Liquid Transportation Fuels from Coal and Biomass: Technological Status, Costs, and Environmental Impacts

TABLE H.4 Estimated Costs of Transportation for Delivery of Cellulosic Feedstocks

Type of Feedstock	Type of Cost	Cost per Ton (cited $)	Cost per Ton (2007$)	Reference
Corn stover	Per ton	8.85	12.5	English et al. (2006)
Corn stover	Per ton	10.25	27	Hess et al. (2007)
Corn stover	DVC^a	0.15	0.35	Kaylen et al. (2000)
Corn stover	Max DVC for positive NPV	0.28	0.66	Kaylen et al. (2000)
Corn stover	Per ton	10.8	10.8	Perlack (2007)
Corn stover	Per ton	13	31	Aden et al. (2002)
Corn stover	Per ton	4.2–10.5	11–27.7	Perlack and Turhollow (2002)
Corn stover	DVC	0.08–0.29	0.17–0.63	Kumar et al. (2005)
	DFC^b	4.5	9.8
	DFC range	0–6	0–13.3
Corn stover	DVC	0.18	0.32	Searcy et al. (2007)
	DFC	4	7.3
Corn stover	DVC	0.16	0.38	Kumar et al. (2003)
	DFC	3.6	8.6
Corn stover	DVC			Petrolia (2008)
	0-25 miles	0.13–0.23	0.13–0.23
	25-100 miles	0.10–0.19	0.10–0.19
	>100 miles	0.09–0.16	0.09–0.16
	DFC square bales	1.70	1.70
	DFC round bales	3.10	3.10
Corn stover	Per ton	10.9	13.8	Vadas et al. (2008)
Switchgrass	Per ton	14.75	14.75	Duffy (2007)
Switchgrass	Per ton	19.2–23	27–32.4	Kumar and Sokhansanj (2007)
Switchgrass	Per ton	13	28	Perrin et al. (2008)
Switchgrass	Per ton	10.9	13.8	Vadas et al. (2008)
Switchgrass or Miscanthus	Per ton for 50 miles	7.9	17.1	Khanna et al. (2008)
Nonspecific	Per ton	7.4–19.3	13.7–35.6	Mapemba et al. (2007)
Nonspecific	Per ton	14.5	31.5	Mapemba et al. (2008)
Woody biomass	Per ton		11–22	Summit Ridge Investments (2007)
Note: Transportation costs were updated by using USDA-NASS agricultural-fuel prices from 1999 to 2007 (USDA-NASS, 2007a,b). ^aDVC, distance variable cost, per ton per mile. ^bDFC, distance fixed cost per ton.