A
Absorbents/absorbency
Amberlite® polymeric resins, 204
chemical hood filters, 196, 231
gloves, 176
spill containment, 28, 120, 125, 133, 134, 145, 177, 302
waste management, 193, 203, 204
Absorption in the body (see also Exposure)
gastrointestinal tract, 58
prevention, 124, 179
radiation, 81
respiratory tract, 57, 124, 166, 179
skin, 55, 58, 60, 62, 124, 139, 166, 179
Academic laboratories
Chemical Hygiene Officer, 16
chemical hygiene responsibilities, 16-17, 187
culture of safety, 2, 3-4, 5, 6
department chairperson or director, 16-17
departmental safety committee, 17
facilities, maintenance, and custodial personnel, 17
high school laboratories, 3
laboratory personnel, 17, 187
laboratory supervisor, 17
liability concerns, 6
management of chemicals, 88, 93, 102, 296-297
recordkeeping, 3
regulations for, 194
research laboratories, 4
training program, 250
undergraduate laboratories, 3-4
ventilation design, 251
waste management, 3, 186-187, 194, 196, 201
Access control, 20, 22, 28, 29, 92, 95, 101, 123-124, 126, 163, 206, 208, 214, 256, 257, 262, 263, 264, 301, 302
Accidents (see also Emergency; Fire; Injuries and illnesses; Safety and emergency equipment; Spills and releases)
CHP component, 295, 299, 300, 302, 303
costs of, 6
equipment-related, 149, 150, 151, 153
liability consequences, 6, 102, 116
misuse of materials, 7
MSDS information, 50
plant-scale, 139
preparation for, 107, 110, 125, 130, 150, 153, 158, 160, 299
prevention, 16-17, 21, 86, 87, 95, 110, 113, 140, 141, 150, 151, 155, 216, 302
regulations, 272, 281, 299
reporting and record keeping, 5, 16, 19, 29, 30, 181, 281, 299
reviews, 3, 17
slips, trips, and falls, 77, 150, 164
vehicular, 102, 193
working alone and, 17
Acetaldehyde, 67, 72, CD
Acetic acid, 67, 68, 72, 96, 134, 136, 189, 202, 203, 204, CD
Acetone
control banding, 64
–dry ice coolant, 173
dual-use hazard, 260
flammability, 65, 67, 68, 120, 173
inhalation, 57
LCSS, CD
spills, 48
storage of chemical in, 135
waste management, 85, 190
Acetyl peroxide, 303
Acetonitrile, 67, 69, 160, 204, CD
2-Acetylaminofluorene, 273
Acetylene and acetylenic compounds, 62, 69, 71, 72, 129, 135, 140, 166, 172, CD
Acetylides, 70, 71, 130
ACGIH (see American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists)
Acid baths, 220
Acid inhibitors, 70
Acids (see also specific compounds)
allergic response to, 61
chemical hoods and exhaust systems, 139, 214, 224, 226, 233-234, 236, 240, 242, 254
cleaning with, 73, 86, 138, 139-140
corrosivity, 190, 245
decontamination concerns, 254
digestion bombs for microwaves, 159
dilution/dilute, 17, 137, 138, 140, 189, 209
drying with, 140
emergency procedures, 118, 120, 180
in environmental rooms, 245
equipment for use with, 88
explosion hazards, 70, 71, 96, 130, 131, 136, 139-140, 214, 224
fire hazards, 67, 68, 69, 98, 99, 128-129
gloves and protective clothing, 111, 113
incompatibilities, 70, 73, 96, 98, 100, 128-129, 138, 139
injuries, 58, 61, 118, 137, 138, 180, 214, 260
labels/classification, 69
neutralization of, 120, 137, 138, 195, 196, 209
neutralization with, 121, 136, 208
oxidizers, 69, 73, 96, 98, 120, 128-129, 131, 138, 188
peroxidizables, 72, 134, 139
radioactive mixtures, 202, 203, 205
rules for working with, 301
scrubbers, 236
spills, 28, 120
storage, 20, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 125
testing with, 188, 189
waste management, 196, 202, 203, 204, 205, 209, 210, 301
Acquisition of chemicals
CHP component, 295, 297, 298
compressed gases, 89, 140, 164-165
computerized, 88, 89
controlled substances, 261
cost containment, 5, 92
donations and gifts, 87, 92
just-in-time deliveries, 43, 89
minimization, 5, 21, 84, 164, 186
monitoring, 16, 19
ordering, 21, 86, 88-89
receiving, 21, 79, 89-90, 263, 278, 299
in smaller containers, 86
standards for, 21, 22, 278, 299
Acrolein, 60, 70, 303, CD
Acrylamide, CD
Acrylonitrile, 112, 273, 303, CD
Action levels, 16, 123, 269, 289, 292, 293-294
Activated carbon, 73, 136, 204, 231, 236
Acute toxicity (see also Allergens, sensitizers, and allergic reactions; Corrosives and corrosivity; Irritants)
aquatic, 50
defined, 59
dose-response relationships, 54
employee protection standards, 274, 275, 290, 293, 295, 301-302
empty containers, 191
examples of highly toxic compounds, 56, 60, 275, 301
exposure factors, 60
information sources, 48, 50, 51, 59
lethal dose/lethal concentration, 54-55, 59, 60, 275
oven drying of samples, 156-157
“particularly hazardous substances,” 55, 59, 274-275
risk assessment, 54, 55, 59-60
signs and symptoms, 19, 123, 137, 141
storage of chemicals, 97, 101
systemic effects, 59
waste regulation, 277
Administration and supervision (see also Chemical Hygiene Officers; Chemical Hygiene Plan; Documentation and record keeping; Inspections and audits)
chemical hygiene responsibilities, 15, 16, 17, 18, 22, 24, 297, 298-299
and culture of safety, 2, 3, 5, 7
emergency preparedness, 39, 42, 117, 178, 180, 281, 299
hazard controls, 14, 18, 19, 24, 108, 142
hazard evaluation and risk assessment, 47, 55, 60, 66, 75, 108, 123, 131, 301
laboratory supervisor, 17, 22, 24, 26, 75, 117, 177, 178, 180, 231, 297-298, 299
management of chemicals, 84, 123, 173
OSHA recommendations for, 296-300
reporting to supervisors, 15, 16, 17, 226, 301
security, 123, 145, 262
statutory requirements, 279, 280, 281, 295
waste management, 209, 302
Adverse reactions, 271, 279
Aerosols
biological hazards, 60, 126, 221
defined, 57
in environmental rooms, 245
filters and scrubbers, 124, 236, 301, 302-303
flammable, 50, 99, 290
housekeeping and, 114
inhalation, 57-58, 110, 221
monitoring, 144
radioactive, 204, 208, 221
risk assessment, 55, 60, 80, 221
suppression, 114, 124, 126, 208, 236, 240, 244, 301, 302-303
Air (see also Hot air; Respirators; Ventilation and environmental control systems)
autooxidation, 136
cleanliness in clean rooms, 244
compressed, 145, 165, 171, 180-181
dispersion modeling, 124
filters, 124, 126, 142, 143, 178, 179, 221, 236
liquefied, 69, 135, 138
motors, 151, 154
pollutants, 86, 234, 235-236
pressure control, 214, 219, 240
reactivity in, 70, 72, 87, 93, 125, 130, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 141, 143, 160, 173
showers, 244
supply, 179, 180-181, 217, 222, 226, 227, 241
Airborne contaminants (see also Exhaust systems; Filters and filtration)
action levels, 269
in chemical hoods, 291
dry materials, 144
evaluating exposure, 209
explosive limits, 65, 66-67
lethal (LC) values, 56
monitoring, 60, 143, 144, 208, 228, 298
nanoparticles in, 135, 143, 144, 248
particulate materials, 57
pressure buildup and, 135
preventing exposure, 107, 178, 219, 296
protection against, 127, 144, 178-180
risk assessment, 219
skin exposure, 179
threshold limits, 60
vapor pressure and, 57
ventilation systems and, 219, 221, 241, 251, 296, 298
ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principle, 82, 219, 221
Alarms
audibility in environmental rooms, 245, 299
building code requirements, 218
in chemical hoods, 169, 226, 250
equipment, 216
fire, 15, 27, 28, 43, 107, 117, 121, 122, 127, 166, 176-177, 178, 217, 245, 249, 299
gas detectors, 137, 168, 169, 249
heat sensors and smoke detectors, 100, 178, 249
low-oxygen, 163, 173
security, 124, 256, 258, 264
signage and postings for, 250
spills and releases, 35, 82, 124
testing/inspection, 43, 193, 245, 249, 250
Alcohols (see also Specific compounds)
consumable, 95, 245
denatured, 259
disinfection with, 247
flammability, 99
incompatibilities, 73, 130, 139
secondary, 72
shipment of samples in, 101
in thermometers, 88
Aldehydes, 210
Aliphatic hydrocarbons, 133
Alkali metals, 59, 70, 73, 128, 130-131, 140, 178, 190, 210
Alkalis and bases
explosive hazards, 69, 70, 73, 130-131, 190
fire control, 140, 178
incompatibilities, 73, 128
injuries, 58
neutralization, 120, 209, 210
spills, 120
waste management, 209, 210
Alkenes, 72, 135
Alkyl chloromethyl ethers, 63-64
Alkyl nitrites, 71
Alkyl perchlorates, 71
Alkylating agents, 64
Alkylbenzenes, 203
Alkylhydroperoxides, 71
Alkyllithium compounds, 96, 135-136
Allergens, sensitizers, and allergic reactions, 16, 58, 59, 60-61, 279, 295, 301
Allylic halides, 61, 72
Alumina, 136, 160, 236
Aluminum chloride, see Aluminum trichloride
Aluminum trichloride, 136, CD
Amberlite® polymeric resins, 204
American Biological Safety Association, 80
American Chemical Society, 17, 53, 86, 109, 116, 218, 262, 267, 274
American Chemistry Council, 267
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), 267, 297
exposure limits, 48, 86
ventilation manual, 239
American Heart Association, 180
American Industrial Hygiene Association, 267, 269
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 267
American National Standards Institute, 48, 108, 162, 217, 253, 269, 270
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers, 253, 273
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 170-171
Americans with Disabilities Act, 6, 218, 272
Aminechromium peroxocomplexes, 71
Ammonia, 57, 61, 69, 121, 129, 136, 141, 164, 166, 170, 260, 270, 303, CD
Ammonium hydroxide, 71, 96, CD
Ammonium nitrate, 69, CD
Ammonium phosphate extinguishers, 178-179
Anaphylactic shock, 61, 112
Anhydrides, 61, 115, 210
Aniline, 303, CD
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 205, 260, 270, 273
Animals (see Laboratory animals; Service animals)
Annual Report on Carcinogens, 63, 291, 304
Anosmia, 60
ANSI (see American National Standards Institute)
ANSI/ASHRAE standards, 221, 222, 225, 227, 231, 249
Aprons, 15, 113, 138, 175
Aqueous solutions acids, 121
bleach, 206
corrosives, 61, 121
hydrogen fluoride, 137
hydroxides, 61, 139
pH testing, 188, 189
plastic equipment for, 168
potassium iodide, 134, 189
reducing agents for peroxides, 134
waste management, 107, 185, 190, 192, 195, 196, 202, 203, 204-205, 206, 207
Argon, 62, 130, 131, 134, 135, 159, 160, 161, 172, 174, 234
Armored
chemical hoods, 132
mercury thermometers, 88
Aromatic hydrocarbons, 63, 133
Arsine, 60, 239, CD
Asbestos, 57, 141, 179, 273
Ascarite®, 136
ASHRAE (see American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers; ANSI/ASHRAE standards)
Asphyxiants and asphyxiation, 62, 74, 90, 100, 140, 163, 168, 172, 173, 178, 242, 245
Aspirators, 75, 110, 153, 174
Assembly point, emergency, 39, 193
Atomic absorption
spectrophotometers, 121, 237, 254
Atomic Energy Act, 202, 271
Audits (see Inspections and audits)
Autoclaves and autoclaving, 171
animal carcasses, 208
canopy hood, 239
contaminated labware, 206
dedicated rooms or equipment, 208, 215
headspace, 166
hydrogenation reactions, 135
infectious waste, 206
multihazardous waste, 205, 206, 207, 208
pressurization, 135, 166, 172
testing for interior surface contamination, 208
thermometer, 88
Autoignition, 65-66, 69, 73, 130, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 156
Autoxidation, 72, 73, 136
Azides, 60, 70-71, 96, 130, 136, 210, 260, 303, CD
Azo compounds, 72, 273
B
Back injuries, 77
Bar code labeling, 19, 91
Barriers and barricades, 74, 82, 108, 110, 120, 123, 125, 131, 132, 137, 151, 213, 223, 224, 229, 252, 256, 258
Bases (see Alkalis and bases)
Benchtop
ventilated enclosures, 143, 220, 228, 240
Benzene, 57, 63, 65, 86, 96, 190, 273, 303, CD Benzyl azides, 96
Benzyl halides, 61
Benzylamine, 96
Benzylic hydrogens, 72
Benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide, 96
Biodegradation and biodegradable materials, 88, 196, 203
Biological materials and biohazards
aerosols, 60, 126, 221
animal tissues and carcasses, 205, 206, 207-208, 303
biosafety levels, 80, 126, 126
Chemical Hygiene Plan, 15
containment and biosafety facilities, 75, 80, 126, 143, 220, 221, 231, 236, 243, 244, 245-248, 251
