National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: How Scientific Conclusions Affected NPS Decision Making
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Shellfish Mariculture in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore, California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12667.
×
Page 88
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Shellfish Mariculture in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore, California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12667.
×
Page 89
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Shellfish Mariculture in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore, California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12667.
×
Page 90
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Shellfish Mariculture in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore, California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12667.
×
Page 91
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Shellfish Mariculture in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore, California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12667.
×
Page 92
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Shellfish Mariculture in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore, California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12667.
×
Page 93
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Shellfish Mariculture in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore, California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12667.
×
Page 94
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Shellfish Mariculture in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore, California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12667.
×
Page 95
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Shellfish Mariculture in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore, California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12667.
×
Page 96
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Shellfish Mariculture in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore, California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12667.
×
Page 97
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Shellfish Mariculture in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore, California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12667.
×
Page 98
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Shellfish Mariculture in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore, California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12667.
×
Page 99
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Shellfish Mariculture in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore, California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12667.
×
Page 100
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Shellfish Mariculture in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore, California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12667.
×
Page 101
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Shellfish Mariculture in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore, California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12667.
×
Page 102

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

References Adams, D., S. Allen, J. Bjork, M. Cooprider, A. Fesnock, M. Koenen, T. Leatherman, S. O’Neil, D. Press, D. Schirokauer, B. Welch, and B. Witcher. 2006. San Francisco Bay Area Network Vital Signs Monitoring Plan, NPS/SFAN/NRR 2006/017. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. Allen, S.G. 1988. Movement and Activity Patterns of Harbor Seals at the Point Reyes Peninsula, California. Master of Science thesis, University of California, Berkeley. Allen, S.G., D.G. Ainley, G.W. Page, and C.A. Ribic. 1984. The effect of disturbance on�������� harbor� seal haul out patterns at Bolinas Lagoon, California. Fishery Bulletin 82(3): 493-500. Allen, S.G., H.R. Huber, C.A. Ribic, and D.G. Ainley. 1989. Population dynamics of harbor seals in the Gulf of the Farallones, California. California Fish and Game 75: 224-232. Anderson, C.M., D.G. Roseneau, B.J. Walton and P.J. Bente. 1988. New evidence of a per- egrine migration on the West Coast of North America. In Peregrine Falcon Populations, T.J. Cade, J.H. Enderson, C.G. Thelander, and C.M. White, eds. The Peregrine Fund, Inc., Boise, Idaho. Anima, R.J. 1990. Pollution Studies of Drakes Estero and Abbotts Lagoon, Point Reyes National Seashore, California, USA. National Park Service report. Anima, R.J. 1991. Pollution Studies of Drakes Estero and Abbotts Lagoon, Point Reyes National Seashore, California, USA. United States Geological Survey, Open File Report 91-145. Applied Marine Sciences. 2002. Intertidal Monitoring Program at Point Reyes National Seashore. Presentation to the National Park Service, Point Reyes National Seashore, September 2002. Point Reyes, California. Arrow, K., R. Solow, P.R. Portney, E.E. Leamer, R. Radner, and H. Schuman. 1993. Report of the NOAA Panel on Contingent Valuation. Washington: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. [Online]. Available: www.darrp.noaa.gov/library/pdf/cvblue.pdf. ��������������������������������������������������������������� Asmus, R.M. and H. Asmus. 1991. Mussel beds: Limiting or promoting phytoplankton? Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 148: 215-232. Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. 2007. The Importance of Habitat Created by Shellfish and Shell Beds along the Atlantic Coast of the U.S., L.D. Coen and R. Grizzle, eds. Washington, D.C. 88

REFERENCES 89 Baker, P. 1995. Review of ecology and fishery of the Olympia oyster, Ostrea lurida, with an- notated bibliography. Journal of Shellfish Research 14(2): 501-518. Baltan, J. 2006. Sanitary Survey Report: Shellfish Growing Area Classification for Drakes Estero, California. California Department of Health Services, Division of Drinking Water and Environmental Management, Environmental Management Branch, Technical Report #06-13. Barrett, E.M. 1963. The California oyster industry. The Resources Agency of California Depart- ment of Fish and Game Fish Bulletin 123: 1-103. Bateman, J. and I.H. Langford. 1997. Non-users’ willingness to pay for a National Park: An application and critique of the contingent valuation method. Regional Studies 31(6): 571-582. Beaumont, N.J., M.C. Austen, J.P. Atkins, D. Burdon, S. Degraer, T.P. Dentinho, S. Derous, P. Holm, T. Horton, E. van Ierland, A.H. Marboe, D.J. Starkey, M. Townsend, and T. Zarzycki. 2007. Identification, definition and quantification of goods and services provided by marine biodiversity: Implications for the ecosystem approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54(3): 253-265. Becker, B.H., D.T. Press, and S.G. Allen. 2009. Modeling the effects of El Niño, density- dependence, and disturbance on harbor seal (Phoca Vitulina) counts in Drakes Estero, California: 1997–2007. Marine Mammal Science 25(1): 1-18. Bigg, M.A. 1981. Harbor seal, Phoca vitulina Linnaeus, 1758 and Phoca largha Pallas, 1811. In ������������������������ Handbook of Marine Mammals, Harrison, R.J. ed. Academic Press, London. Bloomquist, G.C. and J.C. Whitehead. 1995. Existence value, contingent valuation, and natu- ral resource damage assessment. Growth and Change 26(4): 573-589. Boese, B.L., B.D. Robbins, and G. Thursby. 2005. Desiccation is a limiting factor for eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) distribution in the intertidal zone of a northeastern Pacific (USA) estuary. Botanica Marina 48: 274-283. Bosetti, V., J.M. Conrad, and E. Messina. 2004. The value of flexibility: Preservation reme- diation, or development for Ginostra? Environmental and Resource Economics 29(2): 219-229. Bostrom, C., E.L. Jackson, and C.A. Simenstad. 2006. Seagrass landscapes and their effects on associated fauna: A review. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 68: 383-403. Brasseur, S. and M. Fedak. 2003. Habitat use of harbor seals in relation to recreation, fisheries and large infra-structural works. Pp. 27-33 in ����������������������������������������� Management of North Sea Harbour and Grey Seal Populations. Common Wadden Sea Secretariat, Ecomare, Texel, Netherlands Brasseur, S. and P. Reijnders. ��������������������������������������������������������������� 2001. Zeehonden in de Oosterschelde fase 2. ������������������� Effecten van extra doorvaart door de Oliiegeul., Rep. No. Alterra-rapport 353. Alterra, research Institoot voor de Groene Ruimte, Wageningen. Brown, D. and B. Becker. 2007. NPS Trip Reports for March 13, 2007 (Oyster rack, bag, line and eelgrass assessment) and March 20, 2007 (Eelgrass satellite imagery ground truthing). Bruno, J.F. and M.D. Bertness. 2001. Habitat modification and facilitation in benthic marine communities. Pp. 201-218 in Marine Community Ecology, M.D. Bertness, M.E. Hay, and S.D. Gaines, eds. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts. Bullard, S.G., B. Sedlack, J.F. Reinhardt, C. Litty, K. Gareau, and R.B. Whitlatch. 2007. Frag- mentation of colonial ascidians: Differences in reattachment capability among species. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 342: 166-168. Bulte, E., D.P. van Soest, G.C. Van Kooten, and R.A. Schipper. 2002. Forest conservation in Costa Rica when nonuse benefits are uncertain but rising. American Journal of Agricul- tural Economics 84(1): 150-160. Burge, C.A., R.M. Estes, R.L. Cruz, C.S. Friedman, T. Renault, and R.A. Elston. 2005. Summer mortality and oyster herpes infections in Tomales Bay, California. Journal of Shellfish Research 24(2): 642. Abstract.

