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References 199 Aschengrau, A., D. Ozonoff, C. Paulu, P. Coogan, R. Vezina, T. Heeren, and Y. Zhang. 1993. Cancer risk and tetra- chloroethylene-contaminated drinking water in Massachusetts. Arch. Environ. Health 48(5):284-292. Aschengrau, A., C. Paulu, and D. Ozonoff. 1998. Tetrachloroethylene-contaminated drinking water and the risk of breast cancer. Environ. Health Perspect. 106(Suppl. 4):947-953. Aschengrau, A., S. Rogers, and D. Ozonoff. 2003. Perchloroethylene-contaminated drinking water and the risk of breast cancer: Additional results from Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA. Environ. Health Perspect. 111(2): 167-173. Aschengrau, A., J. Weinberg, S. Rogers, L. Gallagher, M. Winter, V. Vieira, T. Webster, and D. Ozonoff. 2008. Prenatal exposure to tetrachloroethylene-contaminated drinking water and the risk of adverse birth out- comes. Environ. Health Perspect. 116(6):814-820. Astrand, I. 1983. Effect of physical exercise on uptake, distribution and elimination of vapors in man. Pp. 107-130 in Modeling of Inhalation Exposure to Vapors: Uptake, Distribution, and Elimination, Vol. II, V. Fiserova- Bergerova, ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). 1994. Toxicological Profile for 1,1-Dichloroethene (Update). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Sub- stances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA. May 1994 [online]. Available: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ toxprofiles/tp39.pdf [accessed Dec. 5, 2008]. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). 1996. Toxicological Profile for 1,2-Dichloroethene (Update). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Sub- stances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA. August 1996 [online]. Available: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ toxprofiles/tp87.pdf [accessed Dec. 3, 2008]. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). 1997a. Public Health Assessment: U.S. Marine Corps Camp Lejeune Military Reservation, Camp Lejeune, Onslow County, North Carolina, EPA Facility ID: NC6170022580, August 4, 1997. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Sub- stances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA [online]. Available: http://tftptf.com/images/CL_PHA_1997.pdf [accessed Dec. 3, 2008]. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). 1997b. Toxicological Profile for Trichloroethylene (Update). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Sub- stances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA. September 1997 [online]. Available: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ toxprofiles/tp19.pdf [accessed Dec. 5, 2008]. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). 1997c. Toxicological Profile for Tetrachloroethylene. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA [online]. Available: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp18.pdf [accessed Dec. 5, 2008]. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). 1998. Volatile Organic Compounds in Drinking Wa- ter and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes, United States Marine Corps Base, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, August 1998. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA. August 1998 [online]. Available: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HS/lejeune/ [accessed Dec. 5, 2008]. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). 2000a. Toxicological Profile for Methylene Chloride (Update). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Sub- stances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA. September 2000 [online]. Available: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ toxprofiles/tp14.pdf [accessed Dec. 5, 2008]. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). 2000b. Toxicological Profile for Toluene. U.S. De- partment of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA. September 2000 [online]. Available: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp56.pdf [accessed Dec. 5, 2008]. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). 2003. Progress Report: Survey of Specific Childhood Cancers and Birth Defects Among Children Whose Mothers Were Pregnant While Living at U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, 1968-1985. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). 2004. Interaction Profile for 1,1,1-Trichloroethane, 1,1-Dichloroethane, Trichloroethylene, and Tetrachloroethylene. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA. May 2004 [online]. Available: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/interactionprofiles/IP-vocs/ip02.pdf [accessed Dec. 5, 2008].

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236 Contaminated Water Supplies at Camp Lejeune—Assessing Potential Health Effects Zhao, Y., A. Krishnadasan, N. Kennedy, H. Morgenstern, and B. Ritz. 2005. Estimated effects of solvents and min- eral oils on cancer incidence and mortality in a cohort of aerospace workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 48(4):249- 258.

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In the early 1980s, two water-supply systems on the Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune in North Carolina were found to be contaminated with the industrial solvents trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE). The water systems were supplied by the Tarawa Terrace and Hadnot Point watertreatment plants, which served enlisted-family housing, barracks for unmarried service personnel, base administrative offices, schools, and recreational areas. The Hadnot Point water system also served the base hospital and an industrial area and supplied water to housing on the Holcomb Boulevard water system (full-time until 1972 and periodically thereafter).

This book examines what is known about the contamination of the water supplies at Camp Lejeune and whether the contamination can be linked to any adverse health outcomes in former residents and workers at the base.

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