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Annual Report 2008
2
Board and Standing Committees: Activities and Membership
During 2008, the Space Studies Board (SSB) had five standing committees representing various disciplines: the Committee on Astronomy and Astrophysics (jointly with the Board on Physics and Astronomy), the Committee on Earth Studies, the Committee on the Origins and Evolution of Life (jointly with the Board on Life Sciences), the Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration, and the Committee on Solar and Space Physics. The Board and its standing committees provide strategic direction and oversee activities of ad hoc study committees (see Chapter 3), interact with sponsors, and serve as a communications conduit between the government and the scientific community. They do not provide formal advice and recommendations, and therefore are not subject to the Federal Advisory Committee Act, Section 15.
SPACE STUDIES BOARD
HIGHLIGHTS OF SPACE STUDIES BOARD ACTIVITIES
First Quarter
The SSB held its 155th meeting at the National Academies’ Keck Center in Washington, D.C., on March 10-12, 2008. The first day was devoted to briefings on relevant agency budgets for fiscal year (FY) 2008 and the requests for FY 2009. Guest speakers included Alan Stern, NASA Science Mission Directorate (SMD); Jitendra Joshi, NASA Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESMD); Mary Kicza, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS); Wayne van Citters and Richard Behnke, National Science Foundation (NSF); Dennis Kovar, Department of Energy Office of Science–High Energy Physics; Paul Shawcross and Amy Kaminski, Office of Management and Budget; Damon Wells, John Henry Scott, and Jean Cotton-Allen, Office of Science and Technology Policy; and congressional staff, including Dick Obermann, House Science and Technology Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics; Ed Feddeman, House Science and Technology Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics; and Chan Lieu, Senate Commerce Committee. The Board continued the discussion of the FY 2009 budget request on the second day with reports on its impacts from the chairs of the SSB standing committees and a board member from the microgravity life and physical sciences. The Board also met with NASA administrator Mike Griffin.
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Annual Report 2008
Second Quarter
The Board held its 156th meeting at the National Academies’ Keck Center in Washington, D.C., on June 25, 2008. This one-day meeting included an update on NASA’s SMD from Ed Weiler, the new associate administrator for science, and Paul Hertz, SMD chief scientist; an update on NASA’s Constellation Program from Jim Norman (NASA/ESMD); an industry panel on Launch Vehicle Options for Delta 2-class space science missions with Dan Collins (United Launch Alliance), Bob Richards (Orbital Sciences Corporation), and Larry Williams (Space Exploration Technologies Corporation); and an update on the National Academies’ study on Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation from Chris Elfring, director of the National Research Council (NRC) Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate.
Third Quarter
The Board did not meet during this quarter; however, the SSB Executive Committee (XCOM) did meet on August 18-20, 2008, at the J. Erik Jonsson Woods Hole Center in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, for its annual strategic planning session. The XCOM spoke with congressional representatives from the Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee and the House Committee on Science and Technology on the outlook from Capitol Hill.
The committee continued general discussion on the roles and operations of the Board and its standing committees, ad hoc committees, the financial status of the Board, the NRC efforts to streamline internal processes, and planning for the November SSB meeting and workshop. The latter included presentations by Mary Kicza, assistant administrator for NOAA/NESDIS; John Boright, executive director of the NRC’s Office of International Affairs, and Marc Allen, assistant associate administrator for strategy, policy, and international of NASA’s SMD. In addition to the current chair Charlie Kennel and the current director Marcia Smith, the XCOM was joined during this meeting by four former chairs, Len Fisk, Claude Canizares, Lou Lanzerotti, and Richard Goody and two former directors, Joe Alexander, and Marc Allen.
Fourth Quarter
At the Board’s meeting at the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center in Irvine, California, on November 18, 2008, the chair and vice chair reported on discussions held at the Board’s XCOM meeting in August. Board members were presented with the status of several SSB activities, including a presentation by the chair of the astronomy and astrophysics decadal survey (Astro2010). The annual balance and composition discussion was also held. The meeting ended with a brief discussion of the objectives for the Board-sponsored “Workshop on Future International Space Cooperation and Competition in a Globalizing World.” The workshop is discussed in Chapter 4 of this report.
