Crisis Standards of Care

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Crisis Standards of Care SUMMARY OF A WORKSHOP SERIES Clare Stroud, Bruce M. Altevogt, Lori Nadig, and Matthew Hougan, Rapporteurs Forum on Medical and Public Health Preparedness for Catastrophic Events Board on Health Sciences Policy

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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS • 500 Fifth Street, N.W. • Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This project was supported by contracts between the National Academy of Sciences and the American College of Emergency Physicians, the American Hospital Association, the American Medical Association, the American Nurses Association, the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Contract No. 200-2005-13434 TO #6), the Department of the Army (Contract No. W81XWH-08-P-0934), the Department of Health and Human Services’ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (Contract No. HHSP233200800498P), the Department of Health and Human Services’ National Institutes of Health (Contract No. N01-OD-4- 2139 TO #198), the Department of Health and Human Services’ Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (Contract No. HHSP233200900680P), the Department of Homeland Security’s Federal Emergency Management Agency (Contract No. HSFEHQ-08-P-1800), the Department of Homeland Security’s Office of Health Affairs (Contract No. HSHQDC-07-C-00097), the Department of Veteran Affairs (Contract No. V101(93)P-2136 TO #10), the Emergency Nurses Association, the National Association of Chain Drug Stores, the National Association of County and City Health Officials, the National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians, the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and the United Health Foundation. The views presented in this publication are those of the editors and attributing authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-12666-3 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-12666-5 Additional copies of this report are available from The National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334- 3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu. For more information about the Institute of Medicine, visit the IOM home page at: www.iom.edu. Copyright 2010 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Suggested citation: IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2010. Crisis standards of care: Summary of a workshop series. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

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Workshop Planning Committee * SALLY PHILLIPS (Chair), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD JAMES BLUMENSTOCK, Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, Arlington, VA KATIE BREWER, American Nurses Association, Silver Spring, MD KATHRYN BRINSFIELD, Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC STEPHEN CANTRILL, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO CAPT D. W. CHEN, Department of Defense, Washington, DC JEFFREY DUCHIN, Seattle & King County and University of Washington, Seattle, WA EDWARD GABRIEL, The Walt Disney Company, Burbank, CA LTC(P) WAYNE HACHEY, Department of Defense, Washington, DC DAN HANFLING, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA JACK HERRMANN, National Association of County and City Health Officials, Washington, DC JOHN L. HICK, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN RADM ANN R. KNEBEL, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC CAPT DEBORAH LEVY, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA ANTHONY MACINTYRE, George Washington University, Washington, DC MARGARET M. MCMAHON, Emergency Nurses Association, Williamstown, NJ CHERYL A. PETERSON, American Nurses Association, Silver Spring, MD TIA POWELL, Montefiore-Einstein Center for Bioethics, Bronx, NY CHERYL STARLING, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, CA ERIC TONER, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA * IOM planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the workshop, identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published workshop summary rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution. v

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IOM Staff BRUCE ALTEVOGT, Forum Director CLARE STROUD, Program Officer ANDREW POPE, Director, Board on Health Sciences Policy MARNINA KAMMERSELL, Research Associate ALEX REPACE, Senior Program Assistant vi

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Forum on Medical and Public Health Preparedness for Catastrophic Events* LEWIS GOLDFRANK (Chair), New York University Medical Center, New York, NY DAMON ARNOLD, Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, Arlington, VA GEORGES BENJAMIN, American Public Health Association, Washington, DC ROBERT DARLING, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD VICTORIA DAVEY, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC JEFFREY DUCHIN, Seattle & King County and University of Washington, Seattle, WA ELLEN EMBREY, Office of Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs, Department of Defense, Washington, DC LYNN GOLDMAN, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD DAVID HENRY, National Governors Association, Washington, DC JACK HERRMANN, National Association of County and City Health Officials, Washington, DC KEITH HOLTERMANN, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC JAMES JAMES, American Medical Association, Chicago, IL JERRY JOHNSTON, National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians, Mt. Pleasant, IA ROBERT KADLEC, PRTM Management Consultants, Washington, DC BRIAN KAMOIE, The White House, Washington, DC LYNNE KIDDER, Business Executives for National Security, Washington, DC JON KROHMER, Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC MICHAEL KURILLA, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD ________________________ * IOM forums and roundtables do not issue, review, or approve individual documents. The responsibility for the published workshop summary rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution. vii

