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Shellfish Mariculture in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore, California
Shellfish Mariculture in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore, California
Committee on Best Practices for Shellfish Mariculture and the Effects of Commercial Activities in Drakes Estero, Pt. Reyes National Seashore, California
Ocean Studies Board
Division on Earth and Life Studies
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
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Shellfish Mariculture in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore, California
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by Contract/Grant No. C8074080026 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Park Service. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-13898-7
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-13898-1
Additional copies of this report are available from the
National Academies Press,
500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu
Copyright 2009 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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Shellfish Mariculture in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore, California
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
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Shellfish Mariculture in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore, California
COMMITTEE ON BEST PRACTICES FOR SHELLFISH MARICULTURE AND THE EFFECTS OF COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES IN DRAKES ESTERO, PT. REYES NATIONAL SEASHORE, CALIFORNIA
CHARLES (PETE) H. PETERSON (Chair),
University of North Carolina, Morehead City
BARRY A. COSTA-PIERCE,
University of Rhode Island, Narragansett
BRETT R. DUMBAULD,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Newport, Oregon
CAROLYN FRIEDMAN,
University of Washington, Seattle
EILEEN E. HOFMANN,
Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
HAUKE KITE-POWELL,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
DONAL T. MANAHAN,
University of Southern California, Los Angeles
FRANCIS O’BEIRN,
Marine Institute, Galway, Ireland
ROBERT T. PAINE,
University of Washington, Seattle
PAUL THOMPSON,
University of Aberdeen, Scotland
ROBERT WHITLATCH,
University of Connecticut, Groton
Staff
SUSAN ROBERTS, Study Director
JODI BOSTROM, Associate Program Officer
HEATHER CHIARELLO, Senior Program Assistant
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Shellfish Mariculture in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore, California
OCEAN STUDIES BOARD
MARCIA K. MCNUTT (Chair),
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, California
DONALD F. BOESCH,
University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge
JORGE E. CORREDOR,
University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez
KEITH R. CRIDDLE,
University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau
MARY (MISSY) H. FEELEY,
ExxonMobil Exploration Company, Houston, Texas
DEBRA HERNANDEZ,
Hernandez and Company, Isle of Palms, South Carolina
ROBERT A. HOLMAN,
Oregon State University, Corvallis
KIHO KIM,
American University, Washington, DC
BARBARA A. KNUTH,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
ROBERT A. LAWSON,
Science Applications International Corporation, San Diego, California
GEORGE I. MATSUMOTO,
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, California
JAY S. PEARLMAN,
The Boeing Company (ret.), Port Angeles, Washington
ANDREW A. ROSENBERG,
University of New Hampshire, Durham
DANIEL L. RUDNICK,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
ROBERT J. SERAFIN,
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
ANNE M. TREHU,
Oregon State University, Corvallis
PETER L. TYACK,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
DAWN J. WRIGHT,
Oregon State University, Corvallis
JAMES A. YODER,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
OSB Staff
SUSAN ROBERTS, Director
CLAUDIA MENGELT, Program Officer
SUSAN PARK, Program Officer
JODI BOSTROM, Associate Program Officer
DEBORAH GLICKSON, Associate Program Officer
SHUBHA BANSKOTA, Financial Associate
PAMELA LEWIS, Administrative Coordinator
HEATHER CHIARELLO, Senior Program Assistant
JEREMY JUSTICE, Program Assistant
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Shellfish Mariculture in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore, California
Acknowledgments
This report was greatly enhanced by the participants of the meeting held as part of this study. The committee would first like to acknowledge the efforts of those who gave presentations at meetings: Ben Becker (National Park Service), John Dixon (California Coastal Commission), Corey Goodman (Marshall, CA), Jonathan Jarvis (National Park Service), John Largier (Bodega Bay Marine Laboratory), Thomas Moore (California Department of Fish and Game), Grey Pendleton (Alaska Department of Fish and Game), Steven Rumrill (South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve), and Susan Williams (Bodega Bay Marine Laboratory). These talks helped set the stage for fruitful discussions in the closed sessions that followed.
The committee would like to thank Kevin and Nancy Lunny and Luis Armienta of the Drakes Bay Oyster Company (DBOC) for the tour of the oyster growing areas and processing facilities, as well as the overview of DBOC operations; David Press (National Park Service) for help with the map of Point Reyes National Seashore and the seal monitoring database; Tom Moore for oyster harvest data and photographs relating to oyster growing in Drakes Estero; Mike Beck for the photograph of Olympia oysters in British Columbia; and National Park Service personnel who assisted with meeting logistics and provided background material for the committee, including Sarah Allen, Ben Becker, John Dennis, David Graber, and Don Neubacher. The committee is also grateful to a number of people who provided important discussion and/or material for the preparation of this report: Gordon Bennett, Melissa Cichantek, Peter Douglas, Jon M.
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Shellfish Mariculture in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore, California
Erlandson, Corey Goodman, Ted Grosholz, Frances Gulland, John Hull, M.X. Kirby, Kent Lightfoot, Kevin and Nancy Lunny, Elizabeth Mathews, Robert Rheault, Anja Robinson, David Weiman, and Susan Williams.
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in their review of this report:
Peter Boveng, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA
William Dewey, Taylor Shellfish Company, Inc., Shelton, WA
Matthew Elliot, Sea Change Investment Fund, San Francisco, CA
David Fluharty, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
Susan Ford, Rutgers University, Port Norris, NJ
John Halver, University of Washington, Seattle WA
Doug Lipton, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
Marcia McNutt, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA
Tom Moore, California Department of Fish and Game, Bodega Bay, CA
Steve Rumrill, South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, Charleston, OR
Sandra Shumway, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Dr. Bonnie McCay, Rutgers University, appointed by the Divison on Earth and Life Studies, and W.L. Chameides, Duke University, appointed by the Report Review Committee, who were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
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Shellfish Mariculture in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore, California
Contents
Summary
1
Introduction to Drakes Estero
9
Historical Baselines and Human Modifications,
19
Ecological and Environmental Responses,
23
Benthic/Pelagic Coupling—Nutrients and Particulates
25
Eelgrass
30
Fish
35
Benthic Invertebrates in Soft Sediments
38
Harbor Seals
41
Nonnative Species
50
Birds
57
Human-Use Values—Economics, Recreation, and Aesthetics
61
Scientific Conclusions That Can Be Drawn
67
Accuracy of the Scientific Conclusions Released by NPS to the Public
71
How Scientific Conclusions Affected NPS Decision Making
80
References
88
Appendixes
A Wilderness Status
105
B Full Statement of Task
114
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Shellfish Mariculture in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore, California
C Agenda: Meeting of the Committee on Best Practices for Shellfish Mariculture and the Effects of Commercial Activities in Drakes Estero, Pt. Reyes National Seashore, California (September 4-5, 2008)
116
D Tabulated Summary of Reported Values of Harbor Seals Flushing Distances
118
E Shellfish High Health Program Guideline: A Voluntary Program for Producers of Live Shellfish
119
F Committee and Staff Biographies
124
