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Race, Ethnicity, and Language Data: Standardization for Health Care Quality Improvement
Appendix I
Subcommittee Template: Developing a National Standard Set of Spoken Language Categories and Coding
The Subcommittee on Standardized Collection of Race/Ethnicity Data for Healthcare Quality Improvement recommends the collection of the variable spoken “language need” for each individual. Language need is to be assessed through two questions: the first is an individual’s personal assessment of his/her ability to speak English and then their preferred spoken language for a health-related encounter (Recommendation 4-1). Having this information for each individual allows its use to ensure the quality of services in subsequent encounters, in analysis of health care disparities, and in system-level planning (e.g., determining the need for interpreters and matching patients to language-concordant providers). The subcommittee defines limited English proficiency for health care purposes as someone who speaks English less than very well.
When data are shared from one entity to another (e.g., providers to health plan or health plans to states), standardization helps ensure that data can be combined for like categories. Unlike race and Hispanic ethnicity, there is no Office of Management and Budget (OMB) standard for language categories, thus the subcommittee recommends that the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) develop national standard lists of spoken and written languages and codes (Recommendation 6-1a) and that entities choose their categories from the national standard list (Recommendation 4-3) according to the needs of the population they serve or study (Recommendation 4-2). When a health care entity designs its collection instruments, whether paper or electronic, it may, because of space considerations, have to use a limited number of pre-selected response categories. Therefore, such a response list should always include an “Other, please specify: __” option to ensure collection of each person’s language need (Recommendation 4-2). Some electronic data collection systems are more sophisticated, and by using keystroke recognition can accommodate hundreds of languages.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEMPLATE
The subcommittee did not identify a single existing category list that it believed was ready to serve as a national standard set. To develop a template of spoken languages spoken in the United States, the subcommittee compiled the attached list to serve as a draft template of language names and coding possibilities. (An online searchable and sortable Excel version of the list is available at: www.iom.edu/datastandardization.) Census Bureau data on languages spoken at home was a logical place to start to compile lists of languages; the Census has compiled
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approximately 530 language names corresponding to about 380 language codes.1 Some of these languages are nearing extinction. Another group, International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has established code sets for thousands of languages; the ISO language lists and particularly their coding focus on distinct languages with distinct codes, whereas the Census Bureau is more likely to give related languages the same code. The ISO codes have evolved from a first-generation two-letter coding system (ISO 639-1), to a three-letter system to accommodate additional languages primarily for bibliographic uses (ISO 639-2), to a set that now incorporates more three-letter codes to cover 6,000 known languages in the world (ISO 639-3). The ISO 639-3 codes are intended “to provide a comprehensive set of identifiers for all languages for use in a wide range of applications, including linguistics, lexicography and internationalization of information systems.”2
The subcommittee list began with the Census Bureau’s summary file 3 (SF3) technical documentation list of approximately 530 languages and 380 three digit numerical codes;3 these are presented in the first two columns. Names that are not in all caps are considered to have a relationship to an ALL CAPS language name and receive the same code.4 The Census Bureau could not confirm whether persons speaking the ALL CAPS languages would be understood by those with the same code; the online Excel file can be sorted by the code number to see which languages have overlapping codes. Additional language names, not on the Census list, were added to the Census names column based on previous surveys conducted by Hospital Research & Educational Trust (HRET) of a representative sample of hospitals and the National Association of Community Health Centers of a representative sample of health centers;5 requests to Language Line, an interpretation and translation service;6 and subcommittee collection of additional names from a handful of providers.7 The languages added to the initial Census list are indicated by an * next to the Census code number; the code number assigned was provided by Census Bureau staff to indicate how they would have coded the response; some remain uncoded.8 This resulted in approximately 650 total language names, of which approximately 300 were identified as being used in a health care context. A column was added to indicate categories for which the Modern Language Association reports there were responses in Census 2000;9 the subcommittee ran Census PUMS data but did not find any further languages since languages with smaller numbers of persons reporting the language were aggregated together.
Each language in the first column was then matched to different generations of ISO codes which are alphabetic rather than numeric codes. ISO 639-2 codes are maintained by the Library of Congress and are coded as two letters; the ISO 639-3 codes are three letter codes currently maintained by SIL International. ISO codes start with the most comprehensive set (ISO-639-3); after the codes, the language name under the ISO categorization scheme is listed.
The names of languages often have multiple possible spellings, even between the Census Bureau and ISO 639 language lists there are alternate spellings, and patients may provide an alternative spelling as well. The column,
1
U.S. Census Bureau. 2007. Census 2000 Summary File 3–Technical documentation. Appendix G language code list. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.
2
SIL International. 2009. Relationship between ISO 639-3 and the other parts of ISO 639. http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/relationship.asp (accessed July 20, 2009).
3
The Census Bureau included the notation n.e.c. next to a language name to means not elsewhere categorized. Some of the languages that may have fallen into these categories may now be listed in column A due to the additions the subcommittee made to the list of languages.
4
U.S. Census Bureau. 2002. Census 2000 summary file 3: Technical documentation. http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf3.pdf (accessed August 3, 2009).
5
Hasnain-Wynia, R., J. Yonek, D. Pierce, R. Kang, and C. H. Greising. 2006. Hospital language services for patients with limited English proficiency: Results from a national survey. Chicago, IL: Health Research and Educational Trust (HRET)/AHA; National Association of Community Health Centers. 2008. Serving patients with limited English proficiency: Results of a community health center survey. Bethesda, MD: National Association of Community Health Centers and National Health Law Program.
6
Language Line Service. 2009. List of languages by Language Line Services. http://www.languageline.com/page/languages/ (accessed June 12, 2009).
7
Personal communications from Emilio Carrillo, New York Presbyterian Hospital, May 11, 2009; Alice Chen, San Francisco General Hospital, July 7, 2009; Maria Moreno and Traci Van, Sutter Health, July 22, 2009; Shiva Bidar-Sielaff, University of Wisconsin Health, May 11, 2009.
8
Personal communication, H. Shin, U.S. Census Bureau, July 13, 2009.
9
Modern Language Association. 2009. All languages reported to the U.S. Census in 2000. http://www.mla.org/map_data_langlist&mode=lang_tops (accessed May 26, 2009).
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Other Names and Additional Information includes some of the alternate spellings and names the subcommittee encountered, but these should not be considered all of the alternative names. Languages might even be called slightly different names, such as Amish, Pennsylvania Dutch, or Pennsylvania German, or be quite different. This need not be a barrier to the list of choices developed locally as long as it is clear on a national standard list how to categorize the alternative spellings or names.
Since the Census language list included names that appeared in responses to earlier censuses, some languages were thought to be no longer in use. The American Indian and Alaska Native languages were reviewed to determine whether they were now considered extinct or nearly extinct by Ethnologue which tracks the world’s living languages. Ethnologue uses the term nearly extinct when “only a few elderly speakers are still living.”10 Notations are made of this status in the column titled, Other Names and Additional Information; approximately 80 of the 650 languages were identified as extinct or nearly extinct.