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Annual Report 2008
SPACE STUDIES BOARD MEMBERSHIP
July 1, 2007–June 30, 2008
Lennard A. Fisk, University of Michigan (chair)
A. Thomas Young, Lockheed Martin Corporation (retired) (vice chair)
Daniel N. Baker, University of Colorado, Boulder
Steven J. Battel, Battel Engineering
Charles L. Bennett, Johns Hopkins University
Elizabeth R. Cantwell, Los Alamos National Laboratory
Alan Dressler, Observatories of the Carnegie Institution
Jack D. Fellows, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
Fiona A. Harrison, California Institute of Technology
Tamara E. Jernigan, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Klaus Keil, University of Hawaii, Manoa
Molly K. Macauley, Resources for the Future, Inc.
Berrien Moore III, University of New Hampshire
Kenneth H. Nealson, University of Southern California
James A. Pawelczyk, Pennsylvania State University
Soroosh Sorooshian, University of California, Irvine
Richard H. Truly, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Joan Vernikos, Thirdage LLC
Joseph F. Veverka, Cornell University
Warren M. Washington, National Center for Atmospheric Research
Charles E. Woodward, University of Minnesota
Gary P. Zank, University of California, Riverside
July 1, 2008–June 30, 2009
Charles F. Kennel, University of California, San Diego (chair)
A. Thomas Young, Lockheed Martin Corporation (retired) (vice chair)
Daniel N. Baker, University of Colorado, Boulder
Steven J. Battel, Battel Engineering
Charles L. Bennett, Johns Hopkins University
Yvonne C. Brill, Aerospace Consultant
Elizabeth R. Cantwell, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Dr. Andrew B. Christensen, Dixie State College
Alan Dressler, Observatories of the Carnegie Institution
Jack D. Fellows, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
Fiona A. Harrison, California Institute of Technology
Joan Johnson-Freese, U.S. Naval War College
Klaus Keil, University of Hawaii
Molly K. Macauley, Resources for the Future, Inc.
Berrien Moore III, Climate Central
Robert T. Pappalardo, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
James A. Pawelczyk, Pennsylvania State University
Soroosh Sorooshian, University of California, Irvine
Joan Vernikos, Thirdage LLC
Joseph F. Veverka, Cornell University
Warren M. Washington, National Center for Atmospheric Research
Charles E. Woodward, University of Minnesota
Ellen G. Zweibel, University of Wisconsin
Ex Officio and Liaison Members
Raymond S. Colladay, Lockheed Martin Astronautics (retired) (ex-officio, chair, NRC Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board)
Jean-Pierre Swings, Institute d’Astrophysique (liaison, chair of the European Space Science Committee)
Jay S. Pearlman, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Enginners, Inc. (ex-officio, member of the NRC Ocean Studies Board)
Edward C. Stone, California Institute of Technology (liaison, U.S. representative to the Committee on Space Research)
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Annual Report 2008
Membership of the 2006 SSB Executive Committee
July 1, 2007–June 30, 2008
Lennard A. Fisk, University of Michigan (chair)
A. Thomas Young, Lockheed Martin Corporation (retired) (vice chair)
Daniel N. Baker, University of Colorado, Boulder
Charles L. Bennett, Johns Hopkins University
Molly K. Macauley, Resources for the Future, Inc.
Berrien Moore III, University of New Hampshire
Kenneth H. Nealson, University of Southern California
James A. Pawelczyk, Pennsylvania State University
Joseph F. Veverka, Cornell University
July 1, 2008–June 30, 2009
Charles F. Kennel, University of California, San Diego (chair)
A. Thomas Young, Lockheed Martin Corporation (retired) (vice chair)
Daniel N. Baker, University of Colorado, Boulder
Charles L. Bennett, Johns Hopkins University
Molly K. Macauley, Resources for the Future, Inc.