90 SHELLFISH MARICULTURE IN DRAKES ESTERO Burge, C.A., F.J. Griffin, and C.S. Friedman. 2006. Summer mortality and herpes virus in- fections of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, in Tomales Bay, California. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 72: 31-43. Burge, C.A., L.R. J. Righetti, E.P. Mulder, B.A. Braid, F.J. Griffin, G.N. Cherr, P.G. Olin, D. Cheney, A. Suhrbier, B. MacDonald, and C.S. Friedman. 2007. Examination of factors affecting survival of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, along the West Coast of North America: Multiple stressors, family lines and seasonality. Journal of Shellfish Research 26(1): 163-172. Burreson, E.M., N.A. Stokes, and C.S. Friedman. 2000. Increased virulence in an introduced pathogen: Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX) in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Jour- nal of Aquatic Animal Health 12: 1-8. Burreson, E.M. and S.E. Ford. 2004. A review of recent information on the Haplosporidia, with special reference to Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX disease). Aquatic Living Resources 17: 499-517. Buttle, J. and D. Rondleau. 2004. An incremental analysis of the value of expanding a wilder- ness area. Canadian Journal of Economics 37(1): 189-198. Byers, J.E. 1999. The distribution of an introduced mollusc and its role in the long-term demise of a native confamilial species. Biological Invasions 1(4): 339-353. California Coastal Commission. 2007. Drakes Bay Oyster Company CCC-07-CD-11. California Department of Health Services. 2007. Sanitary Survey Report: Shellfish Growing Area Classification for Drakes Estero. California Department of Health Services, Division of Drinking Water and Environmental Management. Technical Report #06-13. California Marine Life Protection Act Initiative Blue Ribbon Task Force. 2008. Memorandum to the California Fish and Game Commission: Integrated Preferred Alternative Marine Protected Area Proposal for the MLPA North Central Coast Study Region. [Online] Available: www. dfg.ca.gov/mlpa/ncc_recommendations.asp#overview [3.10.2009]. Callier, M.D., A.M. Weise, C.W. McKindsey, and G. Desrosiers. 2006. Sedimentation rates in a suspended mussel farm (Great-Entry Lagoon, Canada): Biodeposit production and dispersion. Marine Ecology Progress Series 322: 129-141. Carlton, J.T. 1979. Introduced invertebrates of San Francisco Bay. Pp 427-444 in San Francisco Bay: The Urbanized Estuary. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Pacific Division, T.J. Conomis, ed. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California. Carlton, J.T. 1985. Transoceanic and interoceanic dispersal of coastal marine organisms: The biology of ballast water. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review 23: 313-371. Carlton, J.T. 1992. Introduced marine and estuarine mollusks of North America: An end-of- the-20th-century perspective. Journal of Shellfish Research 11(2): 489-505. Carlton, J.T., J.K. Thompson, L.E. Schemel, and F.H. Nichols. 1990. Remarkable invasion of San Francisco Bay (California, USA) by the Asian clam Potamocorbula amurensis. I. Introduction and dispersal. Marine Ecology Progress Series 66: 81-94. Carman, M.R., K.E. Hoagland, E. Green-Beach and D.W. Grunden. 2009. Tunicate faunas of two North Atlantic-New England islands: Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts and Block Island, Rhode Island. Aquatic Invasions 4(1): 65-70. Carroll, J., C.J. Gobler, and B.J. Peterson. 2008. Resource-restricted growth of eelgrass in New York estuaries: Light limitation, and alleviation of nutrient stress by hard clams.  Marine Ecology Progress Series 369: 51-62. Castel, J., P.J. Labourg, V. Escaravage, I. Auby, and M.E. Garcia. 1989. Influence of seagrass beds and oyster parks on the abundance and biomass patterns of meiobenthos and macrobenthos in tidal flats. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 28: 71-85. Chew, K.K. 1979. The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) in the West Coast of the United States. In Exotic Species in Mariculture, R. Mann, ed. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

REFERENCES 91 Christensen, P.B., R.N. Glud, T. Dalsgaard, and P. Gillespie. 2003. Impacts of longline mus- sel farming on oxygen and nitrogen dynamics and biological communities of coastal sediments. Aquaculture 218: 567-588. Clynick, B.G., C.W. McKindsey, and P. Archambault. 2008. Distribution and productivity of fish and macroinvertebrates in mussel aquaculture sites in the Magdalen Islands (Quebec, Canada). Aquaculture 283: 203-210. Coen, L.D., M.W. Luckenbach, and D.L. Breitburg. 1999. The role of oyster reefs as essential fish habitat: A review of current knowledge and some new perspectives. In Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation, L. R. Benaka, ed. American Fisheries Society Symposium 22, Bethesda, Maryland. Coen, L. and R.E. Grizzle. 2007. The importance of habitat created by molluscan shellfish to managed species along the Atlantic coast of the United States. Habitat Management Series, Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. Washington, D.C. 108p. Coen, L.D. and M. Luckenbach. 2000. Developing success criteria and goals for evaluating oyster reef restoration: Ecological function or resource exploitation? Ecological Engineer- ing 15: 323-343. Coen L.D., R.D. Brumbaugh, D. Bushek, R. Grizzle, M.W. Luckenbach, M.H. Posey, S.P. Powers, and S.G. Tolley. 2007. Ecosystem services related to oyster restoration. Marine Ecology Progress Series 341: 303-307. Cohen, A.N. and J.T. Carlton. 1998. Accelerating invasion rate in a highly invaded estuary. Science 279: 555-558. Conte, F.S. and J.L. Dupuy. 1982. The California oyster industry. Pp. 43-63 in Proceedings of the North American Oyster Workshop, K.K. Chew, ed. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Conte, F.S., S.C. Harbell, and R.L. RaLonde. 1994. Oyster Culture: Fundamentals and Technology of the West Coast Industry. Western Regional Aquaculture Center WRAC 94-101, Seattle, Washington. 150p. Costanza, R., R. d’Arge, R. de Groot, S. Farber, M. Grasso, B. Hannon, S. Naeem, K. Limburg, J. Paruelo, R.V. O’Neill, R. Raskin, P. Sutton, and M. van den Belt. 1997. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387: 253-260. Couch, D. and T.J. Hassler. 1989. Species profile: Life histories and environmental require- ments of coastal fisheries and invertebrates (Pacific Northwest)—Olympia oyster. Bio- logical Report 82: 11.124. Crawford, C.M., C.K.A. Macleod, and I.M. Mitchell. 2003. Effects of shellfish farming on the benthic environment. Aquaculture 224: 117-140. Dahl, T.E. 1990. Wetland Losses in the United States, 1780s–1980s. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C., 13p. Dahl, T.E. 2006. Status and Trends of Wetlands in the Conterminous United States 1998 to 2004. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 112p. Daily, G., ed. 1997. Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Island Press, Washington, D.C. Dame, R. F. 1986. Book review: The Oyster: The Life and Lore of the Celebrated Bivalve, by R.A. Hedeen. Estuaries 9: 382-383. Dame, R. F. 1996. Ecology of Marine Bivalves: An Ecosystem Approach. CRC Marine Science Series Press, Boca Raton, Florida. Dame, R. F. and S. Libes. 1993. Oyster reefs and nutrient retention in tidal creeks. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 171: 251-258. Dame, R. F. and S. Olenin (eds). 2005. The Comparative Roles of Suspension-Feeders in Ecosys- tems, NATO Science Series: Earth and Environmental Series IV, Volume 47. Kluwer Aca- demic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands. Dame, R.F. and T.C. Prins. 1998. Bivalve carrying capacity in coastal ecosystems. Aquatic Ecology 31: 409-421.