ADAPTATION OF THE TEMPLATE TO A NATIONAL STANDARD LIST
Arriving at the possible names for a national category list appears fairly straight forward; the accompanying list is likely to identify most that will be encountered. Changes in immigration patterns over time may result in additional names; thus, category and code lists will have to be maintained (Recommendation 6-1a). Deciding on which coding scheme to adopt is more challenging. In its incidental collection of information on languages, the subcommittee encountered more instances of use of the ISO coding scheme; however, the Census has data on languages spoken at home and the degree of limited English proficiency for many languages that entities use to learn about the populations in their service areas. The subcommittee believes that there are advantages to both the Census Bureau and ISO coding schemes for languages, and does not endorse one over the other. The subcommittee indicates the need for HHS to consult with the Census Bureau, the registration authorities for the ISO codes, and others that establish unique coding for interoperability, such as HL7.
If the Census coding approach were to be adopted, the subcommittee notes that the Census list of languages and codes would likely need some additional changes to be useful. The primary limitation of the Census Bureau coding scheme is that it uses the same code for multiple related languages, while the ISO list has unique codes for each language. To the extent that patients who are not English proficient need language assistance services in distinct languages in order to facilitate understanding during patient–provider interactions, a care provider’s ability to track specific languages would be enhanced by unique coding for distinct languages; this could happen by either expanding the Census codes or adopting the detail of the ISO codes. Currently, there is no specific Census code for English. Sign language, an important communication tool, is not a unique language response on the Census, and generally would code the person as speaking English. By contrast, ISO-639 has unique codes for 130 types of sign languages. For health care purposes, some entities have found a separate category noting which persons have speech loss has been useful to understand the communication needs of all patients. Further options for “declined,” “unavailable,” or “unknown” are also useful when data are being recorded to determine the portion of the service population from whom language data have been collected.
The subcommittee did not generate a list of written languages, but illustrates these needs with the experiences of Kaiser Permanente and Contra Costa Health Plans in appendixes G and H. (Contra Costa used ISO two-letter codes supplemented by their own local coding). The ISO codes represent both spoken and written language names; separate script codes apply to written languages, as well, to describe their lettering.11
10
Ethnologue. Endangered languages. http://www.ethnologue.com/nearly_extinct.asp (accessed July 20, 2009).
11
SIL International. 2009. Scope of denotation for language identifiers. http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/scope.asp (accessed July 20, 2009).
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TABLE I-1 Subcommittee Template: Comparison of Spoken Language Categories and Coding
Census Language Namea
Census Codea
ISO 639-3 Individual languageb
ISO 639-2 Individual languageb
ISO 639-1 Individual languageb
ISO Language Nameb
Other Names and Additional Information
Reported in the Census 2000c
Kaiser Permanente Health Pland
Contra Costa Health Pland
HRET Hospital Surveyf
NACHC Survey of CHCsg
Language Line Useh
NY Presbyterian Hospitale
SFGHe
UWe
Sutter Healthe
Abkhazian
696*
abk
abk
ab
Abkhazian
x
x
x
ABNAKI
823
aaq, abe
Abnaki (Eastern, Western)
Eastern Abnaki - extinct
x
ACHINESE
733
ace
ace
Achinese
x
Acholi
785
ach
ach
Acoli
ACHUMAWI
885
acv
Achumawi
Nearly extinct
x
Acoma (same code as Laguna)
924
kjq
Western Keres (dialect-Acoma)
Afar
783*
aar
aar
aa
Afar
x
x
x
Afghani (coded same as Pashto)
657
prs (Dari Persian) pst (Central Pashto) pbt (Southern Pashto) pbu (Northern Pashto) haz (Hazaragi) uzb (Uzbek)
Afghan Languages are multiple (about 50% use Dari and about 35% Pashto; other major languages: Hazaragi, Uzbek Southern)
AFRICAN, not further specified
799
x
AFRIKAANS
611
afr
afr
af
Afrikaans
x
x
x
x
x
Aguaceto
968
agu
Aguacateco
AHTENA
848
aht
Ahtena
Nearly extinct
x
Ainu
723
aib (China), ain (Japan)
ain (Japan)
Ainu
Akan
796
aka (macro with 2 sub: fat (Fanti) and twi (Twi)
aka
ak
Akan
x
x
Aklan
743*
mlz (Malaynon)
Aklan language of Phillipines include: Malaynon and Akeanon
x
ALABAMA
915
akz
Alabama
x
ALBANIAN
638
sqi (macro with 4 subs)
sqi / alb
sq
Albanian
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
ALEUT
800
ale
ale
ALEUT
x
ALGONQUIAN
806
alq
Algonquin
Carolina Algonquin - extinct
x
x
AMERICAN INDIAN
966
American Indian
x
AMHARIC
780
amh
amh
am
Amharic
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
APACHE
862
apa (multiple other 639-3 codes)
Apache languages
x
x
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Census Language Namea
Census Codea
ISO 639-3 Individual languageb
ISO 639-2 Individual languageb
ISO 639-1 Individual languageb
ISO Language Nameb
Other Names and Additional Information
Reported in the Census 2000c
Kaiser Permanente Health Pland
Contra Costa Health Pland
HRET Hospital Surveyf
NACHC Survey of CHCsg
Language Line Useh
NY Presbyterian Hospitale
SFGHe
UWe
Sutter Healthe
ARABIC
777
ara (macro with 30 sublanguages)
ara
ar
Arabic
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Arabic Morocan
777*
ary
Arabic, Moroccan
