. "Index." Ensuring the Integrity, Accessibility, and Stewardship of Research Data in the Digital Age. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2009.
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Ensuring the Integrity, Accessibility, and Stewardship of Research Data in the Digital Age
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Index
A
Access to research data.
See also Open;
Sharing data
Bermuda statement, 60
confidentiality or privacy considerations, 5, 67
costs of limiting access, 70-71, 77-78
cross-discipline diversity in, 5, 27, 63-64, 88, 90, 136
cyberinfrastructure and, 61-62, 83-84, 87, 135
data mining tools, 20-21
data professional’s role, 90
definition of accessibility, 26
economic considerations, 26, 59, 69-70, 71-72, 85, 87, 89, 141
educational considerations, 70
federal policies, 48-49, 60-61, 62, 68-69, 74, 78-79, 82-83, 91-92, 116-117
geographic data and services, 75-76, 133-134, 135-136, 138
institutional and research sponsor responsibilities, 7, 87, 90-91, 116-117, 119
and integrity of data, 5, 26, 42, 46-47, 63, 64, 70, 81-82, 89, 137
international dimensions, 17, 35, 64, 66, 70, 75, 76-77, 79, 83-84
journal policies, 21, 38, 43, 61, 65, 78-79, 82-83, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 116-117, 135
legal issues, 67, 71, 75, 80-82, 85, 141
metadata and, 25, 26, 70, 85
methods or programs used to derive data, 6, 63-64, 81, 85, 89
national security issues, 5, 68-69, 83, 134, 136
OECD principles and guidelines, 59, 62
ownership issues, 5-6, 21, 73-79, 85-86, 134, 135-136, 137, 138
Paris Guidelines, 88, 89
principles for enhancing access, 6, 82, 84-86, 87, 88-90, 120
private/commercial interests, 6, 19, 26, 48, 69, 71-73, 86, 134-135
professional organizations and, 91, 116-117
public policy interests, 18, 71-73, 135, 141
publicly funded research, 6, 74, 76-77, 78, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 92-93, 141
raw data, 80
recommendations, 6-7, 87, 88, 90, 91
and reproducibility, 81, 93
research field responsibilities, 87, 88-90, 136
researcher responsibilities, 7, 85, 86-87, 116-117, 136
Air Force Office of Scientific Research, 52-53
Amazon, 106
America COMPETES Act of 2007, 82
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 144-145
American Association of Universities, 118
American Chemical Society, 39
American Economic Review, 39, 65
American Geophysical Union, 38, 39
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Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, 101, 107, 112
Annals of Internal Medicine, 93
Arabidopsis Information Resource, 30
Arts and Humanities Data Service (UK), 66
arXiv publication repository, 102
Association of American Universities, 91
Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities, 91
Association of Research Libraries, 91
Astrobiology, 28
Astronomical sciences, 14-15, 16, 17, 64, 66, 95, 141
Automatic Plate Measuring Facility, 14
B
Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, 76
Bell Laboratories, 45
Biomedical Informatics Grid, 61
Biomedical Informatics Research Network, 20, 61
Biomedical research, 68, 86, 93.
See also Clinical
Bit Torrent, 89
Blue Ribbon Task Force on Sustainable Digital
Preservation and Access, 107, 113
Boeing, 105
Boomerang (balloon-borne millimeter-wave telescope), 14
C
Canadian Department of National Defence, 105
CC0 protocol, 76
Cell Centered Database, 20
Center for Astrophysics, 14
CERN (European Center for Nuclear Research), 13, 16, 34
Chaotic motion, 41
Charge-coupled devices, 11
Chemical crystallography, 66
China, Scientific Data Sharing Project, 84
Climate sciences, 66, 71-72, 82, 96, 134
Clinical research, 2, 4, 47, 48-49, 141.
See also Biomedical
Cloud computing, 61
Collaborative
data-sharing networks, 15, 17-18, 64, 84, 111
research, 17-18, 20, 35, 63, 64, 66, 96, 101
stewardship, 103, 113
Committee on Data for Science and Technology, 84
Committee on Government Relations, 118
Committee on Institutional Cooperation, 118
Condensed-matter physics, 45
Confidentiality or privacy considerations, 5, 67, 140
Consolidated Appropriations Act
of 2001, 82
of 2008, 79
Copyrights, 73, 74-75, 76, 78, 79, 85, 100, 140-141
Cornell University, 102
Cosmic Background Explorer, 14
Cosmic Background Imager, 14
Council of Graduate Schools, 55
Council of Science Editors, 37
Council on Government Relations, 91
Creative Commons, 76
Cyberinfrastructure
and access to data, 61-62, 83-84, 87, 135
and stewardship, 9, 95, 96, 99-106, 113
D
Data, defined, 23
Data Access Act of 1999, 80-81, 92
Data collections. See Databases
Data Explorer program, 83
Data management.