disinfection and decontamination, 206, 254
dual-use agents, 256
exposure limits, 51
filters, 236
gloves and protective clothing, 111
information sources, 51, 79, 80, 126, 189, 246, 260, 276
procedures for working with, 126-127
radioactive, 207-208
regulation, 79, 189, 270-271, 272, 276, 278, 280-281
risk assessment, 13, 79, 80, 207, 221
security, 256, 260, 262, 263, 264
select agents, 79, 270
shipping, export, and import, 101, 272, 278, 280-281
storage, 97
synthetic microorganisms, 79
waste management, 87, 108, 127, 185, 187, 189, 195, 201, 202, 205-208, 278
Biosafety cabinets (BSCs), 75, 80, 126, 143, 220, 221, 231, 236, 244, 245-248, 251
Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 79, 80, 126, 189, 246, 260, 276
Biosafety levels, 80, 126
Birth defects (see Developmental toxicity)
Bis(chloromethyl)ether, 54, 273, 303
Blankets, 36, 119, 121, 122, 180
Boiling chips, 73
Boiling eruptions, 73
Boiling points, 48, 65, 67, 68, 73, 86, 99, 139, 172
Boron halides, 136
Boron trichloride, 140, 303
Boron trifluoride, 140, 170, 303, CD Bourdon tubes, 167
Bretherick’s Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 52, 65, 304
Bromine, 61, 62, 303, CD
Building code requirements, 11, 22, 27, 95, 98, 100, 215, 217, 218, 242, 253, 272-273
Bulk materials, 77, 78, 87, 89, 94, 107, 133, 141, 142, 145, 195, 198, 236
Bunsen burners, 27, 69, 128
Bunsen tube, 172
Burns, 19, 28, 58, 59, 61, 66, 75, 113, 118, 119, 122, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 149, 161, 173, 214
tert-Butyl hydroperoxide, 303, CD
Butyllithiums, 135, 139, 140, CD
C
Cabinets (see Biosafety cabinets; Storage)
Cadmium, 273
Calcium, 130
Calcium gluconate gel, 138
Calcium oxide, 61, 70
Calorimetry, 131
Cancer, 51, 59, 63, 64, 82, 101 (see also Carcinogens)
Canopy hoods, 220, 237, 239, 247, 298
Capacitors, 76, 150, 152, 153
Carbon-14, 81
Carbon brushes, 151
Carbon dioxide, 62, 86, 132, 135, 138, 140, 170, 173, 177, 178, 205, 245, 252
Carbon disulfide, 56, 62, 66, 67, 69, 128, 129, 136, 303, CD
Carbon inventory, 251
Carbon monoxide, 56, 62, 63, 69, 129, 166, 179, 303, CD
Carbon powder, 73, 131, 136
Carbon steel, 174
Carbon tetrachloride, 137, 140, 178, 303, CD
Carbonyls, 166, 302, 303
Carcinogens
clothing and protective apparel, 113
combinations of compounds, 64
defined, 63, 275, 291-292
examples, 54, 63, 302
experiment planning, 64
exposure factors, 56, 64
information resources, 48, 50, 52, 53, 63, 291, 304
labeling, 101
LCSS information, 63
minimizing/avoiding exposure, 55, 64, 86, 274
MSDS information, 48
radiation, 75
risk assessment, 54, 55, 63-64
select carcinogens, 55, 59, 63-64, 86, 97, 274-275, 290, 291-292
spills, 273
standards for handling, 59, 63, 101, 273, 275, 290, 293, 302
storage, 97, 101
Card files, 91, 92
Carts, 6, 23, 77, 89, 90, 114, 153, 168, 216
Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 52
Catalog of Teratogenic Agents, 52, 62
Catalysts, 70, 72, 73, 74, 78, 130, 135, 136-137, 139, 160, 210
Cathode ray tubes, 163
Cathodes, 75
Caustics, 28, 58, 111, 120, 196 (see also Corrosives and corrosivity)
Celite, 84
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 77, 111, 205, 207, 260, 270, 273, 276
Centrifuges, 88, 161-162, 172, 216, 217
Characterization of waste
identification responsibilities, 187
for offsite management, 186-187
test procedures for unknowns, 187-189
unidentified materials (unknowns), 187
Checklists
continuity of laboratory operations, 41
emergency planning, 41
inspection, 23, 25, 26, 27
laboratory closeout, 253, CD
laboratory hazard assessment, CD
security vulnerability, 262
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), 52-53
registry numbers, 87, 91, 94
Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System, 53
Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS), 89, 259, 261, 270, 273
Chemical hazardous waste
academic laboratories, 186-187, 194, 196, 201
acids, 196, 202, 203, 204, 205, 209, 210, 301
alkalis and bases, 209, 210
assignment of tasks for handling, 194
atmospheric disposal, 196
central area for, 192-194
characteristic waste, 189-190
characterization, 186-189
choosing transporter and disposal facility, 198
collection and storage, 191-194
container size and fill level, 23
determining regulatory status, 190-191
empty containers, 191
gases, 198
at generation site, 191-192
generator types and definitions, 276
hazard reduction in-laboratory, 186
identification responsibilities, 187
incineration, 193, 195, 196, 197, 199
inspection, 26
labeling, 23
liability concerns, 198-199
limited waste, 190
manifesting, 199
minimization, 277
minimum requirements for
generators, 277
monitoring offsite transport and management, 197-198
nonhazardous and
nonregulated waste managed as, 194-195
offsite management, 186-187, 197-198
“on-site” definition, 276-277
preparation for shipment, 198
records and recordkeeping, 199-201
regulation, 189-191, 194, 271, 276-278
sanitary sewer disposal, 196
test procedures, 187-189
transportation of, 277-278
treatment and recycling, 196-197
unidentified materials (unknowns), 187-189
Chemical hoods (see also Exhaust systems)
acid use in, 139, 214, 224, 226, 233-234, 236, 240, 242, 254
adsorbents, 236
airborne contaminants, 291
airflow types, 229-232
airfoils and baffles, 229
alarms, 169, 226, 250
alternatives to, 252
armored, 132
auxiliary air, 230-231
benchtop, 232
bypass, 230
California chemical fume hood, 233
in clean rooms, 234, 244
compressed gas cylinders in, 222
configurations, 232-234
constant air volume, 229-230
constant operation, 224-225
distillation (knee-high or lowboy), 229, 232, 233
ductless, 231-232
energy conservation, 251, 252
exhaust treatment and systems, 234-237, 241
explosion-proof, 248
exposure monitoring, 228
design and construction, 229-232
face velocities, 221-222, 226-227
filters, 196, 220, 231, 232, 235, 236
general design recommendations, 229
general rules, 15, 110
housekeeping, 223
instrumentation, 228
liquid scrubbers, 235-236
low-flow or high-performance, 231, 251
maximizing efficiency, 222-223
nonbypass, 229-230
perchloric acid, 233-234
performance-related factors, 222
proximity to windows and doors, 222
radioisotope hoods, 234
sashes, 223-224, 252
scrubbers and contaminant removal systems, 235
shielding, 131-132, 160, 177, 187
supply air diffuser proximity, 222
testing and verification, 225-228
thermal oxidizers and incinerators, 237
traffic proximity, 222
variable air volume, 230, 252
walk-in, 232-233
and waste disposal, 222
Chemical Hygiene Officers (CHOs), 2-3, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28 n.4, 47, 51, 63, 79, 114, 274, 289, 290, 295, 297
Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP)
academic institutions, 16
access to, 19, 47, 293
compliance with, 17, 19, 23
defined, 15, 289
development and implementation, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 289, 292, 293, 295, 296, 303-305
elements/topics, 3, 15, 47, 104, 117, 222, 274, 275, 292-293, 295, 296-305
general principles for work with chemicals, 296-297
governmental laboratory, 20
guidance for development, 296-305
industry research facility, 18
information resources for developing, 303-305
laboratory facility, 297-298
MSDSs, 303
OSHA Laboratory Standard, 3, 15, 47, 269, 274, 275, 292-293, 295, 296
responsibility for chemical hygiene, 3, 51, 297
review and update, 15, 19, 293
rules and procedures for working with chemicals, 61, 300-303
safety recommendations, 303
training and communication on, 17, 18, 29
Chemical management program (see Acquisition of chemicals; Inventory and tracking; Shipment and transport; Storage; Waste management)
Chemical properties (see Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries; Material
Safety Data Sheets; specific properties) Chemicals of interest (COI), 23, 89, 259, 260, 261, 262, 270, 275
Children, 16
Chlorinated hydrocarbons, 63, 136
Chlorine, 60, 61, 69, 70, 136, 170, 260, 303, CD
Chlorine dioxide, 75, 130, 136
Chlorine trifluoride, 140-141, 303
Chloroform, 137, 202, 204, 205, 303, CD
1-Chloromethyl-4-fluoro-1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(tetrafluoroborate), 86
Chloromethyl methyl ether, 63-64, 273, CD
Chromates, 69, 73, 130, 210
Chromatography/chromatographs, 24, 69, 86, 93, 113, 134, 192, 195, 216, 220, 237, 241
Chromic acid, 86, 98, 99
Chromium, 61, 73, 138, 174, 205
Chromium-51, 81
Chromium trioxide and other chromium(VI) compounds, 71, 86, 98, 99, 273, CD
Chromosomal damage, 62, 275, 291
Chronic exposure, 19, 56, 87
Chronic toxicity and health effects, 11, 18, 19, 48, 50, 51, 52, 56, 59, 62, 63, 87, 121, 123, 290, 295, 301, 302 (see also Carcinogens; Neurotoxicity; Reproductive toxins)
Circuit boards, 94
Circuit breakers and fuses, 28, 76, 120, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 162, 218
Clean Air Act, 196, 278
Clean benches/laminar-flow hoods, 143, 219, 221, 239, 248, 250
Clean rooms
casework, furnishings, and fixtures, 216, 244
chemical hoods, 234, 244
classification, 243, 244
pressure control system, 219, 243
protocols, 243-244
Clean Water Act
Cleaning (see Housekeeping and cleaning)
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 269
Clinical laboratories, 79, 201, 202, 205, 269, 276, 281
Closure or loss of institution or building (see also Decommissioning)
alternative laboratory facilities, 42, 43
checklist for continuity of operations, 41
laboratory closeout checklist, CD
long-term, 42
short-term, 41-42
Clothing and protective apparel (see also Gloves and hand protection; Personal protective equipment)
aprons, 15, 113, 138, 175
choosing, 175
contaminated, 118, 122, 126, 137, 144, 146, 175, 181, 300, 301, 302
disposal, 113, 118, 144, 302
entanglement in equipment, 153, 163
fires on, 122, 178, 180, 181
footware, 120, 144, 175-176, 244, 300, 302
jumpsuits, 175, 303
laboratory coats, 15, 19, 26, 109, 113, 126, 131, 132, 138, 144, 172, 214, 244, 247, 301, 303
laundering, 109, 113, 118, 144, 175
materials, 111-112, 132
for nanomaterials work, 143, 144
radiation protection, 80, 127, 162
static discharge from, 128
storage, 113, 175
survival kit, 36
Cobalt, 61, 136
Cold baths, 173
Cold burns, 66, 74, 119, 173
Cold rooms, 76, 97, 109, 152, 245, 298, 299, 300
Cold storage, 97-98
Cold traps, 75, 115, 151, 172, 173-174
Color coding for identification, 100, 165
Combustion (see Explosive and highly reactive hazards; Fire; Flammability and flammable chemicals; Ignition sources and causes)
Commingling of waste, 191, 193, 194, 198, 203
Communication during emergencies
contact list, 38
e-mail, 38
emergency contacts for individual staff, 39
internet and blogs, 38-39
media and community relations, 39
plan for, 38-39
telephone, 38
text messages, 38
Comprehensive Guide to the Hazardous Properties of Chemical Substances, 51, 59
Compressed air, 145, 165, 171, 180-181
Compressed Gas Association (CGA) standards, 168, 169
Compressed gas cylinders (see also Pressure vessels and reactions)
acquisition and returns, 89, 140, 164-165
in chemical hoods, 222
code requirements, 164, 168
fire extinguishers, 178
hazards, 19
inspection, testing, and records, 26, 27, 164, 165, 169, 170
labeling, 140, 165
leak prevention and control, 120-121, 140, 169, 170
lecture bottles, 89, 100, 165, 239
outlet connections, 168-169
outside location, 34
precautions for handling and use, 164-165, 168-170, 303
pressure-relief devices and regulators, 26, 164, 168, 169-170
securing and storing, 26, 35, 90, 96, 100, 111, 114, 154, 164, 166, 168, 170
transporting, 111, 114, 168
valves, 168, 169
venting, 168, 170
Compressed gases
chemical hazards, 74, 140-141
compatibility, 96
corrosive, 121
defined, 164, 290
in environmental rooms, 245