92 SHELLFISH MARICULTURE IN DRAKES ESTERO Daszak, P., A.A. Cunningham, and A.D. Hyatt. 2001. Anthropogenic environmental change and the emergence of infectious diseases in wildlife. Acta Tropica 78: 103-116. Dawes, C.J., J. Andorfer, C. Rose, C. Uranowski, and N. Ehringer. 1997. Regrowth of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum into propeller scars. Aquatic Botany 59: 139-155. Dayton, P.K. 1972. Toward an understanding of community resilience and the potential ef- fects of enrichments to the benthos at McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Proceedings of the Colloquium on Conservation Problems in the Antarctic 81-96. DeAngelis, D.L., W.M. Post, and C.C. Travis. 1986. Positive Feedback in Natural Systems. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. DeAlteris, J.T., B.D. Kilpatrick, and R.B. Rheault. 2004. A comparative evaluation of the habitat value of shellfish aquaculture gear, submerged aquatic vegetation and a non- vegetated seabed. Journal of Shellfish Research 23: 867-874. Dennison, W.C., R.J. Orth, K.A. Moore, J.C. Stevenson, V. Carter, S. Kollar, P.W. Bergstrom, and R.A. Batiuk. 1993. Assessing water quality with submersed aquatic vegetation. BioScience 43: 86-94. Department of the Interior. 2004. Memorandum. Point Reyes Wilderness Act. Office of the Solicitor. San Francisco Field Office. Oakland, California, February 26, 2004. Department of the Interior. 2004. Memorandum. Johnson Oyster Company Property Status. Office of the Solicitor. San Francisco Field Office, Oakland, California, February 27, 2004. Department of the Interior. 2008. Memorandum: Report of Investigation—Point Reyes National Seashore. Office of Inspector General (Earl L. Devaney), Washington, D.C., July 21, 2008. Diederich, S., G. Nehls, J.E.E. van Beusekom, and K. Reise. 2005. Introduced Pacific oysters ��������������������������������� (Crassostrea gigas) in the northern Wadden Sea: Invasion accelerated by warm sum- mers? Helgoland Marine Research 59: 97-106. Dixon, J. 2007. Memorandum. Effects of Oyster Mariculture on the Natural Resources in Drakes Estero. California Coastal Commission. San Francisco, California. Dumbauld, B.R., J.L. Ruesink, and S. Rumrill. 2005. The Ecological Role and Potential Impacts of Molluscan Shellfish Culture in the Estuarine Environment. U.S. Department of Agricul- ture, Agricultural Research Service, Final Report to the Western Regional Aquaculture Center, Newport, Oregon. Dumbauld, B.R., Brooks, K.M., Posey, M.H., 2001. Response of an estuarine benthic commu- nity to application of the pesticide carbaryl and cultivation of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in Willapa Bay, Washington. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42: 826-844. Dumbauld, B.R., E.P. Visser, D.A. Armstrong, L. Cole-Warner, K.L. Feldman, and B.E. Kauff- man. 2000. Use of oyster shell to create habitat for juvenile Dungeness crab in Washing- ton coastal estuaries: Status and prospects. Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 379-386. Elliott-Fisk, D.L., S. Allen, A. Harbin, J. Wechsler, D. Schirokauer, and B. Becker. 2005. Assess- ������ ment of Oyster Farming in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore. Final Completion Report. Erbland, P.J. and G. Ozbay. 2008. Comparison of the macrofaunal communities inhabiting a Crassostrea virginica oyster reef and oyster aquaculture gear in Indian River Bay, Dela- ware. Journal of Shellfish Research 27: 757-768. Everett, R.A., G.M. Ruiz, and J.T. Carlton. 1995. Effect of oyster mariculture on submerged aquatic vegetation: An experimental test in a Pacific northwest estuary. Marine Ecology Progress Series 125: 205-217. Fancher, L. 1979. The distribution, population dynamics, and behavior of the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina richardsi, in south San Francisco Bay, California. Master of Science thesis, California State University, Hayward.