x
Arabic Yemen
777*
ayh (Hadrami) ayn (Sanaani) acq (Ta’izzi-Adeni)
Arabic Yemen (multiple possibilities)
x
Aramaic (see below Chaldean with same code)
779
aii (Assyrian Neo-Aramaic) jpa (Aramaic, Jewish Palestine) sam (Aramaic Samaritan) cld (Chaldean Neo Aramaic)
Numerous languages with Aramaic in name
x
ARAPAHO
807
arp
arp
Arapaho
x
ARAWAKIAN
974
arw
arw
Arawak
x
ARIKARA
934
ari
Arikara
Nearly extinct
x
Arkansas
914
qua
Quapaw
x
x
x
x
x
x
ARMENIAN
655
hye
hye / arm
hy
Armenian
Ashanti (see Twi which has same code)
796
The Ashanti language is Twi (see below)
Asante
x
Asian Indian
662
ASSAMESE
672
asm
asm
as
Assamese
x
x
Assiniboine
907
asb
Assyrian
779
aii
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
x
x
x
x
ATHAPASCAN
847
ath (collective)
Athapascan languages
x
ATSINA
808
ats
Gros Ventre
x
ATSUGEWI
886
atw
Atsugewi
Nearly extinct
x
Austrian
607
bar
Bavarian
AYMARA
973
aym (macro with 2 sublanguages: Central and Southern)
aym
ay
Aymara
x
x
x
AZERBAIJANI
690
aze (macro with 2 subs: North and South)
aze
az
Azerbaijani
Azeri
x
x
x
AZTECAN
956
azc (639-5)
Uto-Aztecan
x
x
Bahasa (same code as Malay)
739
msa (macro) zim (Malay individual language)
msa/may (macro)
Ms (macro)
Bahasa Kehangsaan (Indonesia) Bahasa Malaysian (Malaysia)
x
BALINESE
734
ban
ban
Balinese
x
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Census Language Namea
Census Codea
ISO 639-3 Individual languageb
ISO 639-2 Individual languageb
ISO 639-1 Individual languageb
ISO Language Nameb
Other Names and Additional Information
Reported in the Census 2000c
Kaiser Permanente Health Pland
Contra Costa Health Pland
HRET Hospital Surveyf
NACHC Survey of CHCsg
Language Line Useh
NY Presbyterian Hospitale
SFGHe
UWe
Sutter Healthe
BALOCHI
659
bal (macro with 3 subs: Eastern, Southern, Western)
bal
Baluchi
x
Bambara
793*
bam
bam
bm
Bambara
x
x
Banjuni (see Swahili)
uncoded; code same as Swahili)
x
Bannock
941
pao
Northern Paiute
BANTU
792
bnt
Bantu (other)
x
x
Bari
786
bfa
Bari
Bashkir
688*
bak
bak
ba
Bashkir
x
x
x
BASQUE
697
eus
eus / baq
eu
Basque
x
x
x
x
x
Bassa
796*
bsq
Bassa
x
Behdini
658*
kmr
Behdini's code (bdf) was retired from use and suggest kmr Northern Kurdish
x
Bembe
792
bmb
Bembe
BENGALI
664
ben
ben
bn
Bengali
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
BERBER
781
ber (collective)
Berber (other)
x
x
Bhili
669
bhb
Bhili
Bhojpuri
668*
bho
bho
Bhojpuri
x
BIELORUSSIAN
640
bel
bel
be
Belarusian
Belorussian
x
x
x
BIHARI
668
bih
bh
Bihari
x
x
BIKOL
747
bik (macro with 5 subs)
bik
Bikol
x
BISAYAN (has separate code from Cebuano)
743
bsb (Brunei) bsy (Sabah)
Bisayan (Cebuano is a subset of Bisayan)
x
x
x
x
Bislama
604*
bis
bis
bi
Bislama
x
x
x
BLACKFOOT
809
bla
bla
Siksika
x
Bosnian
649
bos
bos
bs
Bosnian
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
BRAHUI
699
brh
Brahui
x
BRETON
634
bre
bre
br
Breton
x
x
x
x
BUGINESE
730
bug
bug
Buginese
x
x
BULGARIAN
647
bul
bul
bg
Bulgarian
x
x
x
x
x
BURMESE
717
mya
mya / bur
my
Burmese
x
x
x
x
x
x
BURUSHASKI
707
bsk
Burushaski
x
Bushman
790
xuu
Kxoe
Khoe
CADDO
935
cad
cad
Caddo
Kado, Caddoe; Nearly extinct
x
Cahto
861
ktw
Kato
Extinct
CAHUILLA
949
chl
Cahuilla
Nearly extinct
x
CAJUN
624
frc
Cajun, French
x
x
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Census Language Namea
Census Codea
ISO 639-3 Individual languageb
ISO 639-2 Individual languageb
ISO 639-1 Individual languageb
ISO Language Nameb
Other Names and Additional Information
Reported in the Census 2000c
Kaiser Permanente Health Pland
Contra Costa Health Pland
HRET Hospital Surveyf
NACHC Survey of CHCsg
Language Line Useh
NY Presbyterian Hospitale
SFGHe
UWe
Sutter Healthe
Cambodian (same code as Khmer)
726
Cambodian (see Khmer)
x
x
Canjobal
968
knj
Kanjobal, Western
x
CANTONESE
711
yue (sub of Chinese)
Cantonese
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Carib
974
car (Caribe) crb (Carib Island)
CAROLINIAN
751
cal
Carolinian
x
CATALONIAN
626
cat
cat
ca
Catalan
x
x
x
x
x
CAUCASIAN
696
cau
Caucasian (other)
x
CAYUGA
929
cay
Cayuga
x
Cebuano
744
ceb
ceb
Cebuano
x
x
CHADIC
782
shu (Chadian Arabic)
Chadian Arabic
Many languages belong to Chadic group and are used beyond borders of Chad; in Chad itself Chadic Arabic is a common language
x
Chaldean
779
cld
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
Chaldean dialects
x
x
x
CHAM
735
cjm (Eastern), cja (Western)
Cham (Eastern, Western)
x
CHAMORRO
752
cha
cha
ch
Chamorro
x
x
x
x
Chaochow; Chao-Chou; Chaozhou (code differs from Min Nan)
708
Chaochow; Chao-Chou; Chaozhou (see Min Nan-same ISO code)
x
x
x
CHASTA COSTA
859
Chasta Costa
extinct
x
CHEMEHUEVI
943
Ute-Southern Paiute (see below)
x
CHEROKEE
933
chr
chr
Cherokee
x
x
x
CHETEMACHA
921
ctm
Chitimacha
Extinct
CHEYENNE
810
chy
chy
Cheyenne
x
CHIBCHAN
975
chb
chb
Chibcha
x
Chickasaw
916
cic
Chickasaw
CHINESE
708
zho (macro with 13 subs:including cmn Mandarin)
zho / chi
zh
Chinese
x
x
x
Chinese Wu, Shanghainese
715*
wuu
Chinese, Wu, Shanghainese
x
Chinook
883
chh
Chinook
Nearly extinct
CHINOOK JARGON
965
chn
chn
Chinook Jargon
x
Chippewa
819
ciw
Chippewa
Chippewah; Chipewyan
x
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Census Language Namea
Census Codea
ISO 639-3 Individual languageb
ISO 639-2 Individual languageb
ISO 639-1 Individual languageb
ISO Language Nameb
Other Names and Additional Information
Reported in the Census 2000c
Kaiser Permanente Health Pland
Contra Costa Health Pland
HRET Hospital Surveyf
NACHC Survey of CHCsg
Language Line Useh
NY Presbyterian Hospitale
SFGHe
UWe
Sutter Healthe
CHIRICAHUA
978
apm
Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache
x
CHIWERE
908
Nearly extinct
x
CHOCTAW
916
cho
cho
Choctaw
x
CHUMASH
901
retired code for Chumash
Extinct
x
Chuukese
