American Board of Medical Specialties). 2007. American Board of Medical Specialties Board Certification Editorial Background. Evanston, IL: ABMS. http://www.abms.org/news_and_events/media_newsroom/pdf/abms_editorialbackground.pdf (accessed September 25, 2008). ACC/AHA (American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association). 2009. Methodology Manual for ACC/AHA Guideline Writing Committees. Report of the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Washington, DC: ACC/AHA. http://www.acc.org/qualityandscience/clinical/manual/pdfs/methodology.pdf (accessed April 8, 2009). ACCME (Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education). 2005. ACCME’s Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations. Chicago, IL: ACCME. http://cores33webs.mede.uic.edu/capp/public/public_docs/accme_glossary_of_terms.pdf (accessed October 22, 2008). ACCME. 2008a. ACCME Annual Report Data 2007. Chicago, IL: ACCME. http://www.accme.org/dir_docs/doc_upload/207fa8e2-bdbe-47f8-9b65-52477f9faade_uploaddocument.pdf (accessed October 22, 2008). ACCME. 2008b. Accredited CME Is Education That Matters to Patient Care. Chicago, IL: ACCME. http://www.accme.org/dir_docs/doc_upload/d6b96a50-084c-485b-b71a-6b405b9c07d8_uploaddocument.pdf (accessed December 30, 2008). ACCME. 2008c. Executive Summary of the November 2008 Meetings of the ACCME Board of Directors. Chicago, IL: ACCME. http://www.accme.org/dir_docs/whats_new/607a2906-dda2-4e9d-b6cf-7922723b46a1_uploadfile.pdf (accessed February 22, 2009). ACCME. 2008d. For Comment: ACCME Proposes Additional Features of Independence in Accredited Continuing Medical Education. Chicago, IL: ACCME. http://www.accme.org/dir_docs/doc_upload/d64b68f6-9525-43af-9074-719f92ad7c97_uploaddocument.pdf (accessed October 7, 2008).

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Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice ACCME. 2009. List of Accredited Providers. Chicago, IL: ACCME. http://www.accme.org/index.cfm/fa/home.popular/popular_id/66be063a-8081-40f2-9615-042a733485d8.cfm (accessed March 23, 2009). ACE (American Council on Education). 2007. Working Paper on Conflict of Interest. Washington, DC: ACE. http://www.acenet.edu/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=26137 (accessed April 17, 2009). ACGME (Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education). 2002. Principles to Guide the Relationship Between Graduate Medical Education and Industry. Chicago, IL: ACGME. http://www.acgme.org/acWebsite/positionPapers/pp_GMEGuide.pdf (accessed August 12, 2008). ACGME. 2007a. ACGME Institutional Requirements. Chicago, IL: ACGME. http://www.acgme.org/acWebsite/irc/irc_IRCpr07012007.pdf (accessed September 3, 2008). ACGME. 2007b. The ACGME at a Glance. Chicago, IL: ACGME. http://www.acgme.org/acWebsite/newsRoom/newsRm_acGlance.asp (accessed September 3, 2008). ACGME. 2008. Glossary of Terms. Chicago, IL: ACGME. http://www.acgme.org/acwebsite/about/ab_acgmeglossary.pdf (accessed August 12, 2008). ACIP (Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices). 2007. Recommended adult immunization schedule: United States, October 2007-September 2008. Annals of Internal Medicine 147(10):725-729. ACN (American College of Neuropsychopharmacology). 2004. Executive summary. In Preliminary Report of the Task Force on SSRIs and Suicidal Behavior in Youth. Nashville, TN: ACN. http://www.acnp.org/asset.axd?id=aad01592-01b2-4672-ad28-119537460ffa (accessed December 15, 2008). ACR (American College of Radiology). 2007a. ACR Practice Guideline for the Performance of Total Body Irradiation. Reston, VA: ACR. ACR (American College of Rheumatology). 2007b. Code of Ethics of the American College of Rheumatology, Inc. http://www.rheumatology.org/about/codeofethics/index.pdf (accessed September 2, 2008). Adair, R. F., and L. R. Holmgren. 2005. Do drug samples influence resident prescribing behavior? A randomized trial. American Journal of Medicine 118(8):881-884. AdvaMed (Advanced Medical Technology Association). 2008. Code of Ethics on Interactions with Health Care Professionals. Effective July 1, 2009. Washington, DC: AdvaMed. http://www.advamed.org/NR/rdonlyres/61D30455-F7E9-4081-B219-12D6CE347585/0/AdvaMedCodeofEthicsRevisedandRestatedEffective20090701.pdf (accessed February 9, 2009). AFMI (Annals of Family Medicine, Inc.). 