flammable, 69-70, 74, 114, 120-121, 165, 170, 190
inert, 165
information sources, 15
in-house gas systems, 100, 140
inventory control, 140, 164
list of hazardous chemicals, 140-141
monitors and alarms, 169
oxidizing, 120-121, 170
physical hazards, 74, 291
procedures for working with, 140-141
regulations, 114, 164, 270, 290, 291
toxic gases, 96, 121
transferring, 166
Computer simulation of experiments, 5
Computer systems and services backup systems, 36, 259
cables and wiring, 216
checklist programs, 26
communication during emergencies, 38-39
EHS information services, 52-53
ergonomic considerations, 77, 216
face velocity testing, 227
facilities for, 213, 214, 216
fire extinguishers for, 177
information and data security, 258-259, 262
inventory and tracking, 22, 91
loss of data or systems, 36, 38
MSDSs, 47-48, 89
physical protection, 35
purchasing systems, 88, 89
viewing laser operations on, 75
Condensation, 69, 74, 92, 98, 133, 151, 152, 172, 173-174, 224, 225, 232
Condensers and condensing, 93, 115, 116, 130, 133, 135, 138, 149, 156, 172, 173, 174, 222, 232, 292
Confidential or Sensitive Information, 259
Connectors, 115, 139, 156, 166, 167, 169
Consumer Product Safety Commission, 49
Contact lenses, 36, 109, 127, 301
Containers and packages (see also Compressed gas cylinders; Glass and glassware; Labels and labeling)
accumulation containers, 209
on benchtops, 113
bulk and economy sizes, 21, 87, 114
caps and seals, 154, 159, 192
corrosives, 137, 192
cyanide, 22
damaged or deteriorating, 90, 92, 114
dry ice in, 136
empty, 92, 94, 137, 190, 191, 198
flammable and combustible substances, 22, 23, 58, 69, 88, 98-99, 128, 129
gases, 102, 198
hazardous, 137, 191
headspace, 23, 73
for hydrogen fluoride, 137
inspection of, 22, 135
inventory and tracking, 91
metal, 69, 90, 128
in microwaves, 75-76, 159
for nanomaterials, 103, 143, 145
opening, 77, 100, 139
overpacks, 97
for peroxide formers, 21, 69, 133, 134
plastic, 99, 129, 145
recycling, 93-94, 191
in refrigerators, 154
regulatory standards, 21, 94, 103, 191, 194, 298, 301
remote handling, 132
secondary containment, 23, 98, 113, 114, 125, 145, 298, 301
securing, 95, 97
sharps disposal, 58, 111, 114, 206-207
small, 86-87
for storing chemicals, 35, 77, 89, 95, 96, 97, 98-99, 113, 114, 125
transfers among, 23, 84, 87, 94, 104, 113, 123, 125, 240-241
transport, 6, 23, 89, 90, 114, 125, 298
unpacking and inspecting, 90
vented, 139-140
waste, 23, 58, 87, 93, 110, 111, 114, 120, 125, 127, 144, 145, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 198, 199, 206-207, 209
Contingency plans, 12, 15, 55, 66, 107, 125, 193, 197, 199, 302
Contractors, 4, 10, 12, 13, 14, 264, 281
Control banding, 64-65
Controlled substances. 95, 261
Convulsions, 119
Cooling baths, 76, 136, 149, 158, 170, 173
Copper, 85, 133, 137, 138, 160, 165-166, 167, 174, 189
Corrosives and corrosivity (see also specific classes and chemicals)
classes, 61
containers for, 137, 192
engineering controls, 220
equipment compatibility and damage, 50, 76, 88, 165-166, 167, 170, 171, 174
evacuation of systems, 153, 16
examples, 61, 73, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140-141
experiment planning, 61, 66
eye contact, 58, 61, 135, 141, 190
gases and gas leaks, 61, 121, 140-141, 165-166, 167, 170, 172, 174
gloves and protective apparel, 111, 113, 176
information sources, 52, 303
inhalation, 61
labeling, 69, 165, 192, 199
neutralization, 209
PPE, 171-172, 176
shipping and transport, 199
skin contact, 58, 61, 111, 135, 141, 190
storage, 97, 100, 166, 192, 221
wastes, 153, 174, 190, 191, 192, 199, 209
Cryogens
asphyxiation hazard, 163, 173
explosion hazard, 131
gases, 75, 90, 100, 173, 242
information sources, 52
liquids, 19, 27, 74, 75, 76, 119, 135, 163, 170, 172-174, 176
nonflammable, 74
short-term storage and conveyance, 175
transfer lines, 174
Culture of laboratory safety academic laboratories, 3-4, 5
accessibility for scientists with disabilities, 6-7
administration and supervision, 2, 3, 5, 7
communication and, 15
continuous learning environment, 14
environmental impact, 5-6
and federal funding, 6
industrial and governmental laboratories, 4-5
legal and regulatory changes, 6
management commitment to, 10
operational excellence, 14
oversight, 14
responsibility and accountability, 2-3, 4, 14
security considerations, 7
technology and, 5, 6
tips for encouraging, 5
Custodial and maintenance personnel, 17, 25, 58, 110, 120 n.3, 142, 177 n.3, 216, 219, 245, 253, 268-269, 282
Cuts, 58, 76, 115, 118-119, 149, 164
Cutting and drilling tools and operations, 16-17, 77, 78, 140, 143, 149, 152, 164
Cyanides, 22, 54, 56, 60, 62, 63, 70, 125, 166, 180, 187, 189, 190, 210, 260, 275, 301, 303
Cyanogen bromide, CD
Cyanogen chloride, 260
Cylinders (see Compressed gas cylinders)
D
Deactivation, 86, 127, 139, 160, 209
Decay in storage, 203-204, 207, 208, 278
Decommissioning
ANSI standard, 253, 254, 269
checklist, 253, CD
cleaning and decontamination, 254
clearance, 254
donated materials from, 92
equipment, 163, 171
hazard assessment, 253-254
information sources, 253
laboratories, 92, 93, 94
removal of hazards, 92, 253, 254
Decomposition, 70, 76, 87, 93, 130, 133, 135, 136, 138, 139, 157, 166, 290, 292
Decontamination
of accident victims, 28, 29
authorized personnel, 29
biosafety cabinets, 247-248
in chemical hoods, 124
of chemical hoods, 234
devices, 75
documentation, 253
of equipment and glassware, 124-125, 208, 302
facilities for personnel, 143
of gloves and other PPE, 112, 124, 176
information sources on, 253, 293
of laboratories for decommissioning, 253, 254
radiological, 127, 205, 208, 234, 253
regulatory standards, 275, 293, 300, 302
respiratory protective equipment for, 178
verifying, 121, 254
of waste, 205, 206, 207, 208, 300, 302
of work surfaces and work areas, 27, 121, 124-125, 302
Dehydrating and drying agents, 61, 136, 138, 139, 140, 159, 160, 175
Delivery (see also Receiving rooms and loading areas; Shipment and transport)
service disruptions, 42
Department of Energy (DOE)
exposure limits, 78, 82, 143
Integrated Safety Management System, 13-14
nanomaterials guidelines, 77, 141, 142, 145
pollution prevention, 201
Department of Homeland Security (DHS), 23, 36-37, 89, 259, 261, 262, 263, 267, 275
Department of Transportation (DOT), 23, 49, 68, 90, 94, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103-104, 116, 164, 172, 186, 190, 193, 197, 198, 199, 267, 271, 277, 278, 279, 300
Desiccators, 115, 140, 175
Design of laboratory facilities access control, 214-215
accommodations for individuals with disabilities, 6, 218
adaptability, 215-216
casework, 216
closed or separate laboratory spaces, 214-215
doors, 216
equivalent linear feet of workspace, 215
flooring, 216
furnishings and fixtures, 216
layout, 215-216
noise and vibration issues, 216-217
older facilities, 218-219
open design, 213-214
safety equipment, 217-219
storage rooms, 22
utilities, 217-218
wet spaces relative to other spaces, 213
windows and walls, 216
Designated areas, 22, 36, 39, 89, 101, 123, 125, 135, 145, 275, 290, 293
Detergents, 85, 86, 162, 191
Developmental toxicity, 52, 53, 55, 62
Dewar flasks, 74, 115, 133, 138, 148, 172, 173, 174-175, 300
Diaacetylene, 71
Diacyl peroxides, 71
Dialkyl peroxides, 71
Diazomethane, 60, 61, 70, 72, 132, 136, 301, CD
Diborane, 60, 239, CD
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane, 273
Dichloroacetylene, 140
Dichloromethane (methylene chloride), 57, 64, 136, 160, 190, 273, CD
Dichromates, 69, 73, 301
Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, 61
Diethyl ether, 28, 65, 67, 68, 69, 72, 120, 128, 134, 136, 303, CD
Diethylamine, 67, 96, 302, 303
Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme), 72
Diethylnitrosamine, 273, 302, 303, CD
Differential manometers, 88
Differential scanning calorimetry, 131
Differential thermal analysis, 131
Digital thermometers, 58
Diisopropyl ether, 136
Diisopropylfluorophosphate, 301, 303
Diisopropylnaphthalene, 203
Dilution of
acids, 17, 137, 138, 140, 189, 209
bases, 209
bleach, 206
chemical hood effluent, 241, 242
flammable substances, 129, 162, 228, 240
high-energy reagents, 115
peroxides, 133, 134
vapors and toxic gases, 129, 162, 240, 242-243
waste chemicals, 134, 196, 204, 209
Dimethoxyethane, 120
Dimethyl sulfate, CD
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 58, 67, 68, 136, CD
4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene, 273
Dimethylformamide, 204, CD
2,5-Dimethylhexane, 72
Dimethylmercury, 29, 60, 302
Dioxane, 72, 85, 134, 136, CD
Diphosgene (trichloromethyl) chloroformate, 85
Disabilities (see Scientists with disabilities)
Disinfection, 79, 126, 127, 206, 207, 208, 245, 247, 254
Disposal (see Waste management)
Distillation
avoiding, 159
chemical hoods and exhaust systems, 229, 232, 233, 237, 241
column purification systems, 160-161
commercial recyclers, 185
containment, 128, 159, 174, 204
explosive compounds, 109
flammable/combustible compounds, 159
heat guns and, 159
peroxide hazards, 72, 134, 136
PPE, 174
radioactive solutions, 204
rotary flash evaporation, 204
shutoff device, 159
solvent stills, 93, 159-160
thermal, 160
vacuum, 140, 153, 159, 174
venting stills, 140, 153, 300
waste, 195, 204
Distilled water, 77, 157, 189
Divinyl acetylene, 72
Documentation and record keeping
academic laboratories, 3
accidents, 5, 16, 19, 29, 30, 181, 281, 299
compressed gas cylinders, 26, 27, 164, 165, 169, 170
equipment, 42-43, 165, 167, 170-171
exports and imports, 280
waste management, 199-201
Donations and gifts of chemicals, 87, 92
Dose-response relationships, 54
Downdraft hoods or tables, 220, 237, 239
Drains, 16, 28, 34, 114, 154, 180, 217, 232, 233, 234, 235 (see also Sewer discharges)
Drills and exercises, 37, 43, 125, 259, 299
Dry benzoyl peroxide, 136
Dry fire extinguishers and sprinkler systems, 177, 178, 217
Dry ice, 40, 41, 77, 109, 133, 136, 140, 153, 164, 172, 173, 245
Dry nanoparticles, 78, 103, 142, 143, 144, 145, 248
Dry sand, 131
Dry sweeping, 114, 145, 302
Dry traps, 216
Dryboxes, 89, 132, 173
Drying
with acids, 140
agents, 61, 136, 138, 139, 140, 159, 160, 175
gases, 136
glassware, 17, 85, 156, 157, 159
ignition hazards, 128, 136, 156, 233
oven drying of samples, 151, 156-157
radioactive waste, 204, 208
solvents, 78, 140
and spontaneous combustion, 73
train, 139
Dual-use materials, 95, 256, 257, 258, 259-260, 261, 262, 263
Dusts (see Powders and dusts)
E
Earthquakes (see Seismic activity)
Eating and drinking, 26, 109, 175, 300
ECOTOX, 53
Education and training in safety practices
academic laboratories, 3-4
case studies, 53
computer simulations, 5
and culture of safety, 2, 3, 4
EHS management system, 12
emergencies and spills, 34
first aid, 16, 29, 37, 137, 138, 299
hands-on, 4, 5, 29, 53, 121, 146
informal, 4
new employees, 29
radioisotope users, 13
regulatory requirements, 4
risk assessment and, 53
student manuals, 4
in teaching laboratories, 3-4
topics, 29
Electrical equipment (see also Distillation; Heaters and heating equipment; Refrigerators and refrigeration; Vacuum systems and operations; other types of equipment)
capacitors, 76, 150, 152, 153
codes, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154
electromagnetic radiation hazards, 162-164
general principles, 149-153
high-current or high voltage, 152-153
as ignition sources, 21, 69, 76, 128, 129, 149, 153, 154, 245
inspection, 26
instruments, 162
magnetic field hazards, 163
noise extremes, 164
outlet receptacles, 150
personal safety techniques, 152
precautions, 151-152
rotating equipment and moving parts, 163
stirring and mixing devices, 154
ultrasonicators, 161
wiring, 26, 150-151
Electrical fires, 68, 76, 150, 177, 178
