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Reference
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Study Design, Exposure, Outcomes
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Exposure Assessment
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Exposure Metrics
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Comments
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Aschengrau et al. 2003
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Population-based case-control
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Relative dose of PCE estimated by algorithm with variables for residential history, water flow (geometry, load on water-distribution system), pipe characteristics (such as pipe diameter, age); inputs determined from maps from local water suppliers or state DEPs
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Ever vs never exposed (served by private well for entire Cape Cod residence)
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Nine latency periods examined (0, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19 years)
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Cape Cod, MA
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Cumulative exposure for each latency period: sum of RDDs for each residence (mass of TCE entering home in tap water over time at each address); categorized as never, low (up to and including median RDD), high RDD (above 50th, 75th, or 99th percentile)
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PCE from inner vinyl liner in cement pipes distributing tap water
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Breast cancer
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Blair et al. 2003
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Cohort study of dry cleaners
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Exposure score for jobs based on published monitoring studies of dry-cleaning industry; scores increased with proximity
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Exposure score assigned on basis of jobs held (cleaners, high, score of 40; pressers, sewers, counter workers, score of 7; pickup workers, low, score of 0)
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Adjustment for age, sex, calendar time
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PCE used as solvent in dry cleaning
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Cancers, other causes of death
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Little or no exposure (score of 0) vs medium-high exposure (score of 7 or 40)
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Boice et al. 2006
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Cohort of rocket-engine testing-facility workers
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All Rocketdyne workers employed on or after Jan. 1, 1948, for 6+ mo at SSFL, nearby facilities (for comparison group); identified from personnel files, work history cards; exposed were test-stand mechanics, inspectors, test-stand engineers, research engineers; personnel listings used to place test-stand mechanics at specific stands in calendar years; descriptive industrial-hygiene information to classify potential exposure to hydrazine, TCE, other chemicals; discussions with workers
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Duration of employment (years) (SMR)
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Adjustment for year of birth, year of hire
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Hydrazine, TCE
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Potential for exposure (flush engine parts or utility solvent use) (SMR)
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All causes of death
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Duration of employment (RR)
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4 decades of employment (RR)
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Years worked as test-stand mechanic (RR)
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Years worked with any potential TCE exposure (less than 4 years vs at least 4 years) (RR)
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Years worked with potential TCE exposure via engine cleaning, weighted by number of engine tests (less than 4 test-years vs at least 4 test-years )
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