REFERENCES 93 Feely, R.A., C. L. Sabine, J.M. Hernandez-Ayon, D. Ianson, and B. Hales. 2008. Evidence for upwelling of corrosive “acidified” water onto the continental shelf. Science 320(5882): 1490-1492. Ferraro, S.P. and F.A. Cole. 2007. Benthic macrofauna-habitat associations in Willapa Bay, Washington, USA. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 71: 491-507. Forrest, B.M. and R.G. Creese. 2006. Benthic impacts of intertidal oyster culture, with con- sideration of taxonomic sufficiency. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 112: 159-176. Forsyth, M. 2000. On estimating the option value of preserving a wilderness area. Canadian Journal of Economics 33(2): 413-434. Foss, S. F., P.R. Ode, M. Sowby, and M. Ashe. 2007. Non-indigenous aquatic organisms in coastal waters of California. California Fish and Game 93: 111-129. Foster, J., ed. 1997. Valuing nature? Ethics, Economics and the Environment. Routledge, New York. Foster-Smith, R.L. 1975. The effect of concentration of suspension on the filtration rates and pseudofaecal production for Mytilus edulis (L.), Cerastoderma edule (L.) and Venerupis pullastra (Montagu). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 17: 1-22. Fredman, P. and L. Emmelin. 2001. Wilderness purism, willingness to pay and management preferences: A study of Swedish mountain tourists. Tourism Economics 7(1): 5-20. Friedman, C.S. 1996. Haplosporidian infections of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thun- berg) in California, U.S.A. Journal of Shellfish Research 15(3): 597-600. Friedman, C.S., D. Manzer, and R.P. Hedrick. 1991. A haplosporidian from Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 58: 367-372. Friedman, C.S., R.M. Estes, N.A. Stokes, C.A. Burge, J.S. Hargrove, B. Barber, R.A. Elston, E.S. Burreson, and K. Reece. 2005. Identification of a herpes-like virus in Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas Thunberg, in Tomales Bay, California. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 63: 33-41. Ganter, B. 2000. Seagrass (Zostera spp.) as food for brant geese (Branta bernicla): An overview. Helgoland Marine Research 54: 63-70. Gilbert, A., R. Glass, and R. More. 1992. Valuation of eastern wilderness. Pp. 57-70 in Economic Value of Wilderness, C. Payne, J. Bowker, and P. Reed, eds. GTR SE-78. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Experiment Station, Athens, Georgia. Gillespie, G. 2009. Status of the Olympia oyster, Ostrea lurida, (Carpenter 1864) in British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Shellfish Research 28(1): 1-10. Goldburg, R. J., M.S. Elliot, and R.L. Naylor. 2001. Marine Aquaculture in the United States. Pew Oceans Commission, Arlington, Virginia. Grabowski, J.H. and C.H. Peterson. 2007. Restoring oyster reefs to recover ecosystem ser- vices. Pp. 281-298 in Ecosystem Engineers, K. Cuddington, J.E. Byers, A. Hastings, W.G. Wilson, eds. Academic Press/Elsevier. Greenley, D.A., R.G. Walsh, and R.A. Young. 1981. Option value: Empirical evidence from a case study of recreation and water quality. Quarterly Journal of Economics 96(4): 657-673. Grigg, E.K., D.E. Green, S.G. Allen, and H. Markowitz. 2002. Nocturnal and diurnal haul-out patterns of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardis) at Castro Rocks, San Francisco Bay, California. California Fish and Game 88(1): 15-27. Grosholz, E.D. 2005. Recent biological invasion may hasten invasional meltdown by ac- celerating historical introductions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102:1088-1091. Haamer, J. 1996. Improving water quality in a eutrophied fjord system with mussel farming. AMBIO 25: 356-362.

94 SHELLFISH MARICULTURE IN DRAKES ESTERO Hageman, R. 1985. Valuing Marine Mammal Populations: Benefit Valuations in a Multi-species Ecosystem. National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Center, La Jolla, California. Hanley, N., W.D. Shaw, and R.E. Wright, eds. 2003. The New Economics of Outdoor Recreation. Elgar, Northampton, Massachusetts. Harbin-Ireland, A.C. 2004. Effects of Oyster Mariculture on the Benthic Invertebrate Community in Drakes Estero. Pt. Reyes Peninsula, California. Master of Science Thesis, University of California, Davis. Harvell, C.D., K. Kim, J.M. Burkholder, R.R. Colwell, R.R. Epstein, D.J. Grimes, E.E. Hof- mann, E.K. Lipp., A.D.M.E. Osterhaus, R.M. Overstreet, J.W. Porter, G.W. Smith, and G.R. Vasta. 1999. Emerging marine diseases-climate links and anthropogenic factors. Science 285: 1505-1510. Hayes, S.A., D.P. Costa, J.T. Harvey, and B.J. Le Boeuf. 2004. Aquatic mating strategies of the male Pacific harbour seal (Phoca vitulina richardii): Are males defending the hotspot? Marine Mammal Science 20: 639-656. Heck, K.L., G. Hays, and R.J. Orth. 2003. Critical evaluation of the nursery role hypothesis for seagrass meadows. Marine Ecology Progress Series 253:123-136. Herath, G. and J. Kennedy. 2004. Estimating the economic value of Mount Buffalo National Park with the travel cost and contingent valuation models. Tourism Economics 10(1): 63-78. Herman, P.M.J. and H. Scholten. 1990. Can suspension-feeders stabilize estuarine ecosys- tems? Pp. 104-116 in Trophic Relationships in the Marine Environment, M. Barnes and R.N. Gibson, eds. Proceedings of the 24th European Marine Biology Symposium. Aberdeen University Press, Aberdeen, Scotland. Hester, M., S. Allen, D. Adams, and H. Nevins. 2004. Pinniped Long-Term Monitoring Program. San Francisco Area Network of Parks, California. Hickey, C., W.D. Shuford, G.W. Page, and S. Warnock. 2003. The southern Pacific shore- bird conservation plan: A strategy for supporting California’s Central Valley and coastal shorebird populations. Version 1.1. PRBP Conservation Science, Stinson Beach, California. Hine, P.M., B. Wesney, and B.E. Hay. 1992. Herpes viruses associated with mortalities among hatchery-reared larval Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 12: 135-142. Holsman, K.K., P.S. McDonald, and D.A. Armstrong. 2006. Intertidal migration and habitat use by subadult Dungeness crab Cancer magister in a northeast Pacific estuary. Marine Ecology Progress Series 308: 183-195. Horinouchi, M. 2007. Review of the effects of within-patch scale structural complexity on seagrass fishes. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 350: 111-129. Hosack, G.R., B.R. Dumbauld, J.L. Ruesink, and D.A. Armstrong. 2006. Habitat associations of estuarine species: Comparisons of intertidal mudflat, seagrass (Zostera marina), and oyster (Crassostrea gigas) habitats. Estuaries and Coasts 29: 1150-1160. Jackson, E.L., A.A. Rowden, M.J. Attrill, S.J. Bossey, and M.B. Jones. 2001. The importance of seagrass beds as a habitat for fishery species. Oceanography and Marine Biology 39: 269-303. Jackson, J.B.C., M.X. Kirby, W.H. Berger, K.A. Bjorndal, L.W. Botsford, B.J. Bourque, R.H. Bradbury, R. Cooke, J. Erlandson, J.A. Estes, T.P. Hughes, S. Kidwell, C.B. Lange, H.S. Lenihan, J.M. Pandolphi, C.H. Peterson, R.S. Steneck, M.J. Tegner, and R. Warner. 2001. Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science 293: 629-638. Jansen, J., J. Bengtson, P. Boveng, S. Dahle, and J. Ver Hoef. 2006. Disturbance of Harbor Seals by Cruise Ships in Disenchantment Bay, Alaska: An Investigation at Three Temporal and Spa- tial Scales. Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Rep. No. ASFS Processed Report 2006-02.