Electrical power interruption
discontinuation of experiments, 40
dry ice, 41
environmental and storage conditions, 40
generator power, 41
laboratory procedures, 40
long-term, 40
potential effects, 40
preplanning, 40-41
security issues, 40
short-term, 40
UPS, 41
Electrochemical equipment, 149
Electrocution and electric shock, 76
Electromagnetic radiation hazards
laser light sources, 75, 162
radio frequency and microwave sources, 75-76, 162
visible, ultraviolet, and infrared laser light sources, 75, 162
X-rays and electron beams, 162-163
Elephant trunks, 220-221, 237, 241, 250
Elevators, 23, 39, 69, 90, 114, 298
Emergency action plan, 15, 22, 23, 27
Emergency equipment (see Safety and emergency equipment)
Emergency preparedness
administration and supervision, 39, 42, 117, 178, 180, 281, 299
assembly point, 39
checklists, 41
communications, 38-39
community-wide emergencies, 42
data or computer systems, 36
decision makers, with succession, 37
delivery and service disruptions, 42
drills and exercises, 43
equipment or materials losses, 36, 43
essential knowledge and supplies, 36-37
essential personnel, 37-38
evacuations, 39
fire, 34, 42-43
flood, 34
general preparation, 117
highly toxic materials, 125
high-profile visitors, 35
high-value or difficult-to-replace equipment, 36
impact/occurrence mapping, 34
institutional or building closure, 41-42
intentional acts of violence or theft, 35-36
leadership, 37-38
loss of laboratory, 42-43
mission-critical equipment, 34, 36
outside responders and resources, 43
pandemic-related, 35
political or controversial researchers or research, 35
power loss, 40
preplanning, 33-37, 40-41, 43
priorities, 37
records for replacement of equipment, 42-43
regulations, 281
seismic activity, 35
shelter in place, 39-40
spills or releases, 35, 117, 125
staff shortages, 35, 42
survival kit, 36-37
training of laboratory personnel, 29, 37
vulnerability assessment, 33-36
weather-related, 34-35
Emergency response (see also Safety and emergency equipment)
accident procedures, 29, 117
acid spills, 118, 120, 180
burns from heat, 119
clothing contamination, 118
cold burns, 119
convulsions, 119
cuts, 118-119
eye splashes, 118
fires, 27, 121-122
gas cylinder leaks, 120-121
general procedures, 181
information sources, 48
ingestion, 119
notification of personnel, 117
skin exposures, 118
spills, 28-29, 118, 120
training, 29
treatment of contaminated/injured personnel, 117-119
unconscious victims, 119
Engineering controls, 14, 220 (see also Chemical hoods; Gloveboxes)
Environmental health and safety (EHS) management systems (see also Chemical Hygiene Plan; Chemical management program; Emergency …; Inspections and audits; Safety rules and policies)
change management, 13
elements, 10, 11
employee safety training program, 29
example, 13-14
functions, 14
implementation, 12
information sources, 11, 14
management commitment to performance, 3, 10
performance measurement, 12-13
planning, 10-12
policy and policy statement, 10
principles, 13-14
regulations, 10
review by management, 13
safety committees, 12, 16-17, 23, 24-25, 64, 276
staff and responsibilities, 3
Environmental health and safety policy, 10
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 49, 53, 56, 83, 94, 102, 117, 145, 186, 187, 189, 190, 191, 194, 195, 198, 199, 201, 202, 205, 206, 207, 219, 253, 261, 267, 271, 272, 273, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279-280, 281
Environmental rooms (see also Cold rooms)
acids in, 245
aerosols in, 245
alarm audibility in, 245, 299
alternatives to, 245
compressed gases in, 245
design, 245
guidelines for working in, 245
Equipment (see also Electrical equipment; Safety and emergency equipment; Vacuum systems and operations)
accidents with, 149, 150, 151, 153
for acid use, 88
alarms, 216
cutting and drilling tools, 164
glass components, 167-168, 171-172
high-termperature, 27
incompatibility with corrosives, 50, 76, 88, 165-166, 167, 170, 171, 174
inspections, 24
low temperature, 172-174
noise extremes, 164
pressure extremes, 170, 172
repair and maintenance, 114-115
rotating, 27, 160, 162, 163
safety switches, 27
water-cooled, 149
Ergonomics, 77, 149, 164, 216, 239
Ethane, 62
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol), 67, 196, 206, 270, CD
Ethers, 72, 114, 136, 138 (see also specific compounds)
Ethidium bromide, CD
Ethyl acetate, 72, 190, CD
Ethyl benzene, 190
Ethyl chloromethyl ether, 63
Ethyl ether, 190
Ethylene dibromide (EDB), CD
Ethylene glycol ethers, 62, 72, 149
Ethylene oxide, 60, 137, 273, CD
Evacuation of systems, 153, 167
Evacuations, 27, 36, 37, 39, 82, 117, 120, 127, 169, 178, 299
Excess material (see Unused and excess material)
Exhaust systems (see also Chemical hoods)
benchtop ventilated enclosures, 143, 220, 228, 240
canopy hoods, 220, 237, 239, 247, 298
clean benches/laminar-flow hoods, 143, 219, 221, 239, 248, 250
downdraft hoods or tables, 220, 237, 239
elephant trunks, 220-221, 237, 241, 250
filters, 239, 243, 302
flammable-liquid storage cabinets, 239-240
fume extractors, 237, 239
gas cabinets, 239
hybrid, 242
manifolded (common header), 242
room purge, 242
slot hoods, 220, 237, 238
snorkels, 143, 220-221, 226, 237, 238, 240, 241, 250, 251, 298
stacks, 242-243
ventilated balance enclosures, 220, 238
Exits and passageways, 27, 28, 39, 95, 113, 117, 122, 123, 127, 193, 213, 214, 264, 277, 299
Experiment planning (see also Hazard evaluation; Risk assessment)
access control, 123-124
change management, 13
corrosives, 61, 66
demonstrations and magic shows, 116
designated areas, 123
emergency response to accidents and spills, 125
explosive and highly reactive substances, 130-140
highly toxic substances, 64, 122-122
minimizing exposure, 124-125
multihazardous materials, 125
protocols, 123
scaled-up reactions, 13, 115-116, 130
storage and waste disposal, 125
unattended experiments, 116
working alone, 116
Expiration (see Shelf life and expiration dates)
Explosive and highly reactive hazards
acids, 70, 71, 96, 130, 131, 136, 139-140, 214, 224
airborne concentrations, 65, 66-67
alkalis and bases, 69, 70, 73, 130-131, 190
azo compounds, 72
boiling eruptions, 73
catalysts, 130
conducting reaction operations, 133
cryogens, 131
decomposition rates, 130
emergency planning, 130
experiment planning, 130-140
gases, 133, 135, 136, 140-141, 172, 174
glassware, 70, 72, 73-74, 109, 131-132, 136, 153, 157, 174, 175
hydrogenation reactions, 135
incompatibles, 130-131, 140
information sources list of materials requiring special attention, 135-140
other oxidizers, 73
peroxides and peroxidizables, 19, 72-73, 133-135
personal protective apparel, 132
powders and dusts, 19, 73
protective shields and devices, 131-132
quantities of reactants, 132-133
reaction rates, 130
risk assessment, 70-74, 132
scaling up experiments, 130
shielding, 109, 110, 130, 131, 161, 174
Exports and imports
biological materials, 280-281
chemical exports, 23, 279-280
imports from R&D Labs, 280
R&D exemption, 279
record-keeping requirements, 280
TSCA requirements, 279-280
Exposure
airborne contaminants, 60, 107, 178, 219, 296
biohazards, 51
duration and frequency, 19, 56
engineering controls, 108
eye protection, 108-109
highly toxic substances, 56, 64, 86, 109-110, 124-125, 274
limits, 51, 60, 81 (see also Lethal dose/lethal concentration)
minimization, 18-19, 51, 56, 64, 86, 107, 108-113, 124-125, 178, 219, 274, 296
radioactive materials, 81
safety rules and policies, 18-19
risk assessment, 57-58, 209
routes, 18-19 (see also Eye contact and effects; Ingestion hazards; Inhalation hazards; Injection hazards; Skin contact and effects)
signs and symptoms, 60
Extension cords, 151-152, 159, 217
Eye contact and effects
corrosives, 58, 61, 135, 141, 190
emergency response, 118
protection against, 15, 26, 36, 61, 75, 108-109, 114, 124, 131, 132, 144, 162, 173, 174, 176
toxic chemicals, 58
Eyeglasses
contact lenses, 36, 109, 127, 301
prescription, 109, 164, 176
safety, 26, 36, 75, 108, 109, 124, 132, 144, 162, 176
Eyewashes and eyewash units, 15, 27, 28, 29, 34, 117, 118, 125, 128, 176, 180, 181, 217, 218, 273, 297, 299
F
Face shields, 26, 61, 108, 109, 114, 131, 132, 138, 144, 162, 173, 174, 176
Facilities (see Laboratory facilities) Fail-safe devices, 40, 150, 156
Falls (see Slips and falls) Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 271
Ferrous sulfate, 134, 136
Fiberglass, 57, 157-158, 233
Filters and filtration
activated alumina, 136, 160, 236
activated carbon, 73, 136, 204, 231, 236
for aerosols, 124, 236, 301, 302-303
air, 124, 126, 142, 143, 178, 179, 221, 236
aqueous-based wastes, 195
biosafety cabinets, 236, 246, 247, 248
in chemical hoods, 196, 220, 231, 232, 235, 236
clean rooms, 243
disposal of contaminated filters, 107, 191, 192
in exhaust systems, 239, 243, 302
flammable paper, 139
gas phase, 236
for gases, 153, 223, 235, 236, 237, 240, 247, 302
HEPA, 79, 124, 126, 143, 145, 221, 231, 234, 235, 236, 239, 243, 247, 248, 302-303
hydrogenation reactions, 130
molecular sieves, 236
nanomaterials, 79, 142, 143, 145, 221, 236, 240, 244, 248
oil filters, 179
radioactive particles, 236
replacing filters, 236
in respirators, 178-179
solvent use, 84
ultra-low penetration air (ULPA), 236, 248
vacuum cleaners, 121, 145, 302-303
Fire
code requirements, 11, 22, 27, 51, 89, 95, 98, 100, 113, 114, 128, 151, 154, 214, 216, 243, 270, 272-273
on clothing, 122, 178, 180, 181
control, 140, 178
electrical, 68, 76, 150, 177, 178
emergency response, 121-122
information resources, 51-52
vulnerability assessment, 34
Fire department inspections, 25
Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals, 51
Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 52, 68
Fire safety equipment
alarms, 15, 27, 28, 43, 107, 117, 121, 122, 127, 166, 176-177, 178, 217, 245, 249, 299
automatic fire-extinguishing system, 21, 178, 244
blankets, 15, 28
fire extinguishers, 15, 16, 27-28, 29, 34, 37, 43, 68, 113, 117, 121-122, 125, 127, 128, 130, 138, 140, 156, 177-178, 180, 181, 193, 217, 234, 299
fire hoses, 178
heat sensors and smoke detectors, 34, 100, 178, 249
training, 34
First aid
equipment and supplies, 15, 28, 36, 125, 137, 180
information, 27, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 66, 94, 299
procedures, 137-138, 152, 181
regulations, 272, 299
training, 16, 29, 37, 137, 138, 299
Flammability and flammable chemicals (see also Fire; Flash …; Ignition sources and causes)
acids, 67, 68, 69, 98, 99, 128-129
aerosols, 50, 99, 290
alcohols, 99
basic precautions, 129
catalyst ignition of, 130
characteristics, 65-67
classification systems, 67-69
containers, 22, 23, 58, 69, 88, 98-99, 128, 129
filter paper, 139
gases, 69-70, 74, 114, 121, 129, 165, 170, 190
information sources, 65
LCSSs, CD
limits, 66-67
liquids, 129
procedures for working with, 127-130
risk assessment guide, 66
storage hazards, 98-99
substances, 65
Flash arrestors, 129, 170
Flash hazards, 128, 152
Flash lamps for lasers, 151
Flash points, 65, 67, 68, 69, 86, 99, 127, 128, 140, 158, 188, 190, 290
Floods, 34
Fluorides, 137, CD Fluorination, 86
Fluorine, 61, 86, 137, 141, 170, CD Formaldehyde, 54, 57, 61, 139, 207, 220, 273, CD
Formalin, 206, 273
Food and beverages, 109, 300
Footware, 120, 144, 175-176, 244, 300, 302
Freezing, 72, 119, 149, 169, 176, 192, 224, 234 (see also Refrigerators and refrigeration) Friction, 70, 132, 133, 161, 190, 290
Friction tape, 172, 174-175
Frostbite, 141, 172, 173
F-TEDA-BF4, 86
Fume extractors, 237, 239
Furnaces, 75, 146, 154, 157, 158, 172
G
Gamma rays, 81, 203
Gas burners, 128
Gas cabinets, 239
Gas chromatographs, 24, 216, 220, 237, 241
Gas cylinders (see Compressed gas cylinders)