See also Stewardship
institutional plans, 92-93, 98, 110
principles and guidelines, 88-90, 133-134
training in, 56
Data mining tools, 20-21
Data producers.
See also Researchers
defined, 40
integrity-related responsibilities, 40, 42
Data professionals
and access to data, 92
and integrity of data, 5, 50, 57-58
researcher collaborations with, 57-58
responsibilities, 3, 50, 58
Data providers
defined, 41
integrity-related responsibilities, 41, 42
Data users
defined, 41
and integrity of research results, 41, 42
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Databases and repositories.
See also Stewardship;
individual databases
access to, 73, 83
defined, 29
developmental questions about, 21
disciplinary depositories, 27, 100, 102
integrity of data, 21, 46, 50
ownership issues, 73-74, 140-141
reference collections, 29, 30
research collections, 29, 30
resource collections, 29, 30
for supporting data, 89
tools for building, 100-101
Digital data.
See also Research data;
individual disciplines
ownership, 73
projected growth, 12, 13
quantity, 1, 11-12, 13, 29, 84-85
risks to reliability, 96-99
transfer rates, 11
trends, 14-15
units of size, 11, 12
Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998, 75, 140
Digital networks, 83-84
Digital technology
in astronomy, 14-15
challenges posed by, 1-2, 19, 22, 74-75
computing power, 11-12, 20
and copyrights, 74-75
education impacts, 18
and integrity of data, 1, 3-4, 21, 33-34, 37, 44, 46-50
in neurosciences, 20-21
public policy implications, 18
research impacts, 1, 12-18, 20-21, 34-35, 44, 51, 55-56, 57-58, 85, 139, 140
sensors and sensor networks, 11, 16-17
simulations and mathematical modeling, 1, 17, 20
and stewardship, 1-2, 19, 22, 27
storage devices, 11
Diversity of data
in collection types, 29, 30
cross-disciplinary, 27-28
in origins, 28-29
DNA.
See also Genomic data
“junk,” 41
E
Earth Observing System, 17
Ecological Society of America, 39, 111, 112, 113
Economic issues, 21, 22, 26, 43, 44, 59, 69-70, 71-72, 85, 87, 89, 98-99, 105-106, 113
Economics research, 47, 50, 64, 65, 105-106
Educational considerations, 70
Employment Responses to Global Markets data, 105-106
Environmental sciences, 17, 104, 133-134, 137, 139
European Community Directive on the Legal Protection of Databases, 75
European Southern Observatory, 64
Experimental data, 1, 13, 16, 17, 20, 22, 23, 26, 27, 29, 35, 40, 42, 45, 64, 67, 109, 136
Extramural grants, federal policies on, 52-53
F
Federal policies
on access, 48-49, 60-61, 62, 68-69, 74, 78-79, 82-83, 91-92
on integrity, 52-53
on stewardship, 79, 104-106, 113, 133-134, 137
Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 38, 39
Fischer, Paul, 71-72
Fluxes Over Snow Surfaces Project, 30
Food and Drug Administration, 48
Fostering Integrity in Research, Scholarship, and Teaching, 56
Freedom of Information Act, 80
G
Galaxy Redshift Surveys, 14
Galaxy Surveys, 14
GenBank, 3, 46, 47, 52, 83, 104
Gene expression data, 20
General Accounting Office, 81
Genomic data, 16, 20, 60-61, 69, 77-78, 95, 96, 134, 136
Geographic data and services, 75-76, 133-134, 135-136
Georgia Open Records Act, 71
Geosciences, 98, 138
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GlaxoSmithKline Clinical Trial Register, 48
Global Biodiversity Information Facility, 84
Global Earth Observation System of Systems, 84
Google, 106
Government Accountability Office, 82
Government-Industry Data Exchange Program, 105
Grid computing, 61
H
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, 68, 110
Health records data, 49, 68
High-energy physics. See Particle physics
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 77
Human Brain Dynamics Resource data, 105
Humanities research, 66
Hwang, Woo Suk, 44
I
IDEALS repository, 102-103
Information Quality Act of 2001, 80, 81, 82, 137
Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, 39
Institute of Medicine, 55
Integrity of research data
accessibility and, 5, 26, 42, 46-47, 63, 64, 70, 81-82, 137
in clinical research, 2, 4, 47, 48-49, 141
collective scrutiny of data and results, 41-43, 47
contextual documentation, 3, 42-43, 45, 46-47, 63-64