REFERENCES 95 Johnson, A. and A. Acevedo-Gutierrez. 2007. Regulation compliance by vessels and distur- bance of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). Canadian Journal of Zoology 85: 290-294. Jones, C.G., J.H. Lawton, and M. Shachak. 1994. Organisms as ecosystem engineers. Oikos 69: 373-386. Kaiser, M. J. 2001. Ecological effects of shellfish cultivation. In Environmental Impacts of Aqua- culture, K.D. Black, ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. Kaiser, B. and J. Roumasset. 2002. Valuing indirect ecosystem services: The case of tropical watersheds. Environmental Economics and Development 7: 701-714. Keith, J.E., C. Fawson, and V. Johnson. 1996. Preservation or use: A contingent valuation study of wilderness designation in Utah. Ecological Economics 18(3): 207-214. Kelly, J.P. J.G. Evens, R.W. Stallcup, and D. Wimpfheimer. 1996. Effects of oyster culture on habitat use by wintering shorebirds in Tomales Bay, California. California Fish and Game 82(4): 160-174. Kirby, M.X. 2004. Fishing down the coast: Historical expansion and collapse of oyster fisheries along continental margins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101: 13096-13099. Krutilla, J. 1967. Conservation reconsidered. American Economic Review 57: 787-796. Laffargue, P., M.L. Begout, and F. Lagardere. 2006. Testing the potential effects of shellfish farming on swimming activity and spatial distribution of sole (Solea solea) in a meso- cosm. ICES Journal of Marine Science 63: 1014-1028. Lafferty, K.D. and L.R. Gerber. 2002. Good medicine for conservation biology: The intersec- tion of epidemiology and conservation theory. Conservation Biology 16: 593-604. Lambert, G. 2009. Adventures of a sea squirt sleuth: Unraveling the identity of Didemnum vexillum, a global ascidian invader. Aquatic Invasions 4(1): 5-28. Landry, T. 2002. The potential role of bivalve shellfish in mitigating negative impacts of land use on estuaries. In Effects of Land Use Practices on Fish, Shellfish, and their Habi- tats on Prince Edward Island, Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, D.K. Cairns, ed. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. Largier, J.L., J.T. Hollibaugh, and S.V. Smith. 1997. Seasonally hypersaline estuaries in Medi- terranean-climate regions. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Sciences 45(6): 789-797. Lelli, B. and D.E. Harris. 2001. Human disturbances affect harbor seal haul-out behaviour: Can the law protect these seals from boaters? In Macalester Environmental Review Oc- tober 23, 2001: 1-16. Lenihan, H.S. and C.H. Peterson. 1998. How habitat degradation through fishery distur- bance enhances impacts of hypoxia on oyster reefs. Ecological Applications 8: 128-140. Lewis, T.M. and E.A. Mathews. 2000. Effects of Human Visitors on the Behaviour of Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi) at McBride Glacier Fjord, Glacier Bay National Park. University of Alaska Southeast and Glacier Bay National Park, Juneau and Gustavus, Alaska. Loomis, J.B. 2002. Integrated Public Lands Management: Principles and Applications to National Forests, Parks, Wildlife Refuges, and BLM Lands. Columbia University Press, New York. Loomis, J.B. 2000. Economic values of wilderness recreation and passive use: What we think we know at the beginning of the 21st century. USDA Forest Service Proceedings. RMRS-P-15-Vol-2. Loomis, J., R. Rosenberger, and R. Shestra. 1998. Updated estimates of recreation values for RPA program by assessment region and use of meta analysis for recreation benefit transfer. Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Colorado State Univer- sity, Fort Collins, Colorado: Loomis, J. and R. Walsh. 1997. Recreation Economic Decisions: Comparing Benefits and Costs. Venture Press, State College, Pennsylvania. Loomis, J.B. and D.S. White. 1996. Economic benefits of rare and endangered species: Sum- mary and meta-analysis. Ecological Economics 18(3): 197-206.

96 SHELLFISH MARICULTURE IN DRAKES ESTERO Lotze, H.K., H.S. Lenihan, B.J. Bourque, R.H. Bradbury, R.G. Cooke, M.C. Kay, S.M. Kidwell, M.X. Kirby, C.H. Peterson, and J.B.C. Jackson. 2006. Depletion, degradation, and recov- ery potential of estuaries and coastal seas. Science 312: 1806-1809. Lowry, M. and J. Carretta. 2003. Pacific Harbor Seal Census in California During May-July 2002. Rep. No. NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-353. Lu, L., and J. Grant. 2008. Recolonization of intertidal infauna in relation to organic deposi- tion at an oyster farm in Atlantic Canada – A field experiment. Estuaries and Coasts 31: 767-775. Madsen, J.D., P.A. Chambers, W.F. James, E.W. Koch, and D.F. Westlake. 2001. The inter- action between water movement, sediment dynamics and submersed macrophytes. Hydrobiologia 444: 71-84. Mallet, A.L., C.E. Carver, and T. Landry. 2006. Impact of suspended and off-bottom east- ern oyster culture on the benthic environment in eastern Canada. Aquaculture 255: 362-373. Mazouni, N., J.C. Gaertner, J-M. Deslous-Paoli, S. Landreinand, and M.G. d’Oedenberg. 1996. Nutrient and oxygen exchanges at the water-sediment interface in a shellfish farming lagoon (Thau, France). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 205(1- 2): 91-113. McDaniels, T.L. and C. Roessler. 1998. Multiattribute elicitation of wilderness preservation benefits: A constructive approach. Ecological Economics 27(3): 299-312. McFadden, D. 1994. Contingent valuation and social choice. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 76(4): 689-708. McKindsey, C.W., M.R. Anderson, P. Barnes, S. Courtenay, T. Landry, and M. Skinner. 2006. Effects of Shellfish Aquaculture on Fish Habitat. DFO. Canadian Science Advisory Secre- tariat, Research Document 2006/011. Mercer, J., R.B. Whitlatch and R.W. Osman. 2009. Potential effects of the invasive colonial ascidian, Didemnum vexillium, on pebble-cobble bottom habitats in southern New Eng- land. Aquatic Invasions 4(1): 133-142. Mirto, S., T. La Rosa, R. Danovaro, and A. Mazzola. 2000. Microbial and meiofaunal response to intensive mussel-farm biodeposition in coastal sediments of the western Mediter- ranean. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40: 244-252. Mitchell, R. and R. Carson. 1989. Using Surveys to Value Public Goods: The Contingent Valuation Method. Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C. Mitchell, C.E. and A.G. Power. 2003. Release of invasive plants from fungal and viral patho- gens. Nature 421: 625-27. Moore, J.E., M.A. Colwell, R.L. Mathis, and J.M. Black. 2004. Staging of Pacific flyway brant in relation to eelgrass abundance and site isolation, with special consideration of Hum- boldt Bay, California. Biological Conservation 115: 475-486. Moore, T. 2008. Drakes Estero mariculture, past and present, a California Department of Fish and Game perspective. Presentation to the NRC Committee on Best Practices for Shellfish Mariculture and the Effects of Commercial Activities in Drakes Estero, Pt. Reyes National Seashore, California. September 4, 2008, unpublished. Nash, C.E., R.N. Iwamoto, and C.V.W. Mahnken. 2000. Aquaculture risk management and marine mammal interactions in the Pacific Northwest. Aquaculture 183: 307-323. National Marine Fisheries Service. 2009. NMFS Annual Commercial Landings Statistics. [On- line]. Available: www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/pls/webpls/FT_HELP.SPECIES. National Park Service. 2006a. Harbor Seal Monitoring, San Francisco Bay Area, Annual Report, prepared by Jeannine Manna, Dale Roberts, Dave Press, and Sarah Allen, 22p. National Park Service. 2006b. Point Reyes National Seashore Drakes Estero: A Sheltered Wilder- ness Estuary. Version I. Department of the Interior, Point Reyes National Seashore, California. September 2006, 18p.