2008. Annals of Family Medicine Manuscript Agreement. Leawood, KS: AFMI. http://www.annfammed.org/misc/pdfsanddocs/ManuscriptAgreement08.doc (accessed December 30, 2008). AGREE (Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation) Collaboration. 2003. AGREE Instrument Training Manual. http://www.agreecollaboration.org/pdf/aitraining.pdf (accessed February 23, 2009). AHRP (Alliance for Human Research Protection). 2006. Vioxx Redux: FDA on the Sidelines as Marketing Subsumes Evidence: Surviving Sepsis-NEJM. New York, NY: AHRP. http://www.ahrp.org/cms/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=366 (accessed April 25, 2008). AJN (American Journal of Nephrology). 2008. Guidelines for Authors. http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=JournalGuidelines&ProduktNr=223979 (accessed September 15, 2008). Alpert, J. S., S. Furman, and L. Smaha. 2002. Conflicts of interest: science, money, and health. Archives of Internal Medicine 162(6):635-637.

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Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice AMA (American Medical Association). 2002. Opinion E-8.061: Clarifying Addendum [to Opinion 8.061, “Gifts to physicians from industry”]. Chicago, IL: AMA. http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/4263.html (accessed September 2, 2008). AMA. 2006. The Physician’s Recognition Award and Credit System: Information for Accredited Providers and Physicians. Chicago, IL: AMA. http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/455/pra2006.pdf(accessed September 15, 2008). AMA. 2007. Opinion 8.047: industry representatives in clinical settings. Code of Medical Ethics. http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/Code_of_Med_Eth/opinion/opinion8047.html (accessed April 8, 2009). AMA. 2008a. Continuing medical education for licensure reregistration. In State Medical Licensure Requirements and Statistics 2009. Chicago, IL: AMA. http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/40/table16-2009.pdf(accessed February 10, 2009) AMA. 2008b. Guidance on New Procedures for CME. Chicago, IL: AMA. http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/education-careers/continuing-medical-education/physicians-recognition-award-credit-system/cme-help/guidance-new-procedure-cme.shtml (accessed February 16, 2009). AMA. 2008c. Reference Committee Highlights: 2008 Annual Meeting for the AMA House of Delegates. Chicago, IL: AMA. http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/471/refcomhighlights.pdf (accessed January 29, 2009). AMSA (American Medical Student Association). 2008a. Focus on Pharm Free. Reston, VA: AMSA. http://www.amsa.org/prof/focus.cfm (accessed August 1, 2008). AMSA. 2008b. PharmFree Scorecard 2008. Reston, VA: AMSA. http://amsascorecard.org/ (accessed September 19, 2008). Ancker, J. S., and A. Flanagin. 2007. A comparison of conflict of interest policies at peer-reviewed journals in different scientific disciplines. Science and Engineering Ethics 13(2):147-157. Andersen, M., J. Kragstrup, and J. Sondergaard. 2006. How conducting a clinical trial affects physicians’ guideline adherence and drug preferences. Journal of the American Medical Association 295(23):2759-2764. Angel, J. E.2003. Industry sponsorship of continuing medical education. Journal of the American Medical Association 290(9):1149-1150; author reply 1150. APA (American Psychiatric Association). 2008. Minutes. APA Board of Trustees meeting, Arlington, VA, March 9-10. Arlington, VA: APA. Arenberg, D.2007. Bronchioloalveolar lung cancer: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest 132(3 Suppl.):306S-313S. Armon, C., C. E. Argoff, J. Samuels, and M. M. Backonja. 2007. Assessment: use of epidural steroid injections to treat radicular lumbosacral pain: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 68(10):723-729. Armstrong, D. 2005. Surgery journal threatens ban for authors’ hidden conflicts. Wall Street Journal, December 28, B1. Armstrong, D. 2006. Medical reviews face criticism over lapses. Wall Street Journal, July 19, B1, B2. Arnau, J. M., A. Vallano, A. Lopez, F. Pellise, M. J. Delgado, and N. Prat. 2006. A critical review of guidelines for low back pain treatment. European Spine Journal 15(5):543-553. ASCO (American Society of Clinical Oncology). 2007. Journal of Clinical Oncology Author Disclosure Declaration. Alexandria, VA: ASCO. http://jco.ascopubs.org/misc/jco_disclosure_contribution.pdf (accessed November 11, 2008). ASCO. 2008. American Society of Clinical Oncology Guideline Procedures Manual. Alexandria, VA: ASCO. http://www.asco.org/ASCO/Quality+Care+%26+Guidelines/Practice+Guidelines/development+process (accessed February 27, 2009).