Gases (see also Compressed gases; specific gases)
byproducts of reactions and fires, 73, 122, 130, 131, 153, 190
corrosive, 61, 121, 140-141, 165-166, 167, 170, 172, 174
cryogenic, 75, 90, 100, 173, 242
detectors and alarms, 34, 137, 168, 169, 249
drying, 136
equipment composition and, 174
explosive, 133, 135, 136, 140-141, 172, 174
exposure monitoring, 228
filters, scrubbers, and exhaust systems, 153, 223, 235, 236, 237, 240, 247, 302
flammable, 50, 69-70, 74, 114, 121, 129, 135, 141, 165, 170, 172, 190
hydrogenation reactions, 135, 171
inert, 116, 128, 129, 135, 140, 145, 159, 160, 165, 168, 169, 173, 174
inhalation, 55, 57, 141
in-house systems, 100
liquefied, 69-70, 114, 135, 138, 140-141, 164, 166, 172-174, 176, 242
oxidizing, 50, 70, 141, 291
packagings, 102, 198
pressure reactions, 171
reactive, 57, 70, 133, 135, 140, 141
respirator protection, 179
toxic, 57, 85, 122, 140, 172, 190, 261, 275
tracer, 221
waste, 198
Gastrointestinal tract, 58 (see also Ingestion hazards)
Gauges
diaphragm, 167
liquid-level, 167
magnehelic, 249
McLeod, 75
pressure, 88, 167, 172, 180, 243, 249
thermal conductivity, 75
vacuum, 75
Genetic Toxicology Data Bank, 53
Gifts (see Donations and gifts of chemicals)
Gland joints, 166, 169
Glass and glassware (see also Cuts)
airbaths and tube furnaces, 158
amber, 73
beads, 140
breakage, 35, 74-75, 76, 114, 115, 119, 191, 258
cleaning and decontamination, 70, 73, 85, 86, 93, 114, 124, 138, 214, 215, 302
contaminated, 58, 114, 138, 144
cooling, 138
cutting, 16-17
drying, 17, 85, 156, 157, 159
equipment, 167-168, 171-172
explosion hazards, 70, 72, 73-74, 109, 131-132, 136, 153, 157, 174, 175
for food and beverages, 109, 300
handling and storage of, 16-17, 76-77, 115, 164, 176, 223, 229, 300
heating elements, 155
high-temperature operations, 109
hose connections, 115
inspection, 26, 66, 76-77, 115, 174
pressure and vacuum equipment, 26, 74-75, 109, 115, 131-132, 135, 149, 153, 167, 170, 171-172, 174-175
protective apparel and equipment, 26, 36, 75, 108, 109, 124, 132, 172, 176, 214
reactivity with, 137, 141
recycling, 94
shielding materials, 177, 225, 229, 248
stirring and mixing devices and, 154
stoppers, 133, 154
storage in, 73, 94, 99, 100, 129, 133, 137, 154, 191, 192, 302
tubing, 76, 115, 164
windows, 132, 258
waste disposal, 77, 114, 115, 203, 205
Glassblowing, 109, 115, 167
Glasses (see Eyeglasses; Goggles; Personal protective equipment)
Globally Harmonized System (GHS) for Hazard Communication, 47 n.1, 49-50
Glovebags, 234
Gloveboxes, 19, 58, 110, 112, 123, 124, 126, 127, 145, 220, 221, 243, 244, 247, 248, 293, 298, 300, 302
Gloves and hand protection (see also Personal protective equipment), 19, 23, 26
absorbency, 176
butyl, 111
chemical-resistant, 111, 124
cleaning/decontamination, 111, 124, 176, 206
corrosion-resistant, 36, 111, 113
cut-resistant, 16-17, 77, 111, 115, 176
disposable, 112
disposal, 144, 203, 205, 208
double gloves, 111, 132, 144, 176
gauntlet-type, 144
heat-resistant, 158
inspection, 15
insulated, 152, 173, 176
Kevlar®, 111, 115, 176
latex, 111, 112, 176
leather, 111, 115, 132, 176
neoprene or rubber, 111, 112, 138, 139, 152, 233, 303
nitrile, 111, 112, 144, 176
polyethylene, 112
polyurethane, 112
poly(vinyl chloride), 112
radiation-resistant, 80
selection and use guidelines, 61, 109, 111-113, 118, 120, 124, 126, 127, 131, 144, 149, 162, 172, 173, 176, 247, 301
Silvershield® or 4H®, 112, 138
spill cleanup, 48, 120, 121
storage and replacement, 112, 144, 176
Viton®, 111, 112
Goggles (see also Personal protective equipment), 19, 26, 108-109, 120, 132, 138, 144, 162, 173, 176, 233
Governmental laboratories, 4-5, 20
Green chemistry
degradable products, 86
experiment planning and risk assessment, 87
less toxic reagents, 85
mercury replacements, 87-88
microscale work, 84-85
multihazardous waste minimization, 87
real-time controls, 86-87
safer solvents and other materials, 85-86
waste prevention, 84
wet chemistry elimination, 85
Ground-fault circuit interrupters, 150, 152, 159, 217-218
Grounding, 22, 66, 69, 76, 128, 129, 132, 150, 152, 153, 155, 158, 159, 168, 193
H
Hair
dryers, 159
facial, 178-179, 181
long, 163, 300
Halides, 14, 61, 70, 136, 210
Haloacetylene derivatives, 71
Halocarbons, 70
Halogens and halogenating agents, 62, 71, 73, 115, 130, 136, 137, 141, 187, 189, 190, 192, 193, 205
Halon, 128, 178
Hands (see Gloves and hand protection)
Hazard classifications, 26-27
Hazard evaluation (see also Risk assessment)
administration and supervision, 47, 55, 60, 66, 75, 108, 123, 131, 301
basic principles, 53-58
environmental, 49
explosivity, 70-74
flammability, 65-70
health hazards, 26, 48, 50
information sources, 47-53
nanomaterials, 49, 77-79
physical hazards, 48, 50, 74-77
reactivity, 70
toxicity, 53-65
Hazard reduction (see Waste management)
Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act, 277
Hazardous Substance Data Base, 53
Health hazards (see also Acute toxicity; Carcinogens; Chronic toxicity and health effects; Exposure)
information sources, 48
Heat of reaction, 131
Heat sensors and smoke detectors, 100, 178, 249
Heat transfer, 115, 130, 158
Heaters and heating equipment (see also Hot air; Hot plates; Ovens)
general precautions, 154-156
mantles and tapes, 157-158
oil, salt, or sand baths, 158
tube furnaces, 158
Heavy metals, 56, 70, 86, 132, 135, 136
Helium, 62, 76, 135, 143, 163, 169, 171, 172
HEPA filters, 79, 124, 126, 143, 145, 221, 231, 234, 235, 236, 239, 243, 247, 248, 302-303
Hexafuoropropylene, 96
Hexamethylphosphoramide, CD
Hexane, 62, 67, 86, 120, CD
High-performance liquid chromatography, 69, 134, 204, 216, 241
High-pressure reactions, 26, 74, 165 (see also Pressure vessels and reactions)
High school laboratories, 3, 218, 277
Horseplay, 300
Hoses, 115, 149, 156, 169, 170, 171, 178, 179, 217, 237 (see also Tubing)
Hot air
baths, 129, 133, 154, 156, 158
guns, 69, 154, 159
Hot plates, 66, 128, 136, 149, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 225
Housekeeping and cleaning (see also Laundry)
acids, 73, 86, 138, 139-140
and aerosols, 114
chemical hoods, 223
dry sweeping, 114, 145, 302
general practices, 19-20
glassware, 70, 73, 85, 86, 93, 114, 124, 138, 214, 215, 302
inspection of, 23, 24, 114, 297, 298
nanomaterials and, 144-145
personal, 300
rules, 113-114, 298
safety aspects, 19-20, 77, 113-114, 122, 163
security aspects, 20
vacuum cleaners, 121, 145, 302-303
Hydrazine, CD
Hydrides, 70, 90, 86, 122, 128, 136, 138, 177, 178, 210
Hydrobromic acid, CD
Hydrocarbons, 52, 63, 115, 133, 136, 140, 168, 177, 190, 236
Hydrochloric acid, 61, 96, 134, 188, 189, 205, 209, CD
Hydrocyanic acid (see Hydrogen cyanide)
Hydrogen, 34, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 81, 129, 130, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 141, 165-166, 172, 173, 174, 190, CD
Hydrogen chloride, 54, 57, 136, 170, 303
Hydrogen cyanide, 56, 60, 62, 70, 125, 166, 275, 301, 303, CD
Hydrogen fluoride (HF), 61, 96, 137, 141, CD
Hydrogen peroxide, 61, 69, 70, 96, 130, 138, 139, 260, 291, CD
Hydrogen phosphides, 141
Hydrogen selenide, 141
Hydrogen sulfide, 56, 60, 69, 96, 129, 141, 170, 189, 275, 303, CD
Hydrogenation reactions, 74, 130, 135, 171, 224
I
Ice, 74, 77, 113, 119, 154, 164, 216, 224 (see also Dry ice)
Ice baths, 172
Ice chests, 109
Ignition sources and causes
catalysts, 130
compressed or liquefied gases, 69-70, 121, 170
controlling/eliminating, 42, 65, 98, 99, 113, 128, 129, 135-136, 153, 154, 228, 240
electrical equipment, 21, 69, 76, 128, 129, 149, 153, 154, 245
gas burners and heating equipment, 69, 128, 129
heating elements and hot surfaces, 66, 128, 136, 156, 159, 160
nanomaterials, 142
oxidants other than oxygen, 69
pyrophorics, 70, 135-136
risk assessment, 34, 65, 66
shock-sensitive compounds, 72, 136
spontaneous combustion, 69, 73, 130, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141
static discharge from fabric, 113, 128
Ignition temperature, 65-66, 67, 68, 155
Incineration and incinerators
waste, 85, 87, 185, 193, 195, 196, 197, 199, 203, 205, 206, 207, 208, 235, 237, 278, 297, 300, 302, 303
Incompatibility of chemicals
acids, 70, 73, 96, 98, 100, 128-129, 138, 139
alcohols, 73, 130, 139
alkalis and bases, 73, 128
compressed gases, 96
with equipment materials and fittings, 166, 167, 169
explosive and highly reactive, 130-131, 140
information sources, 52
storage guidelines, 21, 22, 27, 96-97
Induction heaters, 75
Induction motors, 151, 154
Induction periods, 73, 74, 116, 130
Industrial hygienists, 3, 29, 47, 52, 60, 62, 108, 164, 228, 229, 231, 237, 249
Industrial laboratories, 2, 3, 4-5, 18-19, 48, 52, 65, 186, 194, 196, 242, 263
Inert gases, 116, 128, 129, 135, 140, 145, 159, 160, 165, 168, 169, 173, 174
Infectious agents (see Biological materials and biohazards) Information sources (see also Documentation and recordkeeping; Education and training in safety practices; Labels and labeling; Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries; Material Safety Data Sheets)
ADA compliance, 6-7
biohazards, 51, 79, 80, 126, 189, 246, 260, 276
carcinogens, 48, 50, 52, 53, 63, 291, 304
compressed gases, 15
computer services, 52-53
corrosives, 52, 303
cryogens, 52
fire protection, 51-52
first aid, 27, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 66, 94, 299
flammability, 51-52
GHS, 47 n.1, 49-50
incompatible chemicals, 52
informal forums, 53
LCSS preparation, 52, CD reactivity of chemicals, 52
risk assessment, 47-53
toxicity, 48, 50, 51, 52, 59
Infrared radiation, 75, 162, 176
Ingestion hazards, 58, 109-110, 119
Inhalation hazards, 55, 57-58, 61, 110, 141, 221
Inhibitors, 70, 72, 73, 134
Injection hazards, 58, 111
Injuries and illnesses (see also Accidents)
acid burns, 58, 61, 118, 137, 138, 180, 214, 260
alkalis and bases, 58
assisting recovery and return to work, 12
cuts, 58, 76, 115, 118-119, 149, 164
emergency response, 117-119
regulations, 281
Inorganic compounds, 28, 52, 57, 61, 62, 73, 96, 97, 120, 125, 130, 134, 135, 136, 139, 189, 196, 210, 273, 279
Inorganic Syntheses, 209
Inspections and audits
alarm systems, 43, 193, 245, 249, 250
checklists, 23, 25, 26, 27
compressed gas cylinders, 26, 27, 164, 165, 169, 170
conducting, 26
containers, 22, 135
corrective actions, 26
EHS management system performance, 24-25
elements of, 25-26
fire department, 25
glassware, 26, 66, 76-77, 115, 174
hazardous waste, 26
items to include in, 26-27
peer, 24
PPE, 15, 180
preparing for, 25
pressure equipment, 165, 167, 170-171
program audits, 24
regulatory agencies, 25
reports, 26
routine, 24
self-audits, 24
storage, 27
types, 24-25
ventilation systems, 250
Insurance, 36, 42, 43, 95, 102, 116, 198, 267, 269
Integrated Risk Information System, 53
Integrated Safety Management system, 13-14
Interlocks, 40, 108, 124, 149, 155, 170
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 63, 275, 291
International Air Transport Association, 23, 101, 271, 279
International Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care, 23
International Chemical Safety Cards, 51
International Civil Aviation Organization, 279
International Code Agency, 98
International Code Council, 273 n.1
International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation, 76
International Conference of Building Officials, 273 n.1
International Electromagnetic Field Project, 76
International Labour Organization, 49
International Mechanical Codes, 242
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 78 n.3, 243, 280
International Programme on Chemical Safety, 51
International Toxicity Estimates for Risk (ITER), 53
Inventory and tracking (see also Labels and labeling; Recycling)
benefits, 22
compressed gases, 140, 164