761
chk
chk
Chuukese
x
x
CHUVASH
684
chv
chv
cv
Chuvash
x
Circassian (same code as Caucasian)
696
Circassian (see Caucasian languages)
CLALLUM
835
clm
Clallam
Klallam; Nearly extinct
x
COAST MIWOK
870
csi
Miwok, Coast
Extinct
x
COCOMARICOPA
892
mrc
Maricopa
x
Cocopah (see Delta River Yuman)
896
coc
Cocopa
Delta River Yuman
COEUR D’ALENE
836
crd
Coeur d’Alene
Nearly extinct
x
COLUMBIA
837
col
Columbia-Wenatchi
x
Colville
841
oka
Okanagan-Colville
COMANCHE
938
com
Comanche
x
Concow
868
mjd
Northwest Maidu
Konkau; Nearly extinct
Coorgi
698
kfa
Kodava
Coorge,Kurja, Khurgi, Kadagi
Corsican
619*
cos
cos
co
Corsican
x
x
x
Coushatta
919
cku
Koasati
COWLITZ
838
cow
Cowlitz
Extinct
x
CREE
811
cre (macro with 6 sublanguages)
cre
cr
Cree
x
x
Creek
920
mus
mus
Creek
Creole
623*
many codes to match different types of creole
Creole (many choices)
x
x
CROATIAN
650
hrv
hrv / scr
hr
Croatian
x
x
x
x
x
CROW
904
cro
Crow
x
Cuna
975
kvn (Border Kuna) cuk (San Blas Kuna)
Border Kuna San Blas Kuna
CUPENO
950
cup
Cupeno
Extinct
x
CUSHITE
783
cus (collective)
Cushitic (other)
x
x
CZECH
642
ces
ces / cze
cs
Czech
x
x
x
x
x
x
DAKOTA
907
dak
dak
Dakota
x
x
x
DANISH
615
dan
dan
da
Danish
x
x
x
x
x
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Census Language Namea
Census Codea
ISO 639-3 Individual languageb
ISO 639-2 Individual languageb
ISO 639-1 Individual languageb
ISO Language Nameb
Other Names and Additional Information
Reported in the Census 2000c
Kaiser Permanente Health Pland
Contra Costa Health Pland
HRET Hospital Surveyf
NACHC Survey of CHCsg
Language Line Useh
NY Presbyterian Hospitale
SFGHe
UWe
Sutter Healthe
Dari
656
prs (gbz for Dari Zoroastrian)
Dari Persian
x
x
x
DELAWARE
812
del (macro with 2 subs)
del
Delaware
x
DELTA RIVER YUMAN
896
coc
Cocopa
x
DIEGUENO
895
dih
Kumiai, Northern Diegueno
Ipai
x
Dinka
784
din (macro with 5 sub)
din
Dinka
x
x
x
x
DRAVIDIAN
698
dra (collective)
Dravidian (other)
x
DUTCH
610
nld
nld/dut
nl
Dutch
Flemish
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Dyula
793*
dyu
dyu
Dyula
Diula
x
EFIK
797
efi
efi
Efik
x
English
eng
eng
en
English
x
x
x
x
x
x
English Creoles Belize, Guyanese
601
cpe
English-based Creoles
English Creoles Belize, Guyanese
Eosture
uncoded
uncoded
Eosture
x
ESKIMO
802
Numerous possibilities
x
x
x
ESTONIAN
680
est (macro with 2 subs)
est
et
Estonian
x
x
Ethiopian
780*
Ethiopian
See Amharic, Tigrigna
x
x
Ewe
796
ewe
ewe
ee
Ewe
x
EYAK
865
ewk
Eyak
Nearly extinct
x
Fanti
796
fat (sub of Akan)
fat
Fanti
x
FAROESE
618
fao
fao
fo
Faroese
x
x
Farsi
656
prs (same code as Dari Persian)
Farsi Eastern Persian
Farsi Persian
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
FIJIAN
771
fij
fij
fj
Fijian
x
x
x
Filipino
742
fil
fil
Filipino
x
x
x
FINNISH
679
fin
fin
fi
Finnish
x
x
x
x
x
x
Flemish
610
nld (same as Dutch)
nld/dut
nl
Flemish
x
x
x
x
Foo Chow (see FUCHOW)
713*
see Min Dong
x
FOOTHILL NORTH YOKUTS (distinguished from Tachi-Valley Yokuts)
876
yok
Yokuts (single code; also includes Tachi-Valley Yokuts)
Nearly extinct
x
FORMOSAN (same code as Taiwanese)
714
multiple languages such as dru (Rukai) sai (Saisiyat) tay (Tayal) tsy (Tsou)
Formosan
x
x
x
OCR for page 246
Race, Ethnicity, and Language Data: Standardization for Health Care Quality Improvement
Census Language Namea
Census Codea
ISO 639-3 Individual languageb
ISO 639-2 Individual languageb
ISO 639-1 Individual languageb
ISO Language Nameb
Other Names and Additional Information
Reported in the Census 2000c
Kaiser Permanente Health Pland
Contra Costa Health Pland
HRET Hospital Surveyf
NACHC Survey of CHCsg
Language Line Useh
NY Presbyterian Hospitale
SFGHe
UWe
Sutter Healthe
FOX (see Meskawkie)
813
sac
Fox
x
FRENCH
620
fra
fra/fre
fr
French
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
French Canadian (see FRENCH)
620*
x
FRENCH CREE
816
multiple Cree languages
French Cree (see Michif)
x
FRENCH CREOLE
623
cpf
French-based Creoles and Pidgin (other)
x
x
x
FRISIAN
612
frr frs fry frr Northern; frs Eastern; fry Western
frr (No.) frs (East) fry West
fy (Western)
Frisian
x
x
FUCHOW
713
cdo
Min Dong Chinese
Fuzhou; Foochow, Min Dong; Foochownese
x
x
x
x
Fukianese (see Min Nan)
714*
x
Fukien (see Min Nan)
714
Fukienese (see Min Nan)
Fukien; Fukianese
x
x
x
x
x
FULANI
794
ful (macro with 9 sub languages)
ful
ff
Fulah (also Fula)
X
x
x
x
x
x
Fur
789
fvr
Fur
Ga
796
gaa
gaa
Ga
x
Gaddang
uncoded
gdk
Gadang
x
Garifuna
974
cab
Garifuna
Caribe
Georgian
696
kat
kat/geo
ka
Georgian
x
x
x
x
GERMAN
607
deu
deu/ger
de
German
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Ghani (multiple languages coded the same)
796*
multiple languages (see specific codes: Ga, Ibo, Igbo, Krahn, Kru, Twi, Ashanti, Bassa, Akan, Ewe, Fanti)
Ghanian
x
GILBERTESE
753
gil
gil
Gilbertese
x
GONDI
700
gon (macro with 2 subs)
gon
Gondi
x
GORONTALO
749
gor
gor
Gorontalo
x
GREEK
637
ell
ell/gre
el
Greek
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Greenlandic
615*
kal
kal
kl
Greenlandic
x
x
x
Gros Ventre
808
ats
Gros Ventre
Nearly extinct
Guamanian (see Chamorro, same code)
752
cha
cha
ch
Chammoro
Guarani
976
grn (macro language with 5 subs)
grn
gn
Guarani
x
x
x
Guatemalan
968
multiple lanugages
Guatemalean
x
GUJARATHI
667
guj
guj
gu
Gujarati
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
OCR for page 247
Race, Ethnicity, and Language Data: Standardization for Health Care Quality Improvement
Census Language Namea
Census Codea
ISO 639-3 Individual languageb
ISO 639-2 Individual languageb
ISO 639-1 Individual languageb
ISO Language Nameb
Other Names and Additional Information
Reported in the Census 2000c
Kaiser Permanente Health Pland
Contra Costa Health Pland
HRET Hospital Surveyf
NACHC Survey of CHCsg
Language Line Useh