Berrien Moore III, University of New Hampshire
Robert T. Pappalardo, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
James A. Pawelczyk, Pennsylvania State University
Joseph F. Veverka, Cornell University
Staff
Marcia S. Smith, Director
Brant L. Sponberg, Senior Program Officer and Associate Director (from March)
Joseph K. Alexander, Senior Program Officer
Arthur A. Charo, Senior Program Officer
Sandra J. Graham, Senior Program Officer and Interim Associate Director (to February)
Ian W. Pryke, Senior Program Officer (from June)
Robert L. Riemer,† Senior Program Officer
David H. Smith, Senior Program Officer
Brian D. Dewhurst,† Program Officer
Dwayne A. Day, Program Officer
Victoria Swisher, Research Associate
Barbara S. Akinwole, Information Management Associate (to October)
Celeste A. Naylor, Senior Program Assistant
Tanja Pilzak, Administrative Coordinator (to July) and Manager, Program Operations (from August)
Christina O. Shipman, Financial Associate (to March) and Financial Officer (from April)
Sandra Wilson, Financial Assistant (from August)
Catherine A. Gruber, Assistant Editor
Carmela J. Chamberlain, Program Associate
Theresa M. Fisher, Program Associate
Rodney N. Howard, Senior Program Assistant
Linda Walker, Senior Project Assistant (from April)
Consultants
Diana Alexander (to July)
Johannes Loschnigg (to April)
Ian W. Pryke (to June)
2008 Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Interns
Kayleigh Ayn Bohemier, Summer
Laura M. Delgado, Summer
Lewis Groswald, Autumn
†
Staff from other NRC Boards who are shared with the SSB.
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Annual Report 2008
U.S. NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR COSPAR
The Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) of the International Council of Science conducted its annual business meetings—including meetings of the COSPAR Publications Committee, COSPAR Program Committee,
COSPAR Scientific Advisory Committee, and COSPAR Bureau—at CNES Headquarters in Paris, France, on March 25-28, 2008. Activities focused on the final preparations for the biannual COSPAR Scientific Assembly. COSPAR held its biennial scientific assembly in Montreal, Canada, on July 13-19, 2008. Edward Stone, COSPAR vice president and U.S. representative to COSPAR, and staff of the U.S. National Committee for COSPAR participated in the July 12 preassembly and July 20 postassembly meetings of the COSPAR Council. Major items discussed and approved by the COSPAR Council included the initiation of a new program of capacity-building fellowships and changes in COSPAR planetary protection policies relating to the Moon, Venus, and Mars special regions and human exploration activities. Future COSPAR activities include the annual business meetings to be held in Paris in March 2009, and the scientific assemblies to be held in Bremen, Germany, in 2010 and Mysore, India, in 2014.
Edward C. Stone, California Institute of Technology (U.S. representative to COSPAR)
David H. Smith, Senior Program Officer, Space Studies Board (executive secretary for COSPAR)
Carmela J. Chamberlain, Program Associate, Space Studies Board
STANDING COMMITTEES
COMMITTEE ON ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS
The Committee on Astronomy and Astrophysics (CAA), which operates under the joint auspices of the SSB and the Board on Physics and Astronomy (BPA), was on a hiatus until the completion of the next astronomy and astrophysics decadal survey, Astro2010, and did not meet in 2008.
A historical summary of reports from CAA and related committees is presented in Figure 2.1.
Membership†
Charles L. Bennett,† Johns Hopkins University (co-chair)
C. Megan Urry,‡ Yale University (co-chair)
Michell C. Begelman,† University of Colorado, Boulder
Adam S. Burrows,† University of Arizona
Lynne Hillenbrand,† California Institute of Technology
Charles McGruder III,† Western Kentucky University
Staff
David Lang, Program Officer, Board on Physics and Astronomy
Celeste A. Naylor, Senior Program Assistant, Space Studies Board
COMMITTEE ON EARTH STUDIES
The Committee on Earth Studies (CES) resumed activities following a long hiatus while the decadal survey, “Earth Science and Applications from Space: A Community Assessment and Strategy for the Future,” and the follow-on decadal survey activities—the Panel on Options to Ensure the Climate Record from the NPOESS and GOES-R Spacecraft and the ad hoc Committee on A Strategy to Mitigate the Impact of Sensor Descopes and Demanifests on the NPOESS and GOES-R Spacecraft were under way. As the first quarter ended, the committee was making final preparations for its first meeting in 2008.
