Much research has been done on tobacco control by public entities and by DoD and VA. For example, VA has supported considerable research on tobacco use in veterans who have mental-health disorders, on new tobacco-cessation medications, and on the role of health-care providers in delivering tobacco-cessation services. DoD has funded studies on the initiation of tobacco use by new recruits and on relapse of tobacco use after basic training. But the committee was struck by several gaps in knowledge that should be filled through research. There is a dearth of information in both organizations about the success of their tobacco-cessation programs, particularly long-term abstinence rates. Some of that information should be generated by the program evaluation necessary for efficient operation, which needs to be enhanced. Beyond operational data, there is a need for research on changing demographics, behavioral and cultural inducers, and improved or innovative program design. Without such information, it is difficult to assess what programs are working for military personnel, retirees, their families, and veterans. It is possible that some programs work better for