NY Presbyterian Hospitale
SFGHe
UWe
Sutter Healthe
GULLAH
605
gul
Sea Island Creole English
x
GUR
795
gur
Farefare
x
Gwichin (see Kuchin)
852
gwi
gwi
Gwich’in
HAIDA
846
hai
hai
Haida
Northern Haida - nearly extinct
x
Haitian Creole
623
hat
hat
Haitian, Haitian Creoleht
x
x
x
x
x
HAKKA
709
hak (sub of Chinese)
Hakka Chinese
x
x
x
x
x
HAN
849
haa
Han
Nearly extinct
x
Hausa
782
hau
hau
ha
Hausa
HAVASUPAI
898
yuf
Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai
x
HAWAIIAN
776
haw
haw
Hawaiian
x
x
x
Hawaiian Pidgin
603
hwc
Hawaiian Creole
x
x
x
x
HEBREW
778
heb
heb
he
Hebrew
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
HICHITA
918
x
HIDATSA
905
hid
Hidatsa
x
HINDI
663
hin
hin
hi
Hindi
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Hindi Fijian
663/671
hif
Hindi Fiji
x
Hindko
663*
hno (Hindko, Northern) hnd (Hindko, Southern)
Hindko
x
Hmong
722
hmn (Macro with 24 subs)
hmn
Hmong
x
(2 types) xx
x
Ho Chunk
909
win
Ho-Chunk
Hokkien (same code as Fukien and Min Nan)
714
Hokkien (see Min Nan)
Fukien, Southern Min from Fukian
x
HOPI
948
hop
Hopi
x
Hopi-Tewa (see Tewa)
962
tew
Tewa (USA)
Hualapai
899
Huichole
957
hch
Huichol
Hunanese
hsn
Xiang Chinese
Xiang, Hunan, Hsiang
x
HUNGARIAN
682
hun
hun
hu
Hungarian
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
HUPA
860
hup
hup
Hupa
Nearly extinct
x
Huron (see Wyandot)
932
Extinct
Ibanag
742*
ibg
Ibanag
x
Ibibio
797
ibb
Ibibio
Ibo (also see Igbo)
796
x
x
ICELANDIC
617
isl
isl/ice
is
Icelandic
x
x
x
x
Igbo
796
ibo
ibo
ig
Igbo
Ibo
x
x
Igorot
746
multiple languages
Igorot
Igorot ethnic groups in Phillipines
ILOCANO
746
ilo
ilo
Iloko
Ilokano
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
OCR for page 254
Race, Ethnicity, and Language Data: Standardization for Health Care Quality Improvement
Census Language Namea
Census Codea
ISO 639-3 Individual languageb
ISO 639-2 Individual languageb
ISO 639-1 Individual languageb
ISO Language Nameb
Other Names and Additional Information
Reported in the Census 2000c
Kaiser Permanente Health Pland
Contra Costa Health Pland
HRET Hospital Surveyf
NACHC Survey of CHCsg
Language Line Useh
NY Presbyterian Hospitale
SFGHe
UWe
Sutter Healthe
NORTHWEST MAIDU (see Concow)
869
Nearly extinct
x
NORWEGIAN
616
nor (macro with 2 subs)
nor
no
Norwegian
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Norwegian Bokmal
616
nob
nob
nb
Norwegian Bokmal
x
Norwegian Nynorsk
616
nno
nno
nn
Norwegian Nynorsk
x
NOT REPORTED
999
NUBIAN
787
nub (collective)
Nubian Languages
x
Nuer
785
nus
Nuer
x
x
NUKUORO
775
nkr
Nukuoro
x
Occitan
621*
oci
oci
oc
Occitan
x
x
x
Oglala
907
see Lakota
OJIBWA
819
oji (macro with 7 subs)
oji
oj
Ojibwa
Ojibway
x
x
OKANOGAN
841
oka
Okanagan
x
OMAHA
911
oma
Omaha-Ponca
x
ONEIDA
927
one
Oneida
x
ONONDAGA
928
ono
Onondaga
x
ORIYA
670
ori
ori
or
Oriya
x
x
x
x
Oromo
783
orm (macro with 4 subs)
orm
om
Oromo
x
x
x
x
OSAGE
912
osa
osa
Osage
Nearly extinct
x
OSSETE
661
oss
oss
os
Ossetian, Ossetic
x
Otham
954*
stp
possibly Tephuan, Southeastern
x
Other African languages
composite
x
Other and unspecified languages
999
Miscellaneous
x
x
OTHER ATHAPASCAN-EYAK LANGUAGES
861
Other Indic languages
composite
x
Other Indo-European languages
composite
x
Other language
composite
x
x
x
Other Native North American languages
composite
x
Other Slavic languages
composite
x
Other specified languages
x
OCR for page 255
Race, Ethnicity, and Language Data: Standardization for Health Care Quality Improvement
Census Language Namea
Census Codea
ISO 639-3 Individual languageb
ISO 639-2 Individual languageb
ISO 639-1 Individual languageb
ISO Language Nameb
Other Names and Additional Information
Reported in the Census 2000c
Kaiser Permanente Health Pland
Contra Costa Health Pland
HRET Hospital Surveyf
NACHC Survey of CHCsg
Language Line Useh
NY Presbyterian Hospitale
SFGHe
UWe
Sutter Healthe
Other West Germanic languages
composite
x
OTO-MANGUEN
971
oto (collective)
Oto-Manguen
x
Otomi
971
otm (Eastern Highland) ots (Estado de Mexico), otz Ixtenco , ote Mezquital), otq (Queretano), ott (Temoaya), otx (Texcatepec), otl (Tilapa)
oto (collective)
Otomi (9 individual languages)
OTTAWA
820
otw
Ottawa
x
PACHUCO
628
x
x
PACIFIC GULF YUPIK
801
ems
Pacific Gulf Yupik (see Yupik for other languages)
x
Pahari
665*
kfx (Kulla) pfz (Mahasu) phr (Potwari)
Pahari
PAIUTE
940
pao
Northerrn Paiute (see Ute-Southern Paiute below)
x
PAKISTAN, nec
676
x
x
x
x
PALAU
759
pau
pau
Paluan
x
x
Paleo-siberian
804*
x
PAMPANGAN
748
pam
pam
Pampanga
x
x
x
PANAMINT
947
par
Nearly extinct
x
PANGASINAN
745
pag
pag
Pangasinan
x
x
PANJABI
665
pan
pan
pa
Panjabi
x
x
x
x
x
x
Papago
954
ood
see Tohon O’odham
PAPIA MENTAE
630
pap
pap
Papiamento
x
PASHTO
657
pst (Central) pbt (Southern) pbu (Northern)
Pashto
x
x
x
x
x
PASSAMAQUODDY
821
pqm
Malecite-Passamaquod dy
x
PATOIS
622
gcf (Guadeloupean Creole French), jam (Jamaican Creole), gcr (Guianese Creole French)
Patois (several options)
x
x
x
OCR for page 256
Race, Ethnicity, and Language Data: Standardization for Health Care Quality Improvement
Census Language Namea
Census Codea
ISO 639-3 Individual languageb
ISO 639-2 Individual languageb
ISO 639-1 Individual languageb
ISO Language Nameb
Other Names and Additional Information
Reported in the Census 2000c
Kaiser Permanente Health Pland
Contra Costa Health Pland
HRET Hospital Surveyf
NACHC Survey of CHCsg
Language Line Useh
NY Presbyterian Hospitale
SFGHe
UWe
Sutter Healthe
PATWIN (dialect of Wintu but Wintu has different code)
874
x
PAWNEE
936
paw
Pawnee
Nearly extinct
x
PENNSYLVANIA DUTCH
608
pdc
Pennsylvania German
Pennsylvania Dutch, Amish, Amish-German
x
x
x
PENOBSCOT
822
Extinct
x
PERSIAN
656
fas (macro with 2 subs: prs Dari Persian and pes Western Persian)
fa
Persian
x