data professionals’ responsibilities and roles, 5, 50, 57-58, 116
decentralized approach, 57
defined, 2, 25-26
digital technology to enhance reliability, 1, 3-4, 21, 33-34, 37, 44, 46-50
economic issues, 43, 44
economics research, 47, 50
federal policies, 52-53, 116, 137
inappropriate manipulation, 3, 5, 35-36, 37, 38-39, 40, 44
journal policies, 3, 5, 35-37, 38, 39, 40, 43, 116
metadata and, 42, 46, 50
open and public reviews, 46
in particle physics, 34-35, 47
peer review, 2, 3, 7, 22 n.17, 24, 33, 35, 39, 42, 43-44, 46-47, 52, 55, 79, 133, 137
principle, 4, 51, 120
producer’s role, 40, 42, 116
provider’s role, 41, 42, 116
quality control measures, 35, 44-50, 138
recommendations, 4-5, 54, 57, 58
and reproducibility of research results, 2, 26, 29, 33, 45
researchers’ obligations, 26, 39-40, 45, 51-54, 116, 119, 133
standards, 25, 35-36, 44, 45, 50, 54-55, 56-57, 138, 142
threats to, 2-3, 19, 33-34, 39-40, 96-99
training for researchers, 4-5, 44, 54-56
user’s role, 41, 42, 116
Interagency Working Group on Digital Data, 9, 107-108
Interdisciplinary research, 1, 6-7, 9, 17, 28, 44, 57, 60, 70, 141
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 72
International Council of Scientific Unions, 84
International dimensions of access, 17, 35, 64, 66, 70, 75, 76-77, 79, 83-84
International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks, 84
International Geophysical Year, 83
International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration, 84
International Virtual Observatory Alliance, 84
Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research, 99-101, 102, 113
Intramural research, federal policies, 52-53
Invisible colleges, 28
Ithaka, 112
J
Journal of Cell Biology, 35-37, 39, 40, 150-153
Journals
access policies, 21, 38, 43, 61, 65, 78-79, 82-83, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 135
confirmatory studies in, 65
copyrights, 78-79
data manipulation policies, 3, 5, 35-37, 38, 39, 40, 43
as data providers, 41
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ethics and scientific misconduct policies, 38
integrity policies, 35-37, 38, 39, 40, 43, 56, 65
letters requesting this study, 143-153
open access, 46 n.16, 78-79, 83
peer-reviewed, 43
responsibilities of, 119-120
stewardship role, 21, 106, 113, 117
JSTOR, 112
L
Laboratory Management Institute, 55
Large Hadron Collider, 13, 16, 34-35
Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, 13, 14, 15
Las Campanas Redshift Survey, 14
Legal issues, 67, 71, 75, 80-82, 85
Library of Congress, 112, 113
Licensing, 75-76, 77-78, 135-136
Lick Observatory, 14
Life sciences, 23 n.18, 59, 60-61, 64, 66, 69, 77-78, 88, 95-96, 134, 136, 141
Lockheed Martin, 105
M
Manipulation of data, inappropriate, 3, 5, 35-36, 37, 38-39, 40, 44
Mann, Michael, 71-72
Marine fisheries data, 139
Medical College of Georgia, 71
Merck, 86
Metadata
access issues, 25, 26, 70, 85
defined, 24
importance, 42
and integrity of research data, 42, 46, 50
providers, 21
standards, 24
stewardship, 95, 110
Misconduct. See Research misconduct
Molecular and Cellular Proteomics, 89
Molecular Dynamics Simulation Data, 105
Moore, Gordon, 11
Moore’s law, 11, 96
Multidisciplinary research, 28
myGrid, 61
N
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 17, 52-53, 64, 105, 138
National Archives and Records Administration, 135
National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, 118
National Center for Biotechnology Information, 95-96, 104
National Commons and Marketplace in Geographic Information, 76
National Ecological Data Center, 112
National Ecological Observatory Network, 16-17
National Institute for Technology and Liberal Education, 103
National Institute of Standards and Technology, 52-53
National Institutes of Health, 52-53, 54-55, 78, 79, 82-83, 90-91, 99, 100, 102
National Library of Medicine, 79, 83, 104
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric
Administration, 104, 133-134
National Optical Astronomy Observatory, 64
National Postdoctoral Association, 55
National Research Council, 9, 59-60, 64, 67-69, 72, 75-76, 77-78, 80-81, 82, 98, 104, 108, 111
National Science and Technology Council, 107-108