†
Term ended June 30, 2008.
‡
Term ended December 31, 2007.
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Annual Report 2008
FIGURE 2.1 SSB-NRC advice on astronomy and astrophysics (1979-2007).
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Annual Report 2008
At the April 7-8, 2008, CES meeting in Washington, D.C., guests included the director of NASA’s Earth Science Program, Michael Freilich, and the head of NOAA/NESDIS, Mary Kicza. In addition to receiving updates on the status of NASA and NOAA Earth observation programs, Dr. Freilich and Ms. Kicza led discussions of potential new studies for ad hoc committees of the SSB.
At the CES meeting in September 22-23, 2008, in Boulder, Colorado, the committee received a background briefing on the COSMIC mission and updates on progress in implementing the decadal survey-recommended missions ICESat-II and CLARREO. SSB member Jack Fellows (University Corporation for Atmospheric Research) summarized a recently published report that provides program, management, and budget recommendations to the next administration and Congress on R&D needs to meet our nation’s energy and climate change challenges. The report includes recommendations on how to make the nation more resilient to severe weather and climate change. By teleconference, the committee spoke at length with Michael Freilich (NASA) and Mary Kicza (NOAA). In addition to receiving updates on the status of NASA and NOAA Earth observation programs, Dr. Freilich and Dr. Kicza led discussions of potential new studies for ad hoc committees of the SSB. The committee also spoke by teleconference with former NOAA administrator Jim Baker regarding a proposed Earth systems science agency.
The committee did not meet during the fourth quarter; however, members and staff were active in developing new study prospectuses, and members participated in the following NRC activities:
The committee worked with the Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate to organize a December 8, 2008, program planning meeting to consider the utility of a possible NRC study on attribution of climate change, with a focus on solar influences.
The committee collaborated with other units in the NRC to organize the December 4, 2008, workshop “Uncertainty Management in Remote Sensing of Climate Data” (see Chapter 4 of this report).
Several committee members participated in the planning of the National Academies’ study on Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation, entitled America’s Climate Choices, a major initiative focusing on providing decision makers with near-term options related to mitigation and adaption to anticipated climate change. (See http://dels.nas.edu/basc/climate-change/index.shtml.)
A historical summary of reports from CES and related committees is presented in Figure 2.2.
Membership
Berrien Moore III,† Climate Central (chair)
Ruth S. DeFries,† Columbia University (vice chair)
Mark R. Abbott, Oregon State University
Richard A. Anthes, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
Philip E. Ardanuy, Raytheon Information Solutions
Steven J. Battel, Battel Engineering
Antonio J. Busalacchi, Jr., University of Maryland, College Park
Heidi M. Dierssen,‡ University of Connecticut, Avery Point
Hung-Lung Allen Huang, University of Wisconsin, Madison
Anne W. Nolin, Oregon State University
Jay S. Pearlman, Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
Thomas H. Vonder Haar, Colorado State University
Staff
Arthur A. Charo, Senior Program Officer, Space Studies Board
Theresa M. Fisher, Program Associate, Space Studies Board
†
Term began November 6, 2007.
‡
Term began March 27, 2008.
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Annual Report 2008
FIGURE 2.2 SSB-NRC advice on Earth science and applications in space (1979-2007).
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COMMITTEE ON THE ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION OF LIFE
The Committee on the Origins and Evolution of Life (COEL), which operates under the joint auspices of the SSB and the Board on Life Sciences, met on February 13-15, 2008, at the National Academies’ Keck Center in Washington, D.C. In addition to briefings on the current status of NASA’s Astrobiology and related programs, the committee devoted a significant amount of time to presentations, discussions, and deliberations concerning NASA’s planning for an outer solar system flagship mission. In response to a request from SSB, committee members drafted an assessment of the current status of NASA’s Astrobiology program in light of the agency’s enacted budget for FY 2008 and proposed budget for FY 2009. Astrobiology studies being planned or organized by COEL included (1) a review of the planetary protection requirements for Mars sample return missions, (2) an astrobiology strategy for the exploration of the outer solar system, and (3) the origins and evolution of life: a science strategy for the 21st century.