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Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice ASH (American Society of Hematology). 2008. Principles, policies, and procedures related to conflict-of-interest. Written statement given to the Institute of Medicine Committee on Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice, Washington, DC. The Associated Press. 2008. Medical Experts Fight Drug Industry Influence. http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20080911/medical_schools_080911/20080911?hub=Health (accessed December 15, 2008). ATS (American Thoracic Society). 2008. Policy on Management of Conflict of Interest in Official ATS Documents, Projects, and Conferences. New York, NY: ATS. http://www.thoracic.org/sections/about-ats/coi-management/resources/coi-policy.pdf (accessed August 19, 2008). AUTM (Association of University Technology Managers). 2007. AUTM U.S. Licensing Activity Survey: FY2006. Deerfield, IL: AUTM. http://www.autm.net/Content/NavigationMenu/Surveys/LicensingSurveysAUTM/FY2006LicensingActivitySurvey/AUTM_06_US_LSS_FNL.pdf (accessed January 10, 2009). Avorn, J. 2006. Dangerous deception—hiding the evidence of adverse drug effects. New England Journal of Medicine 355(21):2169-2171. Avorn, J., and S. B. Soumerai. 1983. Improving drug-therapy decisions through educational outreach. A randomized controlled trial of academically based “detailing.” New England Journal of Medicine 308(24):1457-1463. Ayanian, J. Z., M. B. Landrum, S. L. Normand, E. Guadagnoli, and B. J. McNeil. 1998. Rating the appropriateness of coronary angiography—do practicing physicians agree with an expert panel and with each other? New England Journal of Medicine 338(26):1896-1904. Ayres, C. G., and H. M. Griffith. 2007. Perceived barriers to and facilitators of the implementation of priority clinical preventive services guidelines. American Journal of Managed Care 13(3):150-155. Bahtsevani, C., G. Uden, and A. Willman. 2004. Outcomes of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines: a systematic review. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 20(4):427-433. Bailey, R. 2008. Scrutinizing Industry-Funded Science: The Crusade Against Conflicts of Interest. New York: American Council on Science and Health. http://www.acsh.org/docLib/20080401_scrutinizing.pdf (accessed October 10, 2008). Barnes, B. E., J. G. Cole, C. T. King, R. Zukowski, T. Allgier-Baker, D. M. Rubio, and L. E. Thorndyke. 2007. A risk stratification tool to assess commercial influences on continuing medical education. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions 27(4):234-240. Barnes, D. E., and L. A. Bero. 1998. Why review articles on the health effects of passive smoking reach different conclusions. Journal of the American Medical Association 279(19):1566-1570. Baru, J. S., D. A. Bloom, K. Muraszko, and C. E. Koop. 2001. John Holter’s shunt. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 192(1):79-85. Battista, R. N., and M. J. Hodge. 1995. Setting priorities and selecting topics for clinical practice guidelines. Canadian Medical Association Journal 153(9):1233-1237. Baumann, M. H., S. Z. Lewis, and D. Gutterman. 2007. ACCP evidence-based guideline development: a successful and transparent approach addressing conflict of interest, funding, and patient-centered recommendations. Chest 132(3):1015-1024. Baxter, P. 2006. Medicine and the pharmaceutical industry. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 48(8):627. Beauchamp, T. L., and J. F. Childress. 2009. Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 6th ed. New York: Oxford University Press.

