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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 2009. Review of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Response to Petitions to Reclassify the Light Brown Apple Moth as a Non-Actionable Pest: A Letter Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12762.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 2009. Review of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Response to Petitions to Reclassify the Light Brown Apple Moth as a Non-Actionable Pest: A Letter Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12762.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 2009. Review of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Response to Petitions to Reclassify the Light Brown Apple Moth as a Non-Actionable Pest: A Letter Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12762.
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REFERENCES   Acquaye, A.K.A., J.M. Alston, H. Lee, and D.A. Sumner. 2005. Economic consequences of invasive species policies in the presence of commodity programs: Theory and application to citrus canker. Review of Agricultural Economics 27 (3): 498–504. Brockerhoff, E.G., H. Jactel, A.C. Leckie, and D.M. Suckling. 2002. Species composition and abundance of leafrollers in a Canterbury pine plantation. New Zealand Plant Protection 55 (2002): 85–89. Bush, G.L. 1969. Sympatric host race formation and speciation in frugivorous flies of the genus Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae). Evolution 23 (2): 237–251. Collett, N.G. and J. McBeath. 2007. Managing insect pests in Eucalyptus globulus (Labill.) plantations in Victoria using insecticide tablets at establishment. Australian Forestry 70 (1): 53–60. Dahlsten, D.L. and R. Garcia, eds. 1989. Eradication of exotic pests: analysis with case histories. New Haven: Yale University Press. 296 pp. Danthanarayana, W. 1975. The Bionomics, Distribution and Host Range of the Light Brown Apple Moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walk.) (Tortricidae). Australian Journal of Zoology 23: 419–437. Danthanarayana, W., H. Gu, and S. Ashley. 1995. Population growth potential of Epiphyas postvittana, the lightbrown apple moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in relation to diet, temperature and climate. Australian Journal of Zoology 43 (4): 381–394. Davis, M.A. 2009. Invasion biology. Oxford: New York. Ehrlich, P.R. 1986. Which animal will invade? In, Ecology of biological invasions of North America and Hawaii, eds. H. G. Baker, H. A. Mooney and J. A. Drake, pp. 79–95. New York: Springer-Verlag. Floyd, J., B.G. Lee, R. Schall, and D. Wade. 2002. Emergency Programs Manual. February 2002. U.S. Department of Agriculture—Marketing and Regulatory Programs/ Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/ Plant Protection and Quarantine. 05/2002-01. 2nd ed. Washington, DC. Available online at http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/manuals/emergency/downloads/epm.pdf Accessed August 3, 2009. Fountain, M.T. and J.V. Cross. 2007. The light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in UK pome and stone fruit orchards. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin 30 (4): 51–60. Fowler, G., L. Garrett, A. Neeley, D. Borchert, and B. Spears. 2007. Economic Analysis: Risk to U.S. Apple, Grape, Orange and Pear Production from the Light Brown Apple Moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) November. USDA-APHIS-PPQ-EDP. Rev. 02 113007. Washington, DC. Fowler, G., L. Garrett, A. Neeley, R. Magarey, D. Borchert, and B. Spears. 2009. Economic Analysis: Risk to U.S. Apple, Grape, Orange and Pear Production from the Light Brown Apple Moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) May. USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST-PERAL. Rev. 05 052709. Washington, DC. Available online at http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/lba_moth/downloads/lbamecono micanalysis.pdf. Accessed August 3, 2009. 14

