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Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change (2010)

Chapter: References

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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2010. Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12783.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2010. Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12783.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2010. Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12783.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2010. Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12783.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2010. Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12783.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2010. Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12783.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2010. Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12783.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2010. Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12783.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2010. Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12783.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2010. Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12783.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2010. Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12783.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2010. Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12783.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2010. Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12783.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2010. Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12783.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2010. Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12783.
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A D A P T I N G T O T H E I M PA C T S O F C L I M AT E C H A N G E Battisti, D. S., and R. L. Naylor. 2009. Historical warnings of future food insecurity with unprecedented seasonal heat. Sci­ ence 32 (5911):240-244. Beatley, T. 2009. Planning for Coastal Resilience: Best Practices for Calamitous Times. Washington, DC: Island Press. Beggs, P.J. 2004. Impacts of climate change on aeroallergens: past and future. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 34:1507-1513. Bell, M. L., R. Goldberg, C. Hogrefe, P. L. Kinney, K. Knowlton, B. Lynn, J. Rosenthal, C. Rosenzweig, J. A. Patz. 2007. Climate change, ambient ozone, and health in 50 US cities. Climatic Change 82:61-76. Bierbaum, R., ed. 2007. May. Coping with Climate Change, Proceedings of a National Summit. Ann Arbor, MI: School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan. Blair, D. C. 2009. Annual Threat Assessment of the Intelligence Community for the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. Online. Available at http://intelligence.senate.gov/090212/blair.pdf. Accessed February 12, 2009. BMBF (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung). 2010. Klimzug—Climate Change in Regions. Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung). Online. Available at http://www. klimzug.de/en/index.php. Accessed October 15, 2010. Boardman, A. E., D. H. Greenberg, A. R. Vining, and D. L. Weimer. 2001. Cost­Benefit Analysis: Concepts and Practice, 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Boykoff, M. T. 2007. From convergence to contention: United States mass media representations of anthropogenic climate change science. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 32(4):477-489. Brauman, K. A., G. C. Daily, T. K. Duarte, and H. A. Mooney. 2007. The nature and value of ecosystem services: An overview highlighting hydrologic services. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 32:67-98. Brekke, L. D., J. E. Kiang, J. R. Olsen, R. S. Pulwarty, D. A. Raff, D. P. Turnipseed, R. S. Webb, and K. D. White. 2009. Climate Change and Water Resources Management: A Federal Perspective. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1331. Reston, VA: U.S. Depart- ment of the Interior. Brewer, T. L. 2008. Climate change technology transfer: A new paradigm and policy agenda. Climate Policy 8(5):516-526. Broder, J. 2009. Climate change seen as a threat to national security. New York TImes, August 9, 1. Bronen, R. 2008. Alaskan communities’ rights and resilience. Forced Migration Review (31):30-32. Bronen, R. 2009. Forced migration of Alaskan indigenous communities due to climate change: Creating a human rights response. In Linking Environmental Change, Migration & Social Vulnerability, edited by A. Oliver-Smith. Bonn: UNU Institute for Environmental and Human Security. Brooks, M. L., C. M. D’Antonio, D. M. Richardson, J. B. Grace, J. E. Keeley, J. M. DiTomaso, R. J. Hobbs, M. Pellant, and D. Pyke. 2004. Effects of invasive alien plants on fire regimes. Bioscience 54(7):677-688. Burke, M. B., E. Miquel, S. Satyanath, J. A. Dykema, and D. B. Lobell. 2009. Warming increases the risk of civil war in Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106:20670-20674. Burton, I. 2008. Moving forward on adaptation. Chapter 10 in From Impacts to Adaptation: Canada in a Changing Climate 2007, edited by D. S. Lemmen. Ottawa, Ontario: Government of Canada. Busby, J. W. 2007. Climate Change and National Security: An Agenda for Action. New York: Council on Foreign Relations. California Department of Water Resources. 2008. Managing an Uncertain Future: Climate Change Adaptation Strategies for California’s Water. Sacramento, CA: California Department of Water Resources. California Energy Commission. 2009. California Climate Change Programs. Online. Available at http://www.climatechange. ca.gov/policies/ca_activities.html. Accessed October 26, 2009. California Urban Water Conservation Council. 2008. Memorandum of Understanding Regarding Urban Water Conservation in California. Sacramento, CA: California Urban Water Conservation Council. Carpenter, S. R., and R. Biggs. 2009. Freshwaters: Managing across scales in space and time. In Principles of Ecosystem Steward­ ship: Resilience­Based Natural Resource Management in a Changing World, edited by F. S. Chapin. New York: Springer. Carpenter, S. R., H. A. Mooney, J. Agard, D. Capistrano, R. S. DeFries, S. Diaz, T. Dietz, A. K. Duraiappah, A. Oteng-Yeboah, H. M. Pereira, C. Perrings, W. V. Reid, J. Sarukhan, R. J. Scholes, and A. Whyte. 2009. Science for managing ecosystem services: Beyond the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(5):1305-1312. 

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Across the United States, impacts of climate change are already evident. Heat waves have become more frequent and intense, cold extremes have become less frequent, and patterns of rainfall are likely changing. The proportion of precipitation that falls as rain rather than snow has increased across the western United States and Arctic sea ice has been reduced significantly. Sea level has been rising faster than at any time in recent history, threatening the natural and built environments on the coasts. Even if emissions of greenhouse gases were substantially reduced now, climate change and its resulting impacts would continue for some time to come.

To date, decisions related to the management and protection of the nation's people, resources, and infrastructure have been based on records in the recent past, when climate was relatively stable. Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change, part of the congressionally requested America's Climate Choices suite of studies, calls for a new paradigm-one that considers a range of possible future climate conditions and impacts that may be well outside the realm of past experience.

Adaptation requires actions from many decision makers in federal, state, tribal, and local governments; the private sector; non-governmental organizations; and community groups. However, current efforts are hampered by a lack of solid information about the benefits, costs, and effectiveness of various adaptation options; climate information on regional and local scales; and a lack of coordination. Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change calls for a national adaptation strategy that provides needed technical and scientific resources, incentives to begin adaptation planning, guidance across jurisdictions, shared lessons learned, and support of scientific research to expand knowledge of impacts and adaptation.

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