REFERENCES 97 National Park Service. 2006c. Management Policies. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Washington, D.C. National Park Service. 2007a. Point Reyes National Seashore Drakes Estero: A Sheltered Wilder- ness Estuary. Version II. Department of the Interior, Point Reyes National Seashore, California. March-April 2007, 18p. National Park Service. 2007b. Point Reyes National Seashore Drakes Estero: A Sheltered Wilder- ness Estuary. Version III. Department of the Interior, Point Reyes National Seashore, California. May 8, 2007, 21p. National Park Service. 2007c. Point Reyes National Seashore Drakes Estero: A Sheltered Wilder- ness Estuary. Version IV. Department of the Interior, Point Reyes National Seashore, California. May 11, 2007, 22p. National Park Service, 2007d. National Park Service Clarification of Law, Policy, and Science on Drakes Estero, Point Reyes Station, California. Point Reyes National Seashore, California. September 18, 2007, 18p. National Park Service. 2007e. Acknowledgment of Corrections to Previous Versions of the Park News Document Drakes Estero: A Sheltered Wilderness Estuary. Department of the Interior, Point Reyes National Seashore, California. July 25, 2007. National Park Service. 2007f. Pacific Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina richardii) Monitoring at Point Reyes National Seashore and Golden Gate National Recreation Area: 2007 Annual Report. Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/SFAN/NRTR—2008/118. National Research Council. 1994. Assigning Economic Value to Natural Resources. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. National Research Council. 2004. Nonnative Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay. The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. National Research Council. 2004b. Valuing Ecosystem Services: Toward Better Environmental Decision-making. The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. Navrud, S. and R.C. Ready. 2002. Valuing Cultural Heritage: Applying Environmental Valu- ation Techniques to Historic Buildings, Monuments and Artifacts. Elgar, Northampton, Massachusetts. Newell, R. I. E. 2004. Ecosystem influences of natural and cultivated populations of suspen- sion-feeding bivalve molluscs: A review. Journal of Shellfish Research 23: 51-61. Newell, R.I.E. and E.W. Koch. 2004. Modeling seagrass density and distribution in response to changes in turbidity stemming from bivalve filtration and seagrass sediment stabi- lization. Estuaries 27: 793-806. Newell, R.I.E., J.C. Cornwell, and M.S. Owens. 2002. Influence of simulated bivalve biode- position and microphytobenthos on sediment nitrogen dynamics. Limnology and Ocean- ography 47(5): 1367-1379. Newell, R.I.E., T.R. Fisher, R.R. Holyoke, and J.C. Cornwell. 2005. Influence of eastern oysters on N and P regeneration in Chesapeake Bay, USA. Pp. 93-120 in The Comparative Roles of Suspension Feeders in Ecosystems, Dame, R., and S. Olenin, eds. 47: NATO Science Series: IV—Earth and Environmental Sciences, Kluwer, Dordrecht. Nicolas, J.L., M. Comps, and N. Cochennec. 1992. Herpes-like virus infecting Pacific oyster larvae, Crassostrea gigas. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 12(1): 11. Nixon, S.W., C.A. Oviatt, J. Garber, and V. Lee. 1976. Diel metabolism and nutrient dynamics in a salt marsh embayment. Ecology 57: 740-750. Nizzoli, D., D.T. Welsh, E.A. Fano, and P. Viaroli. 2006. Impact of clam and mussel farming on benthic metabolism and nitrogen cycling, with emphasis on nitrate reduction path- ways. Marine Ecology Progress Series 315: 151-165. Nugues, M.M., M.J. Kaiser, B.E. Spencer, and D.B. Edwards. 1996. Benthic community changes associated with intertidal oyster cultivation. Aquaculture Research 27: 913-924.