LETTER REPORT 15 Geier, P.W. and D.T. Briese. 1981. The light-brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker): a native leafroller fostered by European settlement. In, The Ecology of pests: some Australian case histories, eds. R. L. Kitching and R. E. Jones, pp. 131-155. Melbourne: CSIRO Australia. Guisan, A. and W. Thuiller. 2005. Predicting species distribution: Offering more than simple habitat models. Ecology Letters 8 (9): 993–1009. IPPC (International Plant Protection Convention). 2008. International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures 1 to 31 (2008 edition). March. FAO-UNEP. Final ed. Rome, Italy. Available online at https://www.ippc.int/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xMzM5OS4xMjQwNDcmNj1lbiYz Mz1wdWJsaWNhdGlvbnMmc2hvd0NoaWxkcmVuPXRydWUmMzc9aW5mbw~~#koin fo. ———. 2009. International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures No. 5: Glossary of phytosanitary terms. FAO-UNEP. ISPM No. 5. Rome, Italy. Available online at https://www.ippc.int/servlet/BinaryDownloaderServlet/184195_E.pd.pdf?filename=1241 701271714_ISPM05_2009_E.pdf&refID=184195. Accessed August 3, 2009. Kay, M.K. 1991. Australian and New Zealand Species in Forestry. In, World crop pests: Tortricid Pests: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, eds. L. P. S. van der Geest and H. H. Evenhuis, pp. 765–773. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers. Livingston, M, R. Johansson, S. Daberkow, M. Roberts, M. Ash, and V. Breneman. 2004. Economic and policy implications of wind-borne entry of Asian soybean rust into the United States. United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Mack, R.N., D. Simberloff, W.M. Lonsdale, H. Evans, M. Clout, and F.A. Bazzaz. 2000. Biotic invasions: Causes, epidemiology, global consequences, and control. Ecological Applications 10 (3): 689–710. Marmion, M., M. Parviainen, M. Luoto, R.K. Heikkinen, and W. Thuiller. 2009. Evaluation of consensus methods in predictive species distribution modelling. Diversity and Distributions 15 (1): 59–69. Myers, J.H., D. Simberloff, A.M. Kuris, and J.R. Carey. 2000. Eradication revisited: Dealing with exotic species. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15 (8): 316–320. National Information System of the Regional IPM Centers. 2004. National Road Map for Integrated Pest Management. NSF Center for IPM, Available online at http://www.ipmcenters.org/Docs/IPMRoadMap.pdf. Accessed August 5, 2009. NRC (National Research Council). 2002. Predicting Invasations of Nonindigenous Plants and Plant Pests. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Nuttall, M.J. 1983. Planotortrix excessana (Walker), Planotortrix notophaea (Turner), Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Greenheaded Leafroller, Blacklegged Leafroller, Light Brown Apple Moth. Forest and Timber Insects in New Zealand (Issue No. 58). O'Brien, T. July 29, 2008. E-mail to T. Vo. California Nursery Growers Commission/Nursery Growers Association. Nursery Association estimate of cost of procedures to meet compliance with LBAM phytosanitary requirements as a condition for movement. Powell, J. 2009. Member of the Committee for the Review of U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Response to Petitions to Reclassify the Light-Brown Apple Moth as a Non-Actionable Pest. Washington, DC.

16 REVIEW OF APHIS RESPONSE Richardson, D.M., P. Pyšek, M. Rejmánek, M.G. Barbour, F. Dane Panetta, and C.J. West. 2000. Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: Concepts and definitions. Diversity and Distributions 6 (2): 93–107. Sutherst, R.W. 2000. Pests and pest management: impact of climate change: a report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Barton, A.C.T. : Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. Tanaka, S.K., T. Zhu, J.R. Lund, R.E. Howitt, M.W. Jenkins, M.A. Pulido, M. Tauber, R.S. Ritzema, and I.C. Ferreira. 2006. Climate warming and water management adaptation for California. Climatic Change 76 (3–4): 361–387. U.S. Department of Agriculture-MRP/APHIS. 2008. Treatment Program for Light Brown Apple Moth in California: Environmental Assessment. February 14, 2008. U.S. Department of Agriculture-MRP/APHIS. Riverdale, MD. Available online at http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/ea/downloads/lbam-treatmentprog-02-14-08.pdf. Accessed August 5, 2009. USDA-APHIS. 2009. LBAM confirmations: 2007 to April, 22, 2009. United States Department of Agriculture—Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Data courtesy of Roxanne Broadway. USDA-APHIS-PPQ. USDA-NASS. 2007. Agricultural Chemical Usage 2006 Nursery and Floriculture Summary. December. U.S. Department of Agriculture—National Agricultural Statistical Service. Ag Ch 1 (07). Washington, DC. Available online at http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/current/AgriChemUsNursFlo/AgriChemUsNursFlo- 12-19-2007.pdf. Accessed August 3, 2009. Veitch, C.R. and M.N. Clout. 2002. Turning the tide: the eradication of invasive species. In C. R. Veitch and M. N. Clout eds. Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 27. Proceedings of the International Conference on Eradication of Island Invasives, at New Zealand, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Available online at http://www.hear.org/articles/turningthetide/#copyrightinfo. Wearing, C.H., W.P. Thomas, J.S. Dugdale, and W. Danthanarayana. 1991. Tortricid pests of pome and stone fruits, Australian and New Zealand species. In, World crop pests: Tortricid Pests: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, eds. L. P. S. van der Geest and H. H. Evenhuis, pp. 453–472. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers.

Next: APPENDIX A Review of U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Response to Petitions to Reclassify the Light Brown Apple Moth as a Non-Actionable Pest »
Review of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Response to Petitions to Reclassify the Light Brown Apple Moth as a Non-Actionable Pest: A Letter Report Get This Book
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The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has classified the Light Brown Apple Moth (LBAM)--originally from Australia and confirmed in California in 2007--as an "actionable quarantine significant pest" and has applied its authority to implement a program of quarantine restrictions and eradication, which has been met with some public resistance.

Some have petitioned for the LBAM to be reclassified as a "non-actionable pest" based on the argument that the moth is not a significant pest economically and can be controlled by means other than eradication. APHIS asked the Research Council to evaluate the scientific justification of the draft response APHIS wrote to answer the petitions.

This report from the National Research Council concludes that APHIS is within its broad regulatory authority to classify the LBAM as an "actionable" pest. However, APHIS would benefit greatly from referencing more robust science to support its position, as its draft response did not adequately explain the moth's most likely future geographic distribution in the United States or the level of economic harm it could cause.

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