computerized, 23, 91
by container, 91
and emergency response, 94
exchanges between laboratories and stockrooms, 92-93
general considerations, 90-92
information in, 22-23
regulations, 22
safety issues when performing, 23
security issues, 23
Iodine, 61, 81, 87, 136, 159, 203, CD Ion exchange resins, 204
Ionizing radiation, 62, 80, 81, 162, 271
Irritants, 50, 55, 58, 59, 60, 61, 112, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 169, 179, 290
Isopropyl alcohol, 67, 172, 173
Isopropyl ether, 72
K
Kekulé, August, 1
L
Labels and labeling
acids, 69
bar code, 19, 91
color coding, 100, 165
compressed gas cylinders, 140, 165
corrosives, 69, 165, 192, 199
experimental materials, 94
flammability and flash point, 65, 68
GHS system, 47 n.1, 49-50
hazard communication, 49-50, 51, 68, 94
information to be included on, 94
inspection of, 22, 23, 27
and inventory and tracking, 94
nanomaterials, 103, 145
quality of information on, 51
reading and heeding, 22, 28
regulatory standards, 51, 92, 268, 270, 271, 272, 274, 277, 279, 294, 298
replacement, 92
by suppliers, 21, 51, 90, 94
transfer and storage containers, 21, 51, 87, 94, 154, 277
verification on receipt, 90, 298
warning, 51, 101
waste, 23, 187, 191, 192, 193, 194, 197, 198, 203, 206
Laboratory animals
biohazards, 80, 205
carcinogenicity testing and results, 63, 275, 291-292, 302
disposal of tissues and carcasses, 205, 206, 207-208, 303
facilities, 215, 239, 262
personal protection for working with, 303
security/protection of, 37, 260-261, 262
toxicity testing and results, 54-55, 56, 59, 60, 62, 78, 269, 295, 302-303
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries, 91, 108, 129, 140
access to, 91, 123
content, 60, 62, 63, 68
criteria for selection of, 50-51
limitations of, 50
preparation of, 51, 52, 55, 63, CD
and risk assessment, 55, 59, 60, 61
Laboratory coats, 15, 19, 26, 109, 113, 126, 131, 132, 138, 144, 172, 214, 244, 247, 301, 303
Laboratory Decommissioning Standard (ANSI), 253, 254, 269
Laboratory facilities (see Closure or loss of institution or building; Decommissioning; Design of laboratory facilities; Ventilation and environmental control systems)
computer laboratories, 213, 214, 216
Laboratory security (see also Security plans)
administration and supervision, 123, 145, 262
alarms, 124, 256, 258, 264
barriers, 258
basics, 256-259
biohazards, 256, 260, 262, 263, 264
checklists, 262
chemicals of interest, 23, 89, 259, 260, 261, 262, 270, 275
controlled substances, 261
controversial research and researchers and, 35
and culture of safety, 7
door locks, 257
dual-use materials, 259-260, 262
elevated (Level 2), 263-264
high (Level 3), 264
information and data, 23, 258-259, 262
lighting, 258
normal (Level 1), 263
operational, 258
physical and electronic, 256-258
protesters and civil disobedience, 35
radioactive materials and related equipment, 261
requirements, 260-261
research animals, 260-261
risks to, 7
systems integration, 259
terrorist attacks, 35-36
video surveillance system, 258
vulnerability assessment, 261-262
Laboratory supervisor, 17, 22, 24, 26, 75, 117, 177, 178, 180, 231, 297-298, 299
Laboratory Ventilation Standard (AIHA/ANSI), 249
Labpacks, 87, 186-187, 193, 194, 198, 199
Lamps, 75, 151, 162
Landfills, 185, 190, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 300
Lasers, 19, 29, 34, 75, 76, 109, 137, 149, 151, 162, 176, 214, 215, 216, 217
Laundry, clothing, 109, 113, 118, 144, 175
Lead and lead compounds, 62, 73, 81, 136, 166, 189, 193, 202, 203, 205, 206, 234, 273, 301, CD
Leadership, 2, 4, 37
Leaks
chemical hoods, 221, 224, 225, 226, 227, 229, 231
compressed gas cylinders, 120-121, 140, 166, 169, 170
corrosive gases, 121
detection, 100, 165, 171
flammable gases, 35, 69, 100, 120-121, 166, 170
gas cabinets, 239
gloveboxes, 243, 302
microwave, 159
packages, 21, 90
refrigerant, 245
reporting, 245
secondary containment and, 23, 98, 113, 114, 125, 127, 145, 298, 301
toxic gases, 121
waste containers, 185, 192, 197
water, 151
Lecture bottles, 89, 100, 165, 239
Lethal dose/lethal concentration, 54-55, 56, 59, 60, 275
Liability and litigation, 6, 102, 116
Life cycle analysis, 86, 251
Lifting injuries, 164
Light and lighting, 21, 41, 72, 100, 116, 154, 172, 216, 224, 245, 250, 252, 258, 262, 301
explosion hazards, 70, 130, 133, 248
fire hazards, 67, 136
Liquefied gases, 69-70, 114, 135, 138, 140-141, 164, 166, 172-174, 176, 242 (see also Compressed gases; Cryogens; specific gases)
Liquid scintillation counter, 85, 203
Liquid scintillation fluid, 202
Lithium, 70, 130, 178
Lithium aluminum hydride, 90, 96, 138, CD Lithium hydroxide, 96
Lower explosive limit (LEL), 66-67, 68, 228, 240
Low-valent metal salts, 70
M
Magnesium, 73, 122, 130, 131, 136, 141, 159, 178
Magnesium hydroxide, 209
Magnetic fields, 76, 163
Maintenance and repair, 4, 17, 24, 41, 76, 102, 110, 114-115, 143, 149, 150, 162, 166, 167, 171, 180, 218, 221-222, 231, 232, 241, 248-249, 250, 252, 257, 295, 297, 298-299
Manometers, 75, 87, 88, 249
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) access to, 27, 47-48, 89, 91, 268
audience for, 48-49, 78-79
content, 22, 48, 50, 62
for emergency responders, 117, 118, 119, 138, 181
for experimental materials, 101, 280, 281
guidelines on use of, 13, 15, 21, 22, 51, 59, 97, 108, 110, 118, 123, 127-128, 140
information sources for preparing, 52-53
limitations, 49, 91
for nanomaterials, 103, 104
regulatory requirement, 47, 270, 272, 274, 279, 280
and risk assessment, 47-49, 51, 55, 59, 61, 62
spills and, 28, 29
from suppliers, 72, 89
McLeod gauges, 75
Mechanical shock, 70, 130, 131, 174-175
Melting points, 48, 116, 158
Mercaptans, 210, 240
Mercury, CD
bubblers, 170
decontamination, 254
incompatibilities, 166
in meters and gauges, 75, 87-88, 157
MSDSs, 303
properties, 57
reclamation, 93
replacement, 87-88
spills, 121, 157, 254
toxicity, 62, 75
waste, 174, 195, 196, 205, 206
Metal acetylides, 71
Metal alkyls, 128, 178
Metal azides, 210
Metal fires and explosions, 132, 140, 141, 160, 177-178, 254
Metal fulminates, 71
Metal halides, 70, 210
Metal hydrides, 70, 122, 128, 136, 178, 210
Metal hydroxides, 61
Metal nitrides, 70
Metal oxides, 57, 70, 86, 141
Metal perchlorates, 254
Metal peroxides, 71, 73, 130-131
Methane, 62, 70, 129, 172
Methanol, 57, 65, 67, 69, 96, 190, 196, 202, 203, 204, 214, 303, CD
Methyl acetate, 204
Methyl acetylene, 72
Methyl chloride, 141
Methyl chloroform, 278
Methyl cyclopentane, 72
Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), 67, CD
Methyl fluorosulfonate, 60
Methyl iodide (see CD)
Methyl-isobutyl ketone, 72, 190
Methyl lithium, 96
Methyl methacrylate, 72, 177 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, 72
Methylene chloride, 57, 64, 160, 190, 273
Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, 61
Methylenedianiline, 273
Methylmercury, 275
Met-L-X, 122, 130, 178
Microscale and miniaturized operations, 5, 49, 70, 74, 84-85, 131, 203
Microwave ovens, 141
acid digestion bombs, 159
containers in, 75-76, 159
Microwaves, 75-76, 162
Molecular sieves, 204, 236
Molecular weights, 48
Monitoring (see also Laboratory security)
aerosols, 144
airborne concentrations, 60, 143, 144, 208, 228, 298
chemical hoods, 17, 23, 124, 223, 225, 226, 231, 236, 297-298
cold storage, 97-98
exposure, 16, 81, 228, 269, 289, 292, 293-294, 295
heating equipment, 157, 158
nanomaterials, 79, 144, 248
pressure equipment, 135, 141, 165, 166, 243
radiation, 81, 82, 127, 132
regulatory compliance, 20, 123, 272, 273, 294
spills and leaks, 35, 79, 140, 168, 245, 249
ventilation systems, 252, 298
wastes, 197-198
Multihazardous waste
animal tissues and carcasses, 206, 207-208
chemical–biological waste, 205-207
chemical–radioactive– biological waste, 208
chemical–radioactive waste, 202-205
commercial disposal services, 205
hazard reduction (treatment), 204-205
incineration, 203, 205, 206, 207, 208
labware, 206, 208
medical waste and sharps, 206-207
minimization, 202, 203, 207
offsite management, 207
radioactive–biological laboratory waste, 207-208
risk assessment, 202
sewer disposal, 206
storage, 203-204
Multimeters, 152
N
Nanomaterials
airborne concentrations, 135, 143, 144, 248
in biosafety cabinets, 248
in chemical hoods, 248
clothing and PPE, 143, 144
containers, 103, 143, 145
controls for R&D laboratories, 141-146
determining appropriate controls, 142-143
engineering controls, 143-146, 248
facilities, 248
filters 79, 142, 143, 145, 221, 236, 240, 244, 248
hazards, 77-79
housekeeping, 144-145
information sources, 142
marking, labeling, and signage, 145
monitoring and characterization, 111
offsite transport and shipment, 103
onsite transfer and transport, 103-104
personnel competency, 145-146
planning and hazard assessment, 142
regulations, 280
ventilation systems, 143, 248
waste disposal, 145
work area design, 143
work practices, 145
NARM (naturally-occurring or accelerator-produced radioactive material), 80, 202
National Electrical Code (NEC), 149, 152
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants, 270
National Fire Protection Association
chemical hood standards, 224, 231
electrical code, 149, 152
fire code, 22, 51, 67, 68, 95, 98, 224, 231, 243, 270, 273
fire protection guidelines, 52, 68
hazard classification, 68, 69
storage regulations, 22, 95, 98, 273
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 48, 51, 52, 53, 59, 60, 64, 66, 77, 78-79, 109, 111, 112, 141, 142, 144, 164, 178, 179, 268, 269
National Institutes of Health, 77, 79, 126, 201, 203, 207, 260
National Library of Medicine, 52, 53, 63
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination Systems (NPDES), 271
National Toxicology Program (NTP), 63, 275, 291
Near-infrared radiation, 75
Needle valves, 168
Needles and syringes, 30, 58, 111, 114, 131, 164, 206-207, 208, 278
Neurotoxicity, 54, 55, 56, 59, 62, 290
Neutralization and neutralizers acids, 120, 121, 136, 137, 138, 195, 196, 208, 209
alkalis and bases, 120, 209, 210
Nickel, 61
Nickel alloys, 166, 174
Nickel carbonyl, 60, 166, 302, 303, CD
Nitrates, 69, 70, 71, 96, 130, 138, 139, 190
Nitric acid, 69, 73, 96, 120, 131, 138, 139, 214, CD
Nitrites, 69, 71, 140
Nitrogen, 34, 62, 69, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 111, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 138, 140, 153, 154, 158, 159, 160, 163, 164, 165, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 239, 243, 245
Nitrogen compounds, 71
Nitrogen dioxide, 56, 57, 60, 61, 275, 303, CD
Nitrogen mustard, 260
Nitrogen oxides, 138
Nitrogen triiodide, 70, 136
Nitrosamines (see CD)
N-Nitroso compounds, 70, 71, 138-139, 273, 302, 303
Noise extremes, 77, 132, 149, 164, 214, 216-217, 229, 250, 272
Notifying personnel of emergencies, 117
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC), 79, 81, 82, 127, 189, 201, 202, 204, 205, 207, 208, 253, 261, 271, 276
Nucleating agents, 73, 129
O
Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection, 108
Occupational Safety and Health Act, 268, 270, 281
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (see also OSHA Standards)
GHS implementation, 49
information resources, 53
state laws, 268
Odor and odor thresholds, 60, 92, 95, 99, 137, 139, 141, 179, 187, 216, 237, 240, 293, 301
Odorants, 70
Oil
baths, 88, 93, 128, 129, 133, 154, 155, 156, 158
bubblers, 170
filters, 179
fires, 174
PCBs, 275-276
reactivity, 139, 140, 165, 167, 169, 170
vacuum pump, 93, 133, 153, 173, 174
waste, 174, 277
Oil Dri, 120
Oily rags, 178
Olfactory fatigue, 60
Online services (see Computer systems and services; specific databases)
Open houses, 25
Ordering chemicals (see Acquisition of chemicals)
Organic compounds, 52, 58, 61, 62
acetylenic, 135