98 SHELLFISH MARICULTURE IN DRAKES ESTERO Nunes, P. 2002. Using factor analysis to identify consumer preferences for the protection of a natural area in Portugal. European Journal of Operational Research 140(2): 499-516. Orth, R.J., T.J.B. Carruthers, W.C. Dennison, C.M. Duarte, J.W. Fourqurean, K.L. Heck, A.R. Hughes, G.A. Kendrick, W.J. Kenworthy, S. Olyarnik, F.T. Short, M. Waycott, and S.L. Williams. 2006. A global crisis for seagrass ecosystems. Bioscience 56: 987-996. Osman, R.W. and R.B. Whitlatch. 2007.Variation in the ability of Didemnum sp. to invade established communities. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 342: 40-53. Page, G. and J. White. 1999. Bird Inventory of Three National Parks of the San Francisco Bay Area: Wintering Waterbirds and Shorebirds. PRBO, Stinson Beach, California. Parker, I.M., D. Simberloff, W.M. Lonsdale, K. Goodell, M. Wonham, P.M. Kareiva, M.H. Williamson, B. Von Holle, P.B. Moyle, J.E. Byers, and L. Goldwasser. 1999. Impact: Toward a framework for understanding the ecological effects of invaders. Biological Invasions 1: 3-19. Parmesan, C. 2006. Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 37: 637-669. Parmesan, C. and G. Yohe. 2003. A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature 421: 37-42. Parmesan, C. and H. Galbraith. 2004. Observed Impacts of Global Climate Change in the U.S. Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Arlington, Virginia. Perry, E.A., D.J. Boness, and S.J. Insley. 2002. Effects of sonic booms on breeding grey seals and harbor seals on Sable Island, Canada. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 111(1): 599-609. Peterson, B.J. and K.L. Heck, Jr. 1999. The potential for suspension feeding bivalves to in- crease seagrass productivity. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 240(1): 37-52. Peterson, B.J. and K.L. Heck, Jr. 2001. Positive interactions between suspension-feeding bivalves and seagrass—A facultative mutualism. Marine Ecology Progress Series 213: 143-155. Peterson, C.H., J.H. Grabowski, and S.P. Powers. 2003. Estimated enhancement of fish production resulting from restoring oyster reef habitat: Quantitative valuation. Marine Ecology Progress Series 264: 249-264. Phillips, R.C., 1984. The Ecology of Eelgrass Meadows in the Pacific Northwest: A Community Profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Coastal Ecosystems Team, Washington, D.C. Pimm, S.L. 1997. The value of everything. Nature 387: 232. Pinnix, W.D., T.A. Shaw, K.C. Acker, and N.J. Hetrick. 2005. Fish Communities in Eelgrass, Oys- ter Culture, and Mudflat Habitats of North Humboldt Bay, California. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arcata Fisheries Technical Report TR2005-02, Arcata, California. Pope, C.A. and J. Jones. 1990. Value of wilderness designation in Utah. Journal of Environ- mental Management 30: 157-174. Powers, M.J., C.H. Peterson, H.C. Summerson, and S.P. Powers. 2007. Macroalgal growth on bivalve aquaculture netting enhances nursery habitat for mobile invertebrates and juvenile fishes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 339: 109-122. Pregnall, M.M. 1993. Regrowth and Recruitment of Eelgrass (Zostera marina) and Recovery of Benthic Community Structure in Areas Disturbed by Commercial Oyster Culture in the South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve. Master of Science thesis, Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York. Press, D. 2005. Ecological impacts of green macroalgal mats on estuarine tidal flats. Master of Science thesis, University of California, Davis. Prins, T.C., A.C. Smaal, and A.J. Pouwer. 1991. Selective ingestion of phytoplankton by the bivalves Mytilus edulis L. and Cerastoderma edule (L.). Aquatic Ecology 25(1): 93-100.

REFERENCES 99 Prins, T. C. and A.C. Smaal. 1994. The role of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis in the cycling of nutrients in the Oosterschelde estuary (The Netherlands). Hydrobiologia 282/283: 413-429. Prins, T.C., A.C. Smaal, and R.F. Dame. 1998. A review of the feedbacks between bivalve grazing and ecosystem processes. Aquatic Ecology 31: 349-359. Quayle, DB. 1941. The Japanese ‘‘little neck’’ clam accidentally introduced into British Columbia waters. Progress Report of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada Pacific Coast Station 48: 17-18. Randall, A. and J.R. Stoll. 1999. Existence value in total valuation framework. In Making the Environment Count: Selected Essays of Alan Randall, Randall, A., ed. Elgar, Northampton, Massachusetts. Renault, T., R.M. Le Deuff, N. Cochennec, B. Chollet, and P. Maffart. 1995. Herpes-like virus- es associated with high mortality levels in larvae and spat of Pacific oysters, Crassosstrea gigas: A comparative study, the thermal effects on virus detection in hatchery reared larvae, reproduction of the disease in axenic larvae. Veterinary Research 26: 539-543. Reusch, T.B.H., A.R.O. Chapman, and J.P. Gröger. 1994. Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) do not interfere with eelgrass (Zostera marina) but fertilize shoot growth through biodeposi- tion. Marine Ecology Progress Series 108: 265-282. Rice, M.A. 2000. A review of shellfish restoration as a tool for coastal water quality manage- ment. Environment Cape Cod 3: 1-8. Risebrough, R.W., D. Alcorn, S.G. Allen, V.C. Alderlini, L. Booren, R.L. DeLong, L.E. Fancher, R.E. Jones, S.M. McGinnis, and T.T. Schmidt. 1978. Population Biology of Har- bor Seals in San Francisco Bay, California. National Technical Information Service, No. PB-81-107963. Rodney, W.S. and K.T. Paynter. 2006. Comparisons of macrofaunal assemblages on restored and non-restored oyster reefs in mesohaline regions of Chesapeake Bay in Maryland. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 335: 39-51. Ruiz G.M., P. Fofonoff, A.H. Hines, and E.D. Grosholz. 1999. Nonindigenous species as stressors in estuarine and marine communities: Assessing invasion impacts and interac- tions. Limnology and Oceanography 44: 950-972. Rumrill, S.S., and V.K. Poulton. 2004. Ecological Role and Potential Impacts of Molluscan Shellfish Culture in the Estuarine Environment of Humboldt Bay, California. Oregon Department of State Lands, Final Annual Report to the Western Regional Aquaculture Center. Sattout, E.J., S.N. Talhouk, and P.D. Caligari. 2007. Economic value of cedar relics in Leba- non: An application of contingent valuation method for conservation. Ecological Eco- nomics 61(2-3): 315-322. Scavia, D., J.C. Field, D.F. Boesch, R.W. Buddemeier, V. Burkett, D.R. Cayan, M. Fogarty, M.A. Harwell, R.W. Howarth, C. Mason, D.J. Reed, T.C. Royer, A.H. Sallenger, and J.G. Titus. 2002. Climate change impacts on U.S. coastal and marine ecosystems. Estuaries 25(2): 149-164. Shechter, M., B. Reiser, and N. Zaitsev. 1998. Measuring passive use value: pledges, dona- tions and CV responses in connection with an important natural resource. Environmen- tal and Resource Economics 12(4): 457-478. Schreffler, D. and K. Griffen. 2000. Ecological Interactions among Eelgrass Oysters and Burrowing Shrimp in Tillamook Bay, Oregon. Tillamook County Performance Partnership, Report to the Tillamook County Performance Partnership. Selgrath, J.C., K.A. Hovel, and R.A. Wahle. 2007. Effects of habitat edges on American lobster abundance and survival. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 353: 253-264. Seuront, L.J.J. and P. Prinzivalli. 2005. Vulnerability of harbor seals, Phoca vitulina, to tran- sient industrial activities in the Strait of Dover. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85: 1015-1016.