National Science Board, 29, 30
National Science Foundation, 16-17, 24, 52, 82, 99, 100, 102, 104, 107
National Security Decision Directive 189, 68-69
National security issues, 5, 68-69, 83, 134, 136
National Virtual Observatory, 15, 105, 138
Natural Environment Research Council (UK), 66
Nature, 37, 38, 46, 109-110
Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation, 16-17
Neurosciences, 13, 20-21, 99, 105
New England Journal of Medicine, 39
O
Observational data, 2, 17, 22, 23, 26, 28, 33, 40, 42, 48, 64, 67, 106, 109
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Office of Management and Budget, 22 n.17, 52, 69, 80, 81, 82
Office of Naval Research, 52-53
Office of Science and Technology Policy, 36-37
Omnibus Appropriations Act of 2009, 79
Open-access
academic policies, 91
corporate/private platforms, 86
journals, 78-79, 91
public policies, 82-83, 85, 91
repositories, 83
Open-knowledge environments, 62-63
Open-notebook science, 63
Open reviews, 46
Open-source software, 62-63
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 59, 62, 84
Ownership issues
academic research, 69, 77
copyrights, 73, 74-75, 76, 78, 79, 85, 100, 140-141
database protections, 73-74, 75, 76, 140-141
digital technologies and, 74-75
fair use exceptions, 74
journals, 78-79
licensing, 75-76, 77-78, 135-136
patents, 6, 25, 69, 76-78, 85-86, 134
publicly funded research, 74, 76-77, 78
trade secrecy, 77
P
Palimpsest, 106
Paris Guidelines, 88, 89
Particle physics, 12-13, 34-35, 42, 47, 64, 131
Patents, 6, 25, 69, 76-78, 85-86, 134
Peer review, 2, 3, 7, 22 n.17, 24, 33, 35, 39, 42, 43-44, 46-47, 52, 55, 79, 133, 137
Pennsylvania State University, 71
Physics, 27, 45, 102.
See also Particle physics
Planck survey, 14
Plate tectonics, 41
Portico, 106
Principles
access to data, 6, 82, 120
integrity of data, 4, 51, 120
stewardship, 8, 109, 120
Private/commercial interests, 6, 19, 26, 48, 69, 71-73, 86, 106, 134-135
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 37, 38
Processed data
defined, 25
integrity, 1, 25, 33-34
Professional organizations, 91, 111-112, 117, 119-120.
See also individual organizations
Protein Data Bank, 30, 105
Proteomics research, 77-78, 89, 134
Public Library of Science (PLoS), 78-79
Public policies on access, 52-53, 66, 78-79, 82-83, 133-134
Public policy interests, 18, 71-73, 135
Publicly funded research, 6, 74, 76-77, 78, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 92-93
PubMed, 60
Q
Quality control and quality assurance, 35, 44-50.
See also Integrity of research data
R
Raw data
access to, 15, 74, 80
defined, 25
stewardship, 25, 45, 106
Raytheon, 105
Reagan, Ronald, 68
Recommendations
access to data, 6-7, 87, 88, 90, 91
integrity of research data, 4-5, 54, 57, 58
stewardship, 8-9, 110, 111, 113
Remote sensing data, 40, 75, 138, 139
Reproducibility of research results
access to data and, 81, 93
defined, 81
integrity of data and, 2, 26, 29, 33, 45
Research Councils of the United Kingdom, 84
Research data.
See also Digital data;
individual disciplines
definitions, 22-24
Research Information Network (UK), 64, 66
Research institutions and sponsors, responsibilities of, 7, 9, 56-57, 87, 90-91, 100-103, 110, 112-113, 117, 118-119, 139
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Research misconduct
access to supporting data and, 63
defined, 36-37
examples, 44, 45
training, 52
Researchers
access-related responsibilities, 7, 85, 86-87, 116-117, 118, 136
collaborations with data professionals, 57-58
integrity-related obligations, 26, 39-40, 45, 51-54, 116, 133
professional standards, 54, 56-57
stewardship role, 8-9, 45, 99-100, 109-112, 117
training in conduct of research, 4-5, 44, 54-56, 118
R.J. Reynolds Co., 71
Rockefeller University Press, 35, 38
Roles and responsibilities
assigning, 115
journals, 119-120
professional societies, 119-120
research institutions, 118-119
research sponsors, 119
researchers, 115-118
Rural Economy and Land Use Program (UK), 66
S
Sage, 86
San Diego Supercomputer Center, 105
Schön, Jan Hendrik, 45
Science, 38, 44, 144-149
Science Commons, 76
Seoul National University, 44
Sharing data.