x
x
Phillipine Other
742
Phillipine Other
x
PICURIS (see Taos and separate code for Tiwa)
959
x
PIDGIN
604
cpi (Pidgin English, Chinese), wes (Pidgin Cameroon), pcm (Pidgin, Nigerian), tvy (Pidgin Timor), dep (Pidgin Delaware)
multiple types of Pidgin
Delaware Pidgin - extinct
x
PIMA
954
pia
Pima Bajo
x
Pit River (see Achumawi)
885
(see Achumawi)
PLAINS MIWOK
871
pmw
Plains Miwok
Nearly extinct
x
POLISH
645
pol
pol
pl
Polish
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
POLYNESIAN
766
Polynesian
x
POMO
888
pmm (Pomo)
Central Pomo, Southeasten Pomo, Southern Pomo - nearly extinct; Eastern Pomo, Northeastern Pomo, Northern - extinct
x
PONAPEAN
760
pon
pon
Pohnpeian
x
x
PONCA (see Omaha but different code)
913
oma
Omaha-Ponca (both languages given same code)
x
PORTUGUESE
629
por
por
pt
Portuguese
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Portuguese Creole
629
cpp
Portuguese-based Creoles and Pidgins (other)
x
POTAWATOMI
824
pot
Potawatomi
x
OCR for page 257
Race, Ethnicity, and Language Data: Standardization for Health Care Quality Improvement
Census Language Namea
Census Codea
ISO 639-3 Individual languageb
ISO 639-2 Individual languageb
ISO 639-1 Individual languageb
ISO Language Nameb
Other Names and Additional Information
Reported in the Census 2000c
Kaiser Permanente Health Pland
Contra Costa Health Pland
HRET Hospital Surveyf
NACHC Survey of CHCsg
Language Line Useh
NY Presbyterian Hospitale
SFGHe
UWe
Sutter Healthe
PROVENCAL
621
frp
Franco-Provencal
x
x
PUGET SOUND SALISH
842
slh (South Puget Sound) str (Straits)
PUGET SOUND SALISH, Southern
x
Pular
794
fuf
Pular
x
Punjabi
665
pan
pan
pa
Punjabi
x
Pushto
656
pus (macro with 3 sub Pashto languages)
pus
ps
Pushto
x
Puyallup (see Puget Sound Salish)
842
(See Puget Sound Salish, Southern)
QUAPAW
914
qua
Quapaw
Nearly extinct
x
Quechan
894
yum
Quechan
x
x
x
x
QUECHUA
972
que (macro with 44 subs of Quechua or Quichua)
que
qu
Quechua
Quiche
968
quc
Quiche
x
x
Quileute
830
qui
Quileute
Quileute; Nearly extinct
QUINAULT
843
qun
Quinault
Extinct
x
RAJASTHANI
669
raj (macro with 6 subs)
raj
Rajasthani
x
RAROTONGAN
773
rar
rar
Rarotongan
x
RHAETO-ROMANIC
632
rm
Rhaeto-Romanic
x
x
Romanian
631
ron
ron/rum
ro
Romanian (See below)
Romanian
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Romansch
632
roh
roh
rm
Romansch
Romance; Romany;Romansch
x
ROMANY
678
rom (macro with 7 subs of Romany or Romani)
Romany see above too
x
RUMANIAN
631
ron
ron/rum
ro
Romanian
RUSSIAN
639
rus
rus
ru
Russian
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
SAHAPTIAN (close to Nez Perce and Klamath)
882
x
SAHARAN
788
x
SAINT LAWRENCE ISLAND YUPIK
804
ess
Central Siberian Yupik
x
SALISH
839
slh (South Puget Sound) str (Straits)
SALISH
SALISH; Straits Salish - nearly extinct
SAMOAN
767
smo
smo
sm
Samoan
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
OCR for page 258
Race, Ethnicity, and Language Data: Standardization for Health Care Quality Improvement
Census Language Namea
Census Codea
ISO 639-3 Individual languageb
ISO 639-2 Individual languageb
ISO 639-1 Individual languageb
ISO Language Nameb
Other Names and Additional Information
Reported in the Census 2000c
Kaiser Permanente Health Pland
Contra Costa Health Pland
HRET Hospital Surveyf
NACHC Survey of CHCsg
Language Line Useh
NY Presbyterian Hospitale
SFGHe
UWe
Sutter Healthe
Samoyed (see other Uralic languages)
683
multiple languages (Uralic and Samoyed roots like Enets, Forest enf and Enets, Tundra enh)
SAN CARLOS
979
apw
Apache, Western (differs from other Apache codes)
x
San Carlos Apache (different code than Apache)
979
apw
Apache, Western (differs from other Apache codes)
San Juan
962
poe (S.J. Atzingo Popoloca), mjc (S.J. Colorado Mixtec), zab (S.J. Guelavia Zapoteca), xtz (S. J. Teita Mixtec)
San Juan (multiple languages)
SANDIA (different code than Isleta)
961
x
Sango
798*
sag
sag
sg
Sango
x
x
Sanskrit
662
san
san
sa
Sanskrit
x
Santa Clara (dialect of Tewa)
962
SANTIAM
878
kyl
Kalapuya
Nearly extinct
x
SARAMACCA
606
srm
Saramaccan
x
Scandinavian languages
composite
Scandinavian languages
x
SCOTTIC GAELIC
636
sco (Scots) gla (Scottish Gaelic
sco gla
gd (Scottish Gaelic)
Scots; Scottic Gaelic;
Scotish; Scottic Gaelic;
x
x
x
SEBUANO
744
ceb
ceb
Cebuano
x
Seminole
920
SENECA
930
see
Seneca
x
SERBIAN
651
srp
srp/scc
sr
Serbian
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
SERBOCROATIAN
649
hbs (macro with 3 subs: bos Bosnian, hrv Croatian, srp Serbian)
sh
Serbo-Croatian
x
x
x
x
x
Serokoli
uncoded
Serokola
x
SERRANO
952
ser
Serrano
Nearly extinct
x
OCR for page 259
Race, Ethnicity, and Language Data: Standardization for Health Care Quality Improvement
Census Language Namea
Census Codea
ISO 639-3 Individual languageb
ISO 639-2 Individual languageb
ISO 639-1 Individual languageb
ISO Language Nameb
Other Names and Additional Information
Reported in the Census 2000c
Kaiser Permanente Health Pland
Contra Costa Health Pland
HRET Hospital Surveyf
NACHC Survey of CHCsg
Language Line Useh
NY Presbyterian Hospitale
SFGHe
UWe
Sutter Healthe
Sesotho
792*
sot (Southern) nso (Northern)
sot nso
st
Sotho
x
x
x
Setswana
792*
tsn
tsn
tn
Tswana
x
x
x
Shanghainese
715
wuu (sub of Chinese with own code)
Wu Chinese
x
x
x
x
x
SHASTAN
889
sht
Shasta
Extinct
x
SHAWNEE
825
sjw
Shawnee
x
Shona
792
sna
sna
sn
Shona
x
x
x
x
SHOSHONI
946
shh
Shoshoni
x
SIBERIAN LANGUAGES, nec
727
Siberian Yupik
804
ess
Central Siberian Yupik
Sicilian
619*
scn
scn
Sicilian
x
SIERRA MIWOK
872
skd
Southern Sierra Miwok
Nearly extinct
x
SINDHI
675
snd
snd
sd
Sindhi
x
x
x
SINHALESE
677
sin
sin
si
Sinhalese/Sin hala
x
x
x
x
x
Sioux
907
sio (collective)
Siouan Languages
SIUSLAW
879
sis
Siuslaw
Extinct
x
Slavic
649
sla
Slavic (Other)
x