At COEL’s May 13-15, 2008, meeting at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C., in addition to briefings on the current status of NASA’s Astrobiology and related programs, the committee devoted a significant amount of time to presentations, discussions, and deliberations concerning the origins and early evolution of life.
The committee’s October 28-30, 2008, meeting at the National Academies’ Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center in Irvine, California, was notable in that it was presided over by the incoming co-chair Robert T. Pappalardo and the soon-to-depart co-chair Kenneth H. Nealson. Dr. Nealson’s successor and six new members are in the process of being appointed. The meeting was primarily devoted to various aspects of the NASA Astrobiology Institute’s (NAI’s) activities, including presentations from Mary Voytek, the acting director of NASA’s Astrobiology program; Carl Pilcher, the director of NAI; the principal investigators of several of the recently selected new NAI teams; the chairs of several of the NAI’s astrobiology focus groups; and a selected group of participants devoted to current and forthcoming Mars exploration activities.
A historical summary of reports from COEL and related committees is presented in Figure 2.3.
Membership
July 1, 2007–June 30, 2008
Kenneth H. Nealson, University of Southern California (co-chair)
Bruce M. Jakosky, University of Colorado, Boulder (co-chair)
Jan P. Amend, Washington University
Stanley M. Awramik, University of California, Santa Barbara
Michael H. Carr, U.S. Geological Survey (retired)
Paul G. Falkowski, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick
Antonio Lazcano, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
Ralph D. Lorenz, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory
Harry Y. McSween, Jr., University of Tennessee, Knoxville
John C. Priscu, Montana State University
Sara Seager, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Barbara Sherwood Lollar, University of Toronto
Everett Shock, Arizona State University
Andrew Steele, Carnegie Institution of Washington
Meenakshi Wadhwa, Arizona State University
July 2008–June 30, 2009†
Robert T. Pappalardo, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (co-chair)
Stanley M. Awramik,‡ University of California, Santa Barbara
Paul G. Falkowski,‡ Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick
Antonio Lazcano,‡ Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
Ralph D. Lorenz,‡ Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory
Kenneth H. Nealson,* University of Southern California
John C. Priscu,‡ Montana State University
Sara Seager,‡ Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Everett Shock,‡ Arizona State University
†
Appointment of a new co-chair and new members is pending.
‡
Term began October 22, 2007.
*
Term ended December 31, 2008.
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Annual Report 2008
FIGURE 2.3 SSB-NRC advice on astrobiology and planetary protection (1965-2007).
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Annual Report 2008
Staff
David H. Smith, Senior Program Officer, Space Studies Board
Robert L. Riemer, Senior Program Officer, Board on Physics and Astronomy
Rodney N. Howard, Senior Program Assistant, Space Studies Board
COMMITTEE ON PLANETARY AND LUNAR EXPLORATION
The Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration (COMPLEX) met on March 19-21, 2008, at the National Academies’ Keck Center in Washington, D.C. In addition to briefings on the status of NASA planetary sciences, the presentations and discussions of the committee were primarily focused in three areas: (1) understanding funding and development issues related to the Mars Science Laboratory mission; (2) potential commercial capabilities for launching small planetary science missions in the future; and (3) understanding NASA’s needs for the upcoming NRC decadal survey on solar system exploration. Other presentations included briefings on NSF plans for the Arecibo Observatory, Stirling cycle technology for radioisotope-powered missions, and early results from the Messenger flyby of Mercury.
COMPLEX met August 20-22, 2008, in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, to plan for the next decadal survey on solar system exploration. The meeting included open discussions that examined lessons learned from past decadal studies, with previous key participants such as Mark Sykes from the Planetary Science Institute, Michael Belton of Belton Space Exploration Initiatives, and Joseph Burns of Cornell University. The committee also discussed with Jim Green of NASA and Vern Pankonin of NSF the perspectives and needs of their respective agencies. In addition, the committee heard presentations on lessons learned from experts in mission cost estimating. The committee later utilized these various inputs in discussing a statement of task for the study, a general work plan, critical areas of expertise needed, and potential study participants. Following the meeting a draft statement of task was forwarded to NASA for review. The committee will stand down during the period of the upcoming decadal study, which is expected to begin in early 2009.