100 SHELLFISH MARICULTURE IN DRAKES ESTERO Shaw, W.N. 1997. Shellfish industry of California—Past, present, and future. In The History, Present Condition, and Future of the Molluscan Fisheries of North and Central America and Europe, MacKenzie, C.L., V.G. Burrell, A. Rosenfield, and W.L. Hobart, eds. NOAA Technical Rep. NMFS 128. 57-74. Shechter, M., B. Reiser, and N. Zaitsev. 1998. Measuring passive use value: Pledges, dona- tions and CV responses in connection with an important natural resource. Environmen- tal and Resource Economics 12(4): 457-478. Shuford, W.D., G.W. Page, J.G. Evens, and L.E. Stenzel. 1989. Seasonal abundance of water- birds at Point Reyes: A coastal California perspective. Western Birds 20(4): 137-265. Simenstad, C.A. and K.L. Fresh, 1995. Influence of intertidal aquaculture on benthic com- munities in Pacific northwest estuaries: Scales of disturbance. Estuaries 18: 43-70. Smaal, A., M. van Stralen, and E. Schuiling, 2001. The interaction between shellfish cul- ture and ecosystem processes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58: 991-1002. Stefaniak, L.M., G. Lambert, A. Gittenberger, H. Zhang, S. Lin, and R.B. Whitlatch. 2009. Genetic conspecificity of the worldwide populations of Didemnum vexillum Kott, 2002. Aquatic Invasions 4(1): 29-44. Stewart, S. and A. Praetzellis. 2003. Archaeological Research Issues for the Point Reyes National Seashore—Golden Gate National Research Recreation Area. Anthropological Studies Center, Sonoma State University, prepared for the National Park Service. Stewart, B.S. and P.K. Yochem. 1984. Seasonal abundance of pinnipeds at San Nicolas Island, California, 1980–1982. Bulletin of the Southern California Academic Sciences 83: 121-132. Stillman, R.A., A.D. West, R.W.G. Caldow, and S.E.A. Le V. Dit Durell. 2007. Predicting the effect of disturbance on coastal birds. International Journal of Avian Science 149 (Supp.1): 73-81. Strathmann, M. 1987. Reproduction and Development of Marine Invertebrates of the Northern Pacific Coast. University of Washington Press, Seattle. Suryan, R.M. and J.T. Harvey. 1999. Variability in reactions of Pacific harbor seals, Phoca vitulina richardsi, to disturbance. Fishery Bulletin 97: 332-339. Tallis, H.M., J.L. Ruesink, B.R. Dumbauld, S.D. Hacker, and L.M. Wisehart. In press. Oysters and aquaculture practices affect eelgrass density and productivity in a Pacific north- west estuary. Journal of Shellfish Research. Tallman, J.C. and G.E. Forrester. 2007. Oyster grow-out cages function as artificial reefs for temperate fishes. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 136: 790-799. Thom, R.M., A.B. Borde, S. Rumrill, D.L. Woodruff, G.D. Williams, J.A. Southard, and S.L. Sargeant. 2003. Factors influencing spatial and annual variability in eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) meadows in Willapa Bay, Washington and Coos Bay, Oregon, USA. Estuaries 26: 1117-1129. Torchin, M.E., K.D. Lafferty, A.P. Dobson, V.J. McKenzie, and A.M. Kuris. 2003. Introduced species and their missing parasites. Nature 421: 628-630. Trianni, M.S., 1995. The Influence of Commercial Oyster Culture Activities on the Benthic Infauna of Arcata Bay. Master of Science thesis, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California. Truchinski K., E. Flynn, D. Press, D. Roberts, and S. Allen. 2008. Pacific Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina richardii) Monitoring at Point Reyes National Seashore and Golden Gate National Recreation Area: 2007 Annual Report. Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/SFAN/ NRTR 2008/118. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. Van Parijs, S.M., V.M. Janik, and P.M. Thompson. 2000. Display-area size, tenure length, and site fidelity in the aquatically mating male harbor seal, Phoca vitulina. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78: 2209-2217. Walsh, R.G., D. Johnson, and J. McKean. 1992. Benefit transfer of outdoor recreation demand studies: 1968–1988. Water Resources Research 28(3): 707-713.

REFERENCES 101 Walsh, R.G., J.B. Loomis, and R. Gillman. 1984. Valuing option, existence, and bequest de- mand for wilderness. Land Economics 60: 14-23. Ward, D.H., A. Morton, T.L. Tibbitts, D.C. Douglas, and E. Carrera-Gonzalez. 2003. Long- term change in eelgrass distribution at Baha San Quintin, Baja California, Mexico, using satellite imagery. Estuaries 26: 1529-1539. Wells, H.W. 1961. The fauna of oyster beds, with special reference to the salinity factor. Ecological Monographs 31: 239-266. Wechsler, J.F., 2004. Assessing the Relationship between the Ichthyofauna and Oyster Mariculture in a Shallow Embayment, Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore. Master of Science thesis, University of California, Davis. Weisbrod, B. 1964. Collective consumption services of individual consumption goods. Quar- terly Journal of Economics 78(3): 471-477. White, J.D. 1999. Bird inventory of three national parks of the San Francisco Bay Area: Win- tering waterbirds and shorebirds. Point Reyes Bird Observatory 1-44. Williams, S.L. and K.L. Heck Jr. 2001. Seagrass community ecology. Pp.317-337 in Marine Community Ecology, M.D. Bertness, S.D. Gaines, M.E. Hay, eds. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts. Wimpfheimer, D. 2008. Out of the fog: A history and analysis of the Point Reyes Christmas bird count. American Birds 62: 17-23. Wisehart, L.M., J.L. Ruesink, S.D. Hacker, and B.R. Dumbauld. 2007. Importance of eelgrass early life history stages in response to oyster aquaculture disturbance. Marine Ecology Progress Series 344: 71-80. Wonham, M. J. 2003. Ecological gambling: Expendable extinctions versus acceptable inva- sions. Pp. 179-205 in The Importance of Species, P. Kareiva and S.A. Levin, eds. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Wright, B.E., S.D. Riemer, R.F. Brown, A.M. Ougzin, and K.A. Bucklin. 2007. Assessment of harbor seal predation on adult salmonids in a Pacific Northwest estuary. Ecological Applications 17: 338-351. Würsig, B. and G. Gailey. 2002. Marine mammals and aquaculture: Conflicts and potential resolutions. In Responsible Marine Aquaculture, J. McVey, ed. CABI Publishing, ���� CAB International, Wallingford, United Kingdom.

Next: Appendixes »
Shellfish Mariculture in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore, California Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $46.00 Buy Ebook | $36.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

When Drakes Estero, which lies within the Point Reyes National Seashore (PRNS) about 25 miles northwest of San Francisco, California, was designated by Congress in 1976 as Potential Wilderness, it contained a commercial shellfish mariculture operation. Oyster mariculture began in Drakes Estero with the introduction of the nonnative Pacific oyster in 1932, and has been conducted continuously from that date forward. Hence, the cultural history of oyster farming predates the designation of Point Reyes as a National Seashore in 1962.

Nevertheless, with the approach of the 2012 expiration date of the current National Park Service (NPS) Reservation of Use and Occupancy (RUO) and Special Use Permit (SUP) that allows Drakes Bay Oyster Company (DBOC) to operate within the estero, NPS has expressed concern over the scope and intensity of impacts of the shellfish culture operations on the estero's ecosystem. Public debate over whether scientific information justifies closing the oyster farm led to the request for this study to help clarify the scientific issues raised with regard to the shellfish mariculture activities in Drakes Estero.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!