SLOVAK
646
slk
slk/slo
sk
Slovak
x
x
x
x
x
SLOVENE
652
slv
slv
sl
Slovenian
x
x
x
Sogdian
689*
sog
sog
Sogdian
x
Somali
783
som
som
so
Somali
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Songhai
789
son
Songhai languages
x
x
Soninke
793*
snk
snk
Soninke
x
x
x
SONORAN (n.e.c)
957-958
x
Sorani
658*
ckb
Central Kurdish
x
Sorbian languages
644*
hsb (Upper Sorbian) dsb (Lower)
wen (collective) hsb (Upper) dsb (Lower)
Sorbian languages
xx 2 types
x
South American Indian (Other)
sai (collective)
South American Indian (Other)
x
SOUTHERN MAIDU
869
nsz
Nisenan
Nearly extinct
x
SOUTHERN PAIUTE (different code than Ute)
942
ute
(coded same as Ute-Southern Paiute)
x
SPANISH
625
spa
spa
es
Spanish
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
SPOKANE
982
spo
Spokane
x
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Race, Ethnicity, and Language Data: Standardization for Health Care Quality Improvement
Census Language Namea
Census Codea
ISO 639-3 Individual languageb
ISO 639-2 Individual languageb
ISO 639-1 Individual languageb
ISO Language Nameb
Other Names and Additional Information
Reported in the Census 2000c
Kaiser Permanente Health Pland
Contra Costa Health Pland
HRET Hospital Surveyf
NACHC Survey of CHCsg
Language Line Useh
NY Presbyterian Hospitale
SFGHe
UWe
Sutter Healthe
SUDANIC
784
x
SUNDANESE
741
sun (Sudanese) apd (Sudanese Arabic) pga (Sudanese Creole Arabic)
sun
su
Sudanese
Sudanese/Nuer-Sudanese Sudanese Arabic
x
x
x
x
x
x
SUNDANESE
740
Suquamish
842
squ
Suquamish
SWAHILI
791
swa (macro with 2 subs) swh (swahili as an individual language)
swa (macro)
sw
SWAHILI
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
SWEDISH
614
swe
swe
sv
Swedish
x
x
x
x
x
x
Swiss
607
gsw
gsw
Swiss German
Sylhetti
664*
syl
Sylheti
x
SYRIAC
779
syr (macro language with Assyrian and Chaldean Neo Aramaic)
syr
Syriac
x
TACHI (different code from Foothill North Yokuts)
877
yok
Yokuts (single code; see also Foothill North Yokuts)
Valley Yokuts
x
TADZHIK (distinguished from Tajik)
660
Tadzhik (does not appear to be distinguished from Tajik)
x
TAGALOG
742
tgl
tgl
tl
Tagalog
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Tahitian
772
tah
tah
ty
Tahitian
Taiwanese (see Min Nan)
714
dialect of Hokkien then of Min Nan
Taiwanese
Tawainese; Tiawanese
x
x
x
x
x
Tajik
656*
tgk
tgk
tg
Tajik
x
x
TAMIL
704
tam
tam
ta
Tamil
x
x
x
x
x
x
TANACROSS
856
tcb
Tanacross
Nearly extinct
x
TANAINA
854
tfn
Tanaina
Nearly extinct
x
TANANA
855
taa (Upper) tau (Lower)
Tanana
Lower Tanana - nearly extinct
x
Taos (see also Picuris)
959
twf
Northern Tiwa (Taos is dialect of)
OCR for page 261
Race, Ethnicity, and Language Data: Standardization for Health Care Quality Improvement
Census Language Namea
Census Codea
ISO 639-3 Individual languageb
ISO 639-2 Individual languageb
ISO 639-1 Individual languageb
ISO Language Nameb
Other Names and Additional Information
Reported in the Census 2000c
Kaiser Permanente Health Pland
Contra Costa Health Pland
HRET Hospital Surveyf
NACHC Survey of CHCsg
Language Line Useh
NY Presbyterian Hospitale
SFGHe
UWe
Sutter Healthe
Tarahumara
957
tar (Central), tac (Lowland), thh (Northern), tcu (Sutheastern), twr (Southwestern)
Tarahumara
TARASCAN
969
tsz (Purepecha) pua (Western Highland Purepecha)
Purepecha
x
x
Tatar
688
tat (Tatar) crh (Crimean Tartar)
tat chr
tt
Tatar
x
x
x
Teluga
701*
x
TELUGU
701
tel
tel
te
Telegu
Telegu
x
x
x
x
x
Temne
794
tem
Timne
Themne
Teochau
uncoded
Teochew (related to Southern Min)
x
TEWA (Hopi-Tewa)
962
Twe (Indonesia) Tew (USA)
Tewa
x
THAI
720
tha
tha
th
Thai
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
TIBETAN
716
bod
bod/tib
bo
Tibetan
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Tigre
780*
tig
tig
Tigre
x
Tigrigna
780
tir
tir
ti
Tigrinya
Tigrinian; Tigrigna; Tigrinya
x
x
x
x
x
x
TILLAMOOK
844
til
Tillamook
Extinct
x
TIWA
960
lax
Tiwa
x
TLINGIT
866
tli
tli
Tlingit
x
Tohono O'Odham
954
ood
Tohano O'Odham
Tohono Odam
x
Toishan
711
Taishanese (dialect of Cantonese, but understood only with great difficulty by Cantonese speakers; Toishanese, Toisan, Toishan, Toisanese
x
x
x
TOKELAUAN
770
tkl
tkl
Tokelau
x
Tonga
792
tog
tog
Tonga [African Nyasa]
x
TONGAN
768
ton
ton
to
Tonga [Tonga Islands]
Tonganese
x
x
x
x
x
x
TONKAWA
902
tqw
Tonkawa
Extinct
x
TOWA
963
tow
Jemez
Walatowa
x
OCR for page 262
Race, Ethnicity, and Language Data: Standardization for Health Care Quality Improvement
Census Language Namea
Census Codea
ISO 639-3 Individual languageb
ISO 639-2 Individual languageb
ISO 639-1 Individual languageb
ISO Language Nameb
Other Names and Additional Information
Reported in the Census 2000c
Kaiser Permanente Health Pland
Contra Costa Health Pland
HRET Hospital Surveyf
NACHC Survey of CHCsg
Language Line Useh
NY Presbyterian Hospitale
SFGHe
UWe
Sutter Healthe
Trique
971
trc (Trique of San Juan Copala), trs (Trique, Chicahuaxtla), trq (triqui, Itunxosa)
x
TRUKESE
761
chk
chk
Chuukese
Trukee
x
x
Tshiluba
792*
lua
lua
Luba-Lulua
x
TSIMSHIAN
884
tsi
tsi
Tsimshian
x
x
x
Tsonga
792*
tso
tso
ts
Tsonga
x
x
x
TUBATULABAL
953
tub
Tubatulabal
Nearly extinct
x
Tulu
698
tul
Tulu
TUNGUS
695
tuw (ISO-639-5)
Tungusic languages
x
TUPI-GUARANI
976
tup (collective)
Tupi Languages (about 70 languages in S. America; Tupi-Guarani is of the best known)
x
TURKISH
691
tur
tur
tr
Turkish
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
TURKMEN
692
tuk
tuk
tk
Turkmen
x
x
x
x
TUSCARORA
931
tus
Tuscarora
Nearly extinct
x
TUTCHONE
858
ttm (Northern) tce (Southern)
Northern and Southern Tutchone
x
TWANA
845
Extinct
x
Twi
796
twi
twi
Twi (sub of macro Akan)
Twi
x
x
x
x
x
x
UIGHUR
689
uig
uig
ug
Uighur
x
x
UKRAINIAN
641
ukr
ukr
uk
Ukrainian
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