A historical summary of reports from COMPLEX and related committees is presented in Figure 2.4.
Membership†
Joseph F. Veverka, Cornell University (chair)
W. Bruce Banerdt, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Penelope J. Boston, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology
Donald E. Brownlee, University of Washington
Bonnie J. Buratti, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Roger N. Clark, U.S. Geological Survey
Michael R. Combi, University of Michigan
John Grant, Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum
Timothy J. McCoy, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History
Alfred S. McEwen, University of Arizona
Francis Nimmo, University of California, Santa Cruz
Louise M. Prockter, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory
Darrell F. Strobel, Johns Hopkins University
Dawn Y. Sumner, University of California, Davis
Staff
Sandra J. Graham, Senior Program Officer, Space Studies Board
Celeste A. Naylor, Senior Program Assistant, Space Studies Board
†
Terms end December 31, 2008.
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Annual Report 2008
FIGURE 2.4 SSB-NRC advice on solar system exploration (1969-2007). Origins of life topics are covered in Figure 2.3.
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Annual Report 2008
COMMITTEE ON SOLAR AND SPACE PHYSICS
The Committee on Solar and Space Physics (CSSP) held its first meeting of 2008 at the National Academies’ Keck Center in Washington, D.C., on April 1-2, where it received presentations on the current state of NASA’s and NSF’s solar and space physics programs, NASA’s research and analysis grant program, ground-based neutron monitors, and an economic analysis of the impacts of space weather.
At its December 3-4, 2008, meeting in the National Academies’ Keck Center in Washington, D.C., the committee spoke with congressional staff from the House Committee on Science and Technology regarding the legislative and budget outlook from Capitol Hill. The committee also discussed the status of NASA’s Heliophysics programs with Richard Fisher and the status of relevant NSF Upper Atmosphere Research programs with Richard Behnke. David Cummings briefed the committee on the Universities Space Research Association and its current and planned activities. The committee also received presentations from Peter Klupar on small spacecraft activities at NASA’s Ames Research Center and from Kent Bress on international agreements managed by NASA Headquarters’ Office of External Relations.
A historical summary of reports from CSSP and related committees is presented in Figure 2.5.
Membership
Daniel N. Baker, University of Colorado, Boulder (chair)
Thomas H. Zurbuchen, University of Michigan (vice chair)
Joseph F. Fennell,† The Aerospace Corporation
Maura E. Hagan,‡ National Center for Atmospheric Research
Jack R. Jokipii, University of Arizona
Krishan Khurana,† University of California, Los Angeles
William S. Lewis, Southwest Research Institute
Dana Warfield Longcope, Montana State University
Ramon E. Lopez,‡ University of Texas, Arlington
Kristina A. Lynch,† Dartmouth College
Richard A. Mewaldt,† California Institute of Technology
Merav Opher,‡ George Mason University
Howard J. Singer, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Ronald E. Turner,† ANSER Corporation
Staff
Brant L. Sponberg, Associate Director and Senior Program Officer, Space Studies Board (from May)
Johannes Loschnigg, Consultant, Space Studies Board (to April)
Theresa M. Fisher, Program Associate, Space Studies Board
SPACE RESEARCH DISCIPLINES WITHOUT STANDING COMMITTEE REPRESENTATION
Although there are no longer standing committees representing microgravity research or space biology and medicine, a life and microgravity decadal survey will be conducted in 2009-2010. A historical summary of NRC-SSB advice in space biology and medicine is presented in Figure 2.6, and a historical summary of NRC-SSB advice on microgravity research is presented in Figure 2.7.
†
Term ended December 31, 2008.
‡
Term began January 31, 2008.
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FIGURE 2.5 SSB-NRC advice on solar and space physics (1980-2008).
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FIGURE 2.6 SSB-NRC advice on microgravity research (1978-2006).
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FIGURE 2.7 SSB-NRC advice on space biology and medicine (1960-2006).