adsorbents, 236
air emissions, 278
azides, 70, 71, 72, 136
compatible, 98
drying, 157
explosion hazards, 138, 139-140, 141, 173
flammability/combustion, 65, 69, 159, 190, 205
halides, 136, 205
mercury, 62
nitrates, 70, 130
oxidizable, 73, 208
peroxides, 50, 70, 72, 73, 100-101, 130-131, 133-135, 189, 210, 290, 291
solvents, 62, 70, 76, 93, 111, 112, 136, 138, 139, 140, 151, 153, 157, 159, 177, 188, 190, 196
waste, 186-187, 188, 189, 190, 196, 203, 204-205, 208, 210
water solublity, 188, 192, 196
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 49
Organolithium compounds, 136
Organomercurial compounds, 301
Organometallic compounds, 70, 122, 130, 139, 170
Organophosphates, 62
OSHA standards
chemical-specific, 273
Control of Hazardous Energy Standard, 150
enforcement, 268
exposure limits, 269, 273
Hazard Communication Standard, 47, 48, 49, 51, 101, 268-269, 270, 275
Laboratory Standard, 2, 6, 13 n.2, 14-15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 48, 59, 62, 63, 101, 175, 268-269, 270, 272, 273-275, 289-305
Occupational Exposure to
Bloodborne Pathogens
Standard, 79, 206
Personal Protective Equipment
Standard, 111, 112, 175
Respiratory Protection
Standard, 110, 178, 179, 180, 270
Osmium tetroxide, 60, 260, CD
Ovens
drying samples, 156-157
general precautions, 156-157
microwave, 141, 159
Oxidants and oxidation (see also specific compounds)
acids, 69, 73, 96, 98, 120, 128-129, 131, 138, 188
adsorbents, 236
corrosive, 61, 121, 138
fire hazard, 34, 69, 70, 128-129, 141
gases, 50, 69, 70, 120-121, 135, 137, 141, 169, 170, 291
incompatibilities, 70, 73, 139, 140
liquids, 69
metal oxidants, 57, 70, 86, 141
nonoxygen examples, 69
reactivity, 70, 130, 131, 139, 140
solids, 69
spills and leaks, 120-121
storage, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 140, 170
waste, 187, 188, 195, 204, 205, 208
Oxygen, 62, 65, 66, 67, 135, CD
cylinders/tanks, 139, 163, 169
depletion, 163, 173, 179, 245
gas/atmospheric, 70, 72, 73, 78, 129, 134, 135
isotopes, 203
leak testing, 169
liquefied, 69, 74, 135, 172, 173
monitors, 163, 173, 245
oil/lubricant reactivity, 139, 140, 165, 167, 169, 170
scavenging/scavengers, 160
Ozone, 57, 60, 69, 76, 139, 151, 271, 278, CD
P
Palladium on carbon, 139, 130, CD
Pandemic planning, 35
Paracelsus, 18
Particularly hazardous substances (PHSs), 5, 13, 14, 18, 23, 55, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 80, 118, 216, 220, 274-275, 278, 293, 296
Particulates, 49, 57, 79-80, 144, 176, 179, 181, 221, 231, 235, 236, 237, 239, 243-244, 254 (see also Nanomaterials; Powders and dusts)
Pentanes, 67, 72, 120
Peracetic acid, 303, CD
Perchlorates, 69, 70, 71, 74, 98, 99, 130, 131, 139, 254
Perchloric acid, 69, 71, 73, 96, 100, 129, 131, 139, 224, 226, 233-234, 240, 242, 254, CD
Permanganates, 69, 73, 98, 99, 130, 139, 210, 236
Permissible exposure limits
(PELs), 60, 268, 269, 273, 274, 292, 294, 295, 297
Peroxides and peroxidizables (see also specific compounds)
acids, 72, 134, 139
containers, 21, 69, 133, 134
detection tests, 134
dilution, 133, 134
distillation, 72, 134, 136
explosives, 19, 72-73, 133-135
metal peroxides, 71, 73, 130-131
organic peroxides, 50, 70, 72, 73, 100-101, 130-131, 133-135, 189, 210, 290, 291
peroxidizable compounds, 134
precautions for handling, 133-134
reducing agents for, 134
storage, 21, 72, 100, 133-134
waste disposal, 134-135, 187, 188-189, 190, 210
Personal protective equipment (see also Clothing and protective apparel; Gloves and hand protection; Goggles; Respirators)
airborne contaminants, 127, 144, 178-180
corrosives, 171-172, 176
eye protection, 26, 36, 75, 108, 109, 124, 132, 144, 162, 176
face protection, 26, 61, 108, 109, 114, 131, 132, 138, 144, 162, 173, 174, 176
familiarity with, 22
foot protection, 175-176
glass hazards, 26, 36, 75, 108, 109, 124, 132, 172, 176, 214
PHSs and, 13
Petroleum ether, 120
Pets, 16
Phenol, 58, 61, 139, 202, 204, 303, CD
Phorbol esters, 64
Phosgene, 57, 60, 85-86, 239, 260, 303, CD
Phosphate buffer, 54
Phosphine, 139, 141
Phosphorus, 61, 69, 81, 90, 96, 139, 203, CD
Phosphorus pentachloride, 70
Phosphorus pentoxide, 61, 136
Phosphorus trichloride, 139
Physical hazards (see also specific hazards)
compressed gases, 74, 291
cryogens (nonflammable), 74
electrocution, 76
ergonomic, 77
high-pressure reactions, 74
information sources, 48
magnetic fields, 76
radio frequency and microwaves, 75-76
sharp edges, 76-77
slips, trips, and falls, 77
ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation, 75
vacuum work, 74-75
Pipets and pipetting, 77, 110, 126, 127, 206, 252
Planning (see Chemical Hygiene Plans; Emergency action plan; Emergency response; Experiment planning)
Plastic equipment and containers, 76, 88, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 112, 113, 114, 115, 120, 128, 129, 130, 144, 145, 149, 150, 156, 168, 169, 172, 173, 174, 175, 191, 203, 224, 233, 234, 236, 240, 243, 244, 245, 302, 303
Platinum, 61, 130, 135, 139
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 187, 206, 270, 275-276
Polymerization, 70, 72, 73, 116, 130, 292
Polyols, 139
Potassium, 69, 70, 75, 130, 134, 140, CD
Potassium amide, 72
Potassium chloride, 195, 196
Potassium cyanide, CD
Potassium hydride, 122, CD
Potassium hydroxide, 120, 140, 207, CD
Potassium iodide, 134, 188, 189
Potassium metals, 72, 122, 134, 178, 180
Potassium permanganate, 73, 236
Potassium peroxides, 139
Powders and dusts, 55, 57, 60, 73, 78, 112, 124, 130, 131, 136, 145, 161, 177, 178, 179, 190, 222, 231, 237, 244, 248, 254, 302
Preparation (see Emergency preparedness; Experiment planning; Procedures for working with materials)
Pressure control systems/devices
air, 214, 219, 240
clean rooms, 219, 243
compressed gas cylinders, 26, 164, 168, 169-170
gauges, 88, 167, 172, 180, 243, 249
precautions, 166-167
Pressure vessels and reactions (see also Autoclaves and autoclaving; Compressed gases; Vacuum systems and operations)
and airborne contamination, 135
assembly and operation, 165-168
cleaning, 165
closed-system vessels, 166
compatibility of equipment materials and fittings with chemicals, 166, 167, 169
gas monitors and alarms, 168
glass equipment, 26, 74-75, 109, 115, 131-132, 135, 149, 153, 167, 170, 171-172, 174-175
headspace, 166
for highly reactive materials, 166
maintenance, 167
maximum allowable working pressure, 167
piping, tubing, and fittings, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169
plastic equipment, 168
pressure gauges, 167
records, inspection, and testing, 165, 167, 170-171
relief devices and regulators, 166-167
shielding, 166, 170, 172, 174, 175, 300
stuffing boxes and gland joints, 166
Teflon tape applications, 165, 168
valves, 166, 167, 168
venting, 167
warning signs, 166
Principal investigators and project managers, 3, 4, 6, 19, 38, 251, 262 (see also Laboratory supervisor)
Procedures for working with materials (see also Experiment planning)
biohazards, 126-127, 247-248
compressed gases, 140-141
equipment and glassware maintenance, 114-115
explosive and highly reactive materials, 130-140
flammable chemicals, 127-130
highly toxic substances, 122-125
housekeeping, 113-114
information sources, 48
minimizing exposure, 108-113, 124-125
nanomaterials, 141-146
personal behavior, 108
radioactive materials, 127
storage of chemicals, 114
transport of chemicals, 114
Procurement (see Acquisition of chemicals)
Publicly owned treatment works (POTW), 196, 202, 204, 278
Pull stations, 121, 127
Putrescible waste, 204, 206, 207, 208
Pyridine, 72, 303, CD
Pyrolysis, 73, 136
Pyrophorics, 19, 34, 50, 69, 70, 74, 96, 100, 113, 128-129, 135-136, 141, 145, 159, 233, 291
R
Radiation and radioactive materials (see also Multihazardous waste)
absorbed dose, 81-82
acids, 202, 203, 205
aerosols, 204, 208, 221
biological materials, 207-208
clothing and PPE, 80, 127, 162
decay in storage, 203-204, 207, 208, 278
disposal, 202-205, 207-208
filters, 236
hazards, 75, 79-82
procedures for working with, 127
shielding, 81, 82, 127, 203, 234
training requirements, 13
Radio frequency hazards, 75
Raney nickel, 73, 130, 136, 139
Reaction hazard index, 65
Reactivity (see also Explosive and highly reactive hazards; Incompatibility of chemicals; Pyrophorics; Water reactivity; specific compounds)
in air, 70, 72, 87, 93, 125, 130, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 141, 143, 160, 173
gases 57, 70, 133, 135, 140, 141
glass, 137, 141
hazards, 70
information sources, 52, 65, 304
pressure reactions, 166
storage hazards, 100-101
Receiving chemicals, 21, 79, 89-90, 263, 278, 299
Receiving rooms and loading areas, 89-90, 240, 256
Recycling
characterization of wastes for, 187, 190
containers, packaging, and labware, 93-94, 191
energy reclamation, 195-196, 198
general considerations, 92, 93, 192, 194
information sources, 201
manufacturer and supplier role
multihazardous waste, 201, 202, 204, 205
nonhazardous solid waste, 192
off-site, 93, 185, 186, 198
regulations for chemical hazardous waste, 193-194, 195-196, 277, 300
solvents, 5-6, 84, 93, 185, 192
Reducing agents, 69, 70, 73, 100, 130, 133, 138, 139-140, 170
Refrigerators and refrigeration
access control, 123, 216
alarms on, 216
azo and peroxide storage, 72, 100, 133-134
containers, 154
decommissioning, 253, 254
defrosting and cleaning, 21, 154
explosion-proof, 21, 153-154
flammability hazards, 21, 153-154
food or beverages, 21, 153
freezer space for samples, 37
labeling of samples, 154
power loss, 40, 41, 76
safety precautions, 153
sharing between research groups, 216
spark-proof, 154
storage management, 97-98, 154
waste storage in, 207
Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS), 59
Regulations and legislation (see also Occupational Safety and Health Administration; OSHA standards; individual statutes)
accident reporting and record keeping, 272, 281, 299
acquisition of chemicals, 21, 22, 278, 299
acutely toxic substances, 274, 275, 290, 293, 295, 301-302
administration and supervision of laboratories, 279, 280, 281, 295
biohazards, 79, 189, 270-271, 272, 276, 278, 280-281
building codes, 11, 22, 27, 95, 98, 100, 215, 217, 218, 242, 253, 272-273
carcinogens, 59, 63, 101, 273, 275, 290, 293, 302
characteristic waste, 189-190
chemical hazardous waste, 189-191
Chemical Hygiene Plan, 3, 15, 47, 269, 274, 275, 292-293, 295, 296
chemicals used in laboratories, 270, 273
compliance monitoring, 3
compressed gases, 114, 164, 270, 290, 291
containers, 21, 94, 103, 191, 194 298, 301
and culture of safety, 6
determining regulatory status of waste, 190-191
electrical codes, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154
emergency preparedness and response, 6, 272, 299
employee information and training, 6
empty containers, 191
and experiment planning, 281-282
federal processes, 267
fire codes, 11, 22, 27, 51, 89, 95, 98, 100, 113, 114, 128, 151, 154, 214, 216, 243, 270, 272-273
limited waste, 190
participation in regulatory processes, 267
PCBs, 275-276
penalties for violations, 6, 23, 267-268
physical hazards, 6
radioactive materials, 79, 127, 270, 276, 278
rationale for, 267
relationships between regulations and standards, 268-269
risk-based performance standards, 89, 259, 261, 270, 273
shipping, export, and import, 23, 271-272, 278-281
state, 268
storage, 95
training in, 23
waste management, 6, 271, 276-278
Reporting
academic laboratories, 3
accidents, 5, 16, 19, 29, 30, 181, 281, 299
supervisors, 15, 16, 17, 226, 301
TSCA requirements, 279
Reproductive toxins, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 59, 62-63, 86, 97, 101, 274-275, 290, 291, 293
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 93, 189, 190, 193, 194, 196, 201, 202, 209, 267, 271, 272, 276, 277-278