ULITHEAN
762
uli
Ulithian
x
Umatilla
882
uma
Umatilla
UP RIVER YUMAN
891
mov
Mohave
Yuman (Upriver), River Yuman
x
UPLAND YUMAN
897
yuf
Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai
Upper Colorado Yuman
x
UPPER CHEHALIS
834
cjh
Upper Chehalis
UPPER CHEHALIS; extinct
x
UPPER CHINOOK (see Wasco)
883
wac
Wasco-Wishram
x
UPPER KUSKOKWIM
853
kuu
Upper Kuskokwim
Nearly extinct
x
UPPER TANANA
857
tau
Upper Tanana
x
URALIC LANGUAGES, OTHER
683
URDU
671
urd
urd
ur
Urdu
Urdu-Pakistan
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
OCR for page 263
Race, Ethnicity, and Language Data: Standardization for Health Care Quality Improvement
Census Language Namea
Census Codea
ISO 639-3 Individual languageb
ISO 639-2 Individual languageb
ISO 639-1 Individual languageb
ISO Language Nameb
Other Names and Additional Information
Reported in the Census 2000c
Kaiser Permanente Health Pland
Contra Costa Health Pland
HRET Hospital Surveyf
NACHC Survey of CHCsg
Language Line Useh
NY Presbyterian Hospitale
SFGHe
UWe
Sutter Healthe
UTE
945
ute
Ute (Southern Paiute)
x
Uzbek
689
uzb (macro with 2 subs)
uzb
uz
Uzbek
x
x
VIETNAMESE
728
vie
vie
vi
Vietnamese
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Visayan
743
ceb
Cebuano
Bisayan (has a separate code), Sebuano
Volapuk
uncoded
vol
vol
vo
Volapuk
Volapuk
x
WALAPAI
899
yuf
Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai
x
WAPPO
923
wao
Wappo
Extinct
x
Warm Springs
882
tqn
Tenino
Wasco
883
wac
Wasco-Wishram
WASHO
890
was
was
Washo
Nearly extinct
x
WELSH
633
cym
cym/wel
cy
Welsh
x
x
x
Wenatchee
837
col
columbia-Wenatchi
White Mountain
979
apw
Apache, Western (differs from other Apache codes)
White Mountain is dialect of Western Apache
WICHITA
937
Nearly extinct
x
Windish
644
Slovenian language group
WINNEBAGO
909
win
Ho-Chunk
x
WINTUN
875
wit
Wintu
Nearly extinct
x
WIYOT
826
wiy
Wiyot
Extinct
x
WOLEAI-ULITHI
763
woe
Woleaian
x
Wolof
794
wol
wol
wo
Wolof
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
WU
715
wuu (sub of Chinese with own code)
Wu Chinese
x
x
x
WYANDOT (see Huron)
932
wya
Wyandot
Extinct
x
Xhosa
792
xho
xho
xh
Xhosa
x
x
x
Yakama
882
YAKUT
693
sah
sah
Yakut
x
YAPESE
764
yap
yap
Yapese
x
x
YAQUI
955
yaq
Yaqui
x
YAVAPAI (different code than Havasupai)
900
yuf
Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai
x
Yenisei
683
kjh
Khakas
Abakan Tartar, Yennisej Tartar, Xakas
YIDDISH
609
yid (macro with 2 subs)
yid
yi
Yiddish
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Yoruba
796
yor
yor
yo
Yoruba
x
x
x
x
YUCHI
903
yuc
Yuchi
Nearly extinct
x
Yugoslav
649
YUKI
922
yuk
Yuki
Extinct
x
OCR for page 264
Race, Ethnicity, and Language Data: Standardization for Health Care Quality Improvement
Census Language Namea
Census Codea
ISO 639-3 Individual languageb
ISO 639-2 Individual languageb
ISO 639-1 Individual languageb
ISO Language Nameb
Other Names and Additional Information
Reported in the Census 2000c
Kaiser Permanente Health Pland
Contra Costa Health Pland
HRET Hospital Surveyf
NACHC Survey of CHCsg
Language Line Useh
NY Presbyterian Hospitale
SFGHe
UWe
Sutter Healthe
YUMA
894
yum
Quechan
Kechan
YUPIK
805
esu (Central) ess (Central Siberain) ynk (Naukan) ems (Pacific Gulf) ysr (Sirenic)
ypk (collective)
YUPIK
x
x
YUROK
827
yur
Yurok
YUROK; nearly extinct
x
Zapoteca
971
zap (macro with 47 subs
zap
Zapotec
x
x
Zia
924
zia
Zia
Zulu
792
zul
zul
zu
Zulu
x
x
x
ZUNI
964
zun
zun
Zuni
x
736
Bravanese (name for Swahili use in part of Somalia
x
uncoded
daw
Davawenyo
Davaweno
x
uncoded
hac
Gorani
Southern Kurdish language
x
uncoded
Manegra
x
uncoded written
Brai (4 letter script code ISO 15924)
Braille
x
coded as English
Nonspeaking; speech loss
uncoded
Declined, Refused
x
coded as English
ase
American Sign Language
Deaf; Hearing Impaired; Non Hearing
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
American Sign Language tactive
x
uncoded
130 possible choices
Multiple Sign Language options
Other Sign Language
x
x
x
uncoded
und
Undetermined; Unable to Determine; Unknown
x
x
aU. S. Census Bureau. 2007. Census 2000 Summary File 2 - Technical documentation. Appendix G code lists. Washington, DC: U. S. Census Bureau. Additional languages were added to this column based on the responses in columns on health plan, hospital, and community health center use. An asterisk indicates a language added to the Census 2000 list.
bSIL International. 2009. ISO 639 Code Tables. http://sil.org/iso639-3/codes.asp?order=639_3&letter=a (accessed August 25, 2009).
cModern Language Association. 2009. All languages reported to the US Census in 2000. http://www.mla.org/map_data_langlist&mode=lang_tops (accessed May 26, 2009).
dSee Appendixes G and H on Kaiser Permanente and Contra Costa for information on their approaches to data collection and categorization.
ePersonal communications from Emilio Carrillo, New York Presbyterian Hospital, May 11, 2009; Alice Chen, San Francisco General Hospital, July 7, 2009; Maria Moreno and Traci Van, Sutter Health, July 22, 2009; Shiva Bidar-Sielaff, University of Wisconsin Health, May 11, 2009.
fHasnain-Wynia, R., J. Yonek, D. Pierce, R. Kang, and C. H. Greising. 2006. Hospital language services for patients with limited English proficiency: Results from a national survey. Chicago, IL: Health Research and Educational Trust (HRET)/AHA.
gNational Association of Community Health Centers. 2008. Serving patients with limited English proficiency: Results of a community health center survey. Bethesda, MD: National Association of Community Health Centers and National Health Law Program.
hLanguage Line Service. 2009. List of languages by Language Line Serivces. http://www.languageline.com/page/languages/ ( accessed June 12, 2009).