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Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice Bekelman, J. E., Y. Li, and C. P. Gross. 2003. Scope and impact of financial conflicts of interest in biomedical research: a systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Association 289(4):454-465. Bellin, M., S. McCarthy, L. Drevlow, and C. Pierach. 2004. Medical students’ exposure to pharmaceutical industry marketing: a survey at one U.S. medical school. Academic Medicine 79(11):1041-1045. Benet, L. Z. 2008. Perspectives on financial relationships and conflicts of interest in basic and early stage translational research: reflections on 28 years of organized COI experience at UCSF. Presentation to the Institute of Medicine Committee on Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice, Washington, DC, May 22. Bennett, C. L., M. R. Somerfield, D. G. Pfister, C. Tomori, S. Yakren, and P. B. Bach. 2003. Perspectives on the value of American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical guidelines as reported by oncologists and health maintenance organizations. Journal of Clinical Oncology 21(5):937-941. Bennett, K. J., D. L. Sackett, R. B. Haynes, V. R. Neufeld, P. Tugwell, and R. Roberts. 1987. A controlled trial of teaching critical appraisal of the clinical literature to medical students. Journal of the American Medical Association 257(18):2451-2454. Benz, E. 2008. Untitled. Presentation to the Institute of Medicine Committee on Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice, Washington, DC, May 22. Bero, L. 2008. “Experimental” institutional models for corporate funding of academic research: unknown effects on the research enterprise. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 61(7):629-633. Bero, L., and D. Rennie. 1996. Influences on the quality of published drug studies. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 12(2):209-237. Bero, L., A. Galbraith, and D. Rennie. 1992. The publication of sponsored symposiums in medical journals. New England Journal of Medicine 327(16):1135-1140. Bero, L., S. Glantz, and M. K. Hong. 2005. The limits of competing interest disclosures. Tobacco Control 14(2):118-126. Bero, L., F. Oostvogel, P. Bacchetti, and K. Lee. 2007. Factors associated with findings of published trials of drug-drug comparisons: why some statins appear more efficacious than others. PLoS Medicine 4(6):e184. Berwick, D. M. 1998. Developing and testing changes in delivery of care. Annals of Internal Medicine 128(8):651-656. Bhargava, N., J. Qureshi, and N. Vakil. 2007. Funding source and conflict of interest disclosures by authors and editors in gastroenterology specialty journals. American Journal of Gastroenterology 102(6):1146-1150. Bimber, B. 1996. The Politics of Expertise in Congress: The Rise and Fall of the Office of Technology Assessment. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Bird, S. J., and R. E. Spier. 2005. The complexity of competing and conflicting interests. Science and Engineering Ethics 11(4):515-517. Blake, R. L., Jr., and E. K. Early. 1995. Patients’ attitudes about gifts to physicians from pharmaceutical companies. Journal of the American Board of Family Practice 8(6):457-464. Blumenthal, D. 2004. Doctors and drug companies. New England Journal of Medicine 351(18):1885-1890. Blumenthal, D., E. G. Campbell, N. Causino, and K. S. Louis. 1996a. Participation of life-science faculty in research relationships with industry. New England Journal of Medicine 335(23):1734-1739. Blumenthal, D., N. Causino, E. Campbell, and K. S. Louis. 1996b. Relationships between academic institutions and industry in the life sciences—an industry survey. New England Journal of Medicine 334(6):368-373.

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