See also Access;
Databases, Open
in astronomy, 15, 64, 66
barriers to, 1, 5-7, 19, 26, 28, 60, 63-70, 76, 85, 88, 135, 137, 139, 141, 142
benefits, 5, 20, 59-62, 70, 142
in biomedical research, 68, 86, 93
in chemical crystallography, 66
in climate sciences, 66, 71-72, 82, 134
collaborative efforts, 15, 17-18, 64, 84, 111
contextual documentation, 65, 66, 67
in economics, 64, 65
in humanities, 66
incentives for, 90-91
in life sciences, 23 n.18, 59, 60-61, 64, 66, 69, 77-78, 88, 134, 136, 141
norm differences of research fields, 6-7, 63-64, 66, 88, 90
in particle physics, 64
protocols and standards, 7, 83, 87, 88-90, 92, 139
public policies, 52-53, 66, 78-79, 82-83, 133-134
in social sciences, 65, 66, 68, 100-101, 135
UPSIDE principle, 64, 67-68, 86
Shelby, Richard, 80
Simulations and mathematical modeling, 1, 17, 20, 22, 23, 28, 40, 42, 46, 61, 105, 106
SkyServer Web site, 14
Sloan Digital Sky Survey, 3, 14-15, 46, 47, 95, 105
Social network modeling, 17
Social sciences, 22, 27, 65, 66, 68, 98, 100-101, 135, 142
Standards
for access, 7, 83, 87, 88-90, 92
for integrity of research data, 25, 35-36, 44, 45, 50, 54-55, 56-57
for stewardship, 8-9, 111
Stewardship of research data.
See also Databases
annotating data for long-term use, 8, 21, 22, 25, 95, 99, 106-107, 110
in astronomy, 95
for broad research enterprise, 107-108
challenges, 8, 103
collaborations, 103, 113
companies, 106
defined, 27, 95
disciplinary depositories, 27, 100, 102
economic issues, 7-8, 21, 22, 98-99, 105-106, 113, 119
ESA initiative, 112
exchanges of data, 105
federal agencies, data centers, and digital archives, 79, 104-106, 113, 117, 133-134, 135, 137
in geosciences, 98, 138
infrastructure and incentives, 9, 95, 96, 99-106, 113
institutions and research sponsors, 9, 100-103, 110, 112-113, 117, 119, 139
international participation, 111
journals, 21, 106, 113, 117
in life sciences, 95-96
loss and underutilization problems, 96-99
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metadata, 95, 110
old vs. new data, 98, 138
oversight board, 111
ownership issues, 9, 99
principle for enhancing, 8, 109, 120
professional societies and, 111-112, 117
raw data, 25, 45, 106
recommendations, 8-9, 110, 111, 113
researchers and, 8-9, 45, 99-100, 109-112, 117
simulation-related models and software tools, 28
in social sciences, 98, 100-101
standards development, 8-9, 111
technology changes and, 1-2, 19, 22, 27
training in, 119
SumsDB, 20-21
Sustainable Digital Data Preservation and Access Network (DataNet) program, 104-105
T
Terminology
accessibility, 26
integrity, 25-26
metadata, 24
processed data, 25
raw data, 25
research data, 22-24
standardization of, 49
stewardship, 27
Trace Archive, 95, 96
Training for researchers, 54-56
Tranche, 89
Two-degree–Field (2dF) Galaxy Redshift Survey, 14
U
University of California at Davis, 55
University of California at San Diego, 105
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 102-103
University of Konstanz, 45
University of Minnesota, 56
Utility of research data, defined, 27.
See also Access;
Integrity;
Stewardship
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 52-53
U.S. Department of Commerce, 52-53
U.S. Department of Energy, 52-53, 83, 105
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 52, 55
U.S. Department of Veterans’ Affairs, 49
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 52-53, 133
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, 78
UPSIDE principle, 64, 67-68, 86
V
Virtual team science, 61
Visible and Infrared Telescope for Astronomy, 14
W
WebCaret, 20-21
Wellcome Trust, 61, 83
Wikis, 46, 63
Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe, 14
World Data Center system, 83
World Intellectual Property Organization treaty, 75
Y
Yale University, 150-153