Respirators
inspections, 180
procedures and training, 180
types, 179
Respiratory tract, 57, 124, 166, 179 (see also Inhalation hazards)
Risk assessment (see also Hazard evaluation)
aerosols, 55, 60, 80, 221
airborne contaminants, 219
biohazards, 13, 79, 80, 207, 221
carcinogens, 54, 55, 63-64
control banding, 64-65
existing control systems, 11
explosivity, 70-74, 132
flammability, 65-70
information sources, 47-49
review of, 12
toxicity, 54, 55, 58-60
Risk-Based Performance Standard (DHS), 262
S
Safety and emergency equipment (see also Fire safety equipment)
access to, 15, 27
automatic external defbrillators, 180
eyewash units and safety showers, 15, 27, 28, 29, 34, 113, 117, 118, 121, 122, 125, 127, 128, 137, 176, 178, 180, 181, 217, 218, 273, 297, 299
first aid, 15, 28, 36, 125, 137, 180
respirators, 178-180
shields, 177
spill control kits and cleanup, 177
storage and inspection, 180-181
Safety committees, 12, 16-17, 23, 24-25, 64, 276
Safety rules and policies
general guidelines, 15-17
housekeeping practices, 19-20
working alone, 17-18
Safety shields, 74, 108, 172, 176, 177, 187
Scientists with disabilities, 6-7
Scrubbers, 236
Security (see Laboratory security)
Security plans
elements, 262-263
levels of security, 263-264
managing security, 264
training, 264
Seismic activity, 35, 36, 70, 95, 96, 97, 100, 168, 199
Select agents, 79, 270
Select carcinogens, 55, 59, 63-64, 86, 97, 274-275, 290, 291-292
Sensitizers (see Allergens, sensitizers, and allergic reactions)
Service animals, 16, 218
Sewer discharges, 16, 35, 69, 85, 134, 145, 149, 153, 185, 186, 192, 193, 195, 196, 202, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 222, 232, 276, 278, 300, 301
Sharps
disposal, 58, 111, 114, 206-207
hazards, 76-77
Shelf life and expiration dates, 21, 22, 92, 100, 101, 112, 125, 132, 134, 138, 261
Shielding
bench shields, 132
blast/explosion, 109, 110, 130, 131, 161, 174
chemical hoods, 131-132, 160, 177, 187
full-face, 26, 61, 108, 109, 114, 131, 132, 138, 144, 162, 173, 174, 176
glass materials, 177, 225, 229, 248
for magnetic fields, 76
microwave or radio frequency emissions, 162
pressure/vacuum reactions, 166, 170, 172, 174, 175, 300
radiation, 81, 82, 127, 203, 234
rotating equipment, 160, 162, 163
safety shields, 74, 108, 172, 176, 177, 187 (see also Face shields)
Shipment and transport (see also Exports and imports)
in alcohol, 101
biological materials, 101, 272, 278, 280-281
carts, 23
chemicals, within U.S., 280
containment, 6, 23, 89, 90, 114, 125, 298
corrosives, 199
gas cylinders 111, 114, 168
information sources, 48
“materials of trade” exemption, 102
nanomaterials, 102-104, 280
regulations, 23, 271-272, 278-281
training, 23
waste, 87, 186-187, 193, 194, 198, 199
Signage and postings, 39, 250, 298
Short-term exposure limits (STELs), 51, 60, 269
Showers
air, 244
safety, 15, 27, 28, 29, 34, 113, 117, 118, 121, 122, 125, 127, 137, 176, 178, 180, 181, 217, 218, 273, 297, 299
Silver and silver compounds, 166, 167, CD
Skin contact and effects
absorption of toxins, 55, 58, 60, 62, 124, 139, 166, 179
airborne contaminants, 179
cold and cryogenic substances, 119
corrosives, 58, 61, 111, 135, 141, 190
emergency response, 118
minimizing, 111-113
toxic chemicals, 58
Slips and falls, 77, 164
Slot hoods, 220, 237, 238
Snorkels, 143, 220-221, 226, 237, 238, 240, 241, 250, 251, 298
Sodium, 69, 70, 75, 122, 130, 137, 139, 140, 159, 178, CD
Sodium amide, 72, 140
Sodium azide, 61, 136, 260, 303, CD
Sodium bicarbonate, 120, 177
Sodium bisulfate, 120, 136
Sodium bisulfite, 134
Sodium borohydride, 96
Sodium carbonate, 120, 195
Sodium cyanide, 54, 56, 60, 260, 303, CD
Sodium hydride, CD
Sodium hydrogen sulfide, 96
Sodium hydroxide, 61, 96, 136, 140, 190, 209, CD
Sodium hypochlorate, 96
Sodium nitrite, 140
Sodium peroxide, 90
Solvents (see also specific chemicals)
drying, 78, 140
filtration, 84
flammable, 28, 120
green chemistry, 85-86
organic compounds, 62, 70, 76, 93, 111, 112, 136, 138, 139, 140, 151, 153, 157, 159, 177, 188, 190, 196
recycling, 5-6, 84, 93, 185, 192
spills, 28, 120
stills, 93, 159-160
Southern Building Code Congress International, Inc., 273 n.1
Spills and releases
absorbents, 28, 120, 125, 133, 134, 145, 177, 302
acids, 28, 120
alarms, 35, 82, 124
alkalis and bases, 120
cleanup, 28-29, 120, 280-281
containment, 120
debris management, 120
disposal, 28
emergency planning and response, 28-29, 35, 118, 120, 121, 280-281
environmental releases, 28
flammable solvents, 28, 120
highly toxic substances, 29, 120, 273
information sources, 28
low-flammability and low-toxicity materials, 28
mercury, 121
policy, 28-29
regulations, 281-282
reporting, 28, 29, 281
Standards Completion Program, 52
Standards for Protection Against Radiation (USNRC), 79, 127, 270, 276
Static electric discharges, 22, 23, 69, 113, 128, 129, 132, 168, 170, 176
Stoppers, 133, 154
Storage (see also Refrigerators and refrigeration)
access control, 21, 22
acids, 20, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 125
biosafety cabinets, 75, 80, 126, 143, 220, 221, 231, 236, 244, 245-248, 251
carcinogens, 97, 101
chemical storage cabinets, 22
clothing and PPE, 113, 175
cold storage, 21, 97-98
compatibility, 21, 22, 27, 96-97
compressed gas cylinders, 26, 35, 90, 96, 100, 111, 114, 154, 164, 166, 168, 170
containers, 35, 73, 77, 89, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98-99, 100, 113, 114, 125, 129, 133, 137, 154, 191, 192, 302
controlled substances. 95
corrosives, 97, 100, 166, 192, 221
cyanides, 22
dating, 21
experiment planning, 125
flammable and combustible liquids, 22, 98-99
gas cylinders, 100
general considerations, 95-96, 114
in glass, 73, 94, 99, 100, 129, 133, 137, 154, 191, 192, 302
highly toxic substances, 22, 97, 101, 125
inappropriate places, 21
information sources, 48
inspection, 27
labeling, 21, 51, 94, 154
odiferous materials, 22
peroxides, 21, 72, 100, 133-134
reactive substances, 100-101
regulations, 95
rooms, 22
shelving, 21
size of containers, 99
sprinkler head distance, 21
ventilation, 22
Sulfur, 73, 81, 121, 131, 136, 203, 209
Sulfur dioxide, 96, 170, 303, CD
Sulfuric acid, 61, 69, 73, 96, 120, 139-140, CD
Suppression of aerosols, 114, 124, 126, 208, 236, 240, 244, 301, 302-303
Survival kit, 36
T
Teachers and instructors, 3-4
Teaching laboratories (see Academic laboratories)
Technology advances, and culture of safety, 5
Temperature sensors and smoke detectors, 100, 178, 249
Teratogens, 52, 62, 275, 291 (see also Developmental toxicity; Reproductive toxins)
Testing
with acids, 188, 189
alarm systems, 43, 193, 245, 249, 250
Tetrahydrofuran, 28, 67, 72, 96, 120, 134, 136, 138, 160, CD
Thermometers, 17, 87-88, 157
Titanium, 73, 136
Titanium dioxide, 49, 78-79, 141
Toluene, 67, 85, 86, 93, 96, 133, 140, 202, 203, CD
Toluene diisocyanate, 61, CD
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), 279-280
Toxins and toxicity (see also Acute toxicity; Allergens, sensitizers, and allegic reactions; Asphyxiants and asphyxiation; Carcinogens; Chronic toxicity and health affects; Corrosives and corrosivity; Developmental toxicity; Exposure; Irritants; Neurotoxicity; Reproductive toxins)
access control, 123-124
compressed gases, 96, 121
designated areas, 123
dose-response relationship, 54-56
duration and frequency of exposure, 56
emergency planning, 125
exposure routes, 57-58
gases, 57, 85, 122, 140, 172, 190, 261, 275
hazard evaluation, 53-65
information sources, 48, 52
minimizing exposure, 124-125
planning experiments, 122-123
protocols, 123
risk assessment, 55, 58-60
storage, 101, 125
target organs, 63
types, 60-65
waste disposal, 125
TOXLINE, 53
TOXNET, 52, 53, 63
Tracer gases, 221
Training (see Education and training in safety practices)
Transfer and exchange of chemicals
between containers, 23, 84, 87, 94, 104, 113, 123, 125, 240-241
compressed gases, 166
nanomaterials, 103-104
Transport (see Shipment and transport) Trifluoroacetic acid, CD
Trimethylaluminum, CD
Trimethyltin chloride, CD
Tubing, 17-18, 76, 115, 128, 137, 149, 154, 156, 164, 165-166, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 175, 176, 237, 239 (see also Hoses)
U
ULPA (ultra-low penetration air) filters, 236, 248
Ultrasonic equipment, 85, 86, 149, 161
Ultraviolet peroxidation, 203, 208
Ultraviolet radiation, 72, 75, 76, 109, 139, 151, 162, 176
Unattended experiments, 34, 39, 40, 41, 42, 116, 124, 128, 149, 151, 154, 155, 156, 158, 160, 161, 170, 301
Unconscious victims, 119
Uniform Fire Code, 270
Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest, 199, 200
United Nations
Environment Programme, 51
Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, 49
Sub-Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, 49
Unused and excess material, 73, 86, 87, 114, 133, 185, 192
V
Vacuum cleaners, 121, 145, 302-303
Vacuum systems and operations
assembly of apparatus, 175
desiccators, 175
Dewar flasks, 174-175
glass vessels, 26, 74-75, 109, 115, 131-132, 135, 149, 153, 167, 170, 171-172, 174-175
hazards, 74-75
pumps, 153
rotary evaporators, 175
spill cleanup, 121
Valves, gas cylinders, 168, 169
Vapor pressure, 56, 57, 65, 122, 128, 164, 219, 220, 290
Variable autotransformers, 151, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 170
Vehicular accidents, 102, 193
Ventilated balance enclosures, 220, 238
Ventilation and environmental control systems (see also Chemical hoods; Exhaust systems)
and airborne contaminants, 219, 221, 241, 251, 296, 298
code requirements, 253
choosing, 253
commissioning, 251
constant air volume systems, 241
containers, 139-140
design criteria, 249-250
engineering controls for personal protection, 220
exhaust systems, 241-243
goals performance measurement, 250-251
information sources, 253
inspection, 250
maintenance, 248-249, 250
management program, 249-251
monitoring systems, 252
retrocommissioning, 252
risk assessment, 219-221
supply systems, 179, 180-181, 217, 222, 226, 227, 241
sustainability considerations, 251-253
training program, 250
Venting (see also Exhaust systems) gas cylinders, 168, 170
Vinyl acetylene, 71
Visible radiation, 75
Visitors, 15, 16, 35
W
Waste management (see also Characterization of waste; Chemical hazardous waste; Multihazardous waste)
absorbents, 193, 203, 204
academic laboratories, 3
administration and supervision, 209, 302
air emissions, 278
biohazards, 87, 108, 127, 185, 187, 189, 195, 201, 202, 205-208, 278
commingling of waste, 191, 193, 194, 198, 203
containers, 23, 58, 87, 93, 110, 111, 114, 120, 125, 127, 144, 145, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 198, 199, 206-207, 209
corrosives, 113, 118, 144, 302 wastes, 153, 174, 190, 191, 192, 199, 209
cost-effectiveness, 5-6
and culture of safety, 5-6
experiment planning, 125
filter disposal, 107, 191, 192
highly toxic materials, 125
information sources, 48
landfill disposal, 185, 190, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 300
packaging and shipment, 87, 186-187, 193, 194, 198, 199
radioactive waste, 202-205, 208, 278
reduction/minimization, 5, 6, 85, 86, 108, 195, 201, 202, 203, 207, 277
regulations, 271, 276-278
sewer discharges, 16, 35, 69, 85, 134, 145, 149, 153, 185, 186, 192, 193, 195, 196, 202, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 222, 232, 276, 278, 300, 301
sharps, 77, 114, 115, 203, 205
source reduction, 5, 122, 185, 195, 201, 202
treatment (laboratory-scale) of surplus and waste chemicals, 209-210
Water reactivity
hazardous materials, 70
Weather, severe, 34-35
Windows, 132, 258
Working alone, 15, 17-18, 116, 120, 122, 301
World Health Organization, 51, 76
X
Xylene, 62, 67, 85, 93, 190, 203
Z
Zirconium, 73, 136