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JAYNE LUX, National Business Group on Health, Washington, DC ANTHONY MACINTYRE, American College of Emergency Physicians, Washington, DC ANGELA MCGOWAN, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Princeton, NJ MARGARET MCMAHON, Emergency Nurses Association, Williamstown, NJ ERIN MULLEN, Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, Washington, DC GERALD PARKER, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC CHERYL PETERSON, American Nurses Association, Silver Spring, MD SALLY PHILLIPS, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD STEVEN PHILLIPS, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD EDITH ROSATO, National Association of Chain Drug Stores Foundation, Alexandria, VA (since July 2009) PHILLIP SCHNEIDER, National Association of Chain Drug Stores Foundation, Alexandria, VA (until July 2009) ROSLYNE SCHULMAN, American Hospital Association, Washington, DC DANIEL SOSIN, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA SHARON STANLEY, American Red Cross, Washington, DC ERIC TONER, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA REED TUCKSON, UnitedHealth Group, Minneapolis, MN MARGARET VANAMRINGE, The Joint Commission, Washington, DC IOM Staff BRUCE ALTEVOGT, Project Director CLARE STROUD, Program Officer ANDREW POPE, Director, Board on Health Sciences Policy MARNINA KAMMERSELL, Research Associate ALEX REPACE, Senior Program Assistant viii

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Reviewers This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its pub- lished report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets in- stitutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confi- dential to protect the integrity of the process. We wish to thank the fol- lowing individuals for their review of this report: Roy Alson, Forsyth County EMS, NC Nancy J. Auer, Swedish Medical Center, WA Julie Casani, North Carolina Division of Public Health Linda Degutis, Yale Center for Public Health Preparedness Robert Hood, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they did not see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Dr. Kristine M. Gebbie, School of Nursing, Hunter College City Uni- versity of New York. Appointed by the Institute of Medicine, she was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution. ix

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Contents INTRODUCTION 1 FORUM AND WORKSHOP OBJECTIVES 2 RELATED IOM WORK ON CRISIS STANDARDS OF CARE 4 Definition of “Crisis Standards of Care,” 5 Other Related Work, 5 CRISIS STANDARDS OF CARE PROTOCOLS 6 Developing Crisis Standards of Care Protocols, 8 Who Makes the Plan?, 9 CONTINUUM OF SURGE CAPACITY AND STANDARDS OF CARE 11 Conventional, Contingency, and Crisis Standards of Care, 12 Stages of Care in the North Dakota Plan, 14 CLINICAL OPERATIONS 15 Indicators, 16 Triggers, 16 Triage, 17 Alternate Care Facilities, 21 Broadening the Scope: Emergency Medical Services, Community Health, and Other Components of the Health System, 23 Resource Availability and Distribution, 26 Pediatrics and Other At-Risk Populations, 27 Palliative Care, 28 Mental Health Care, 30 Training, 31 xi

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xii CONTENTS PROVIDER INVOLVEMENT AND ENGAGEMENT 32 Engaging Frontline Providers, 32 Hospital Officials, 35 PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT AND EDUCATION 36 Changing the Culture of Preparedness, 37 Elected Officials and the Media, 38 DEVELOPING INTRASTATE AND INTERSTATE COOPERATION AND CONSISTENCY 39 FEMA Regions, 41 The All Hazards Consortium, 42 The Interstate Disaster Medical Cooperative, 43 Village-to-Village Communication, 43 Communications and Consistency, 44 THE ROLE OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND NATIONAL LEADERSHIP 46 The Veterans Health Administration, 48 The Department of Defense, 49 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 51 LEGAL ISSUES FOR CRISIS STANDARDS OF CARE 53 Legal Liability, 53 Credentialing and Scope of Practice, 57 EMTALA and HIPAA, 58 Legal Triage, 60 Education and Training, 61 CONCLUSION 61 APPENDIXES A References 65 B Summary of Guidance for Establishing Crisis Standards of Care for Use in Disaster Situations: A Letter Report 69 C Workshop Agendas 95 D Participant Feedback Survey Responses 105 E Biographical Sketches of Workshop Planning Committee Members, Invited Speakers, and Panelists 125