Hidden Costs of Energy: Unpriced Consequences of Energy Production and Use

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Hidden Costs of Energy: Unpriced Consequences of Energy Production and Use (2010)
Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology (BEST)
Board on Energy and Environmental Systems (BEES)
Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP)

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. "7 Overall Conclusions and Recommendations." Hidden Costs of Energy: Unpriced Consequences of Energy Production and Use. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2010.

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Hidden Costs of Energy: Unpriced Consequences of Energy Production and Use

TABLE 7-3 Monetized Damages Per Unit of Energy-Related Activity^a

Energy-Related Activity (Fuel Type)	Nonclimate Damage	Climate Damages (per ton CO₂-eq)^c
Energy-Related Activity (Fuel Type)	Nonclimate Damage	CO₂-eq Intensity	At $10	At $30	At $100
Electricity generation (coal)	3.2 cents/kWh	2 lb/kWh	1 cent/kWh	3 cents/kWh	10 cents/kWh
Electricity generation (natural gas)	0.16 cents/kWh	1 lb/kWh	0.5 cent/kWh	1.5 cents/kWh	5 cents/kWh
Transportation^b	1.2 to >1.7 cents/VMT	0.3 to >1.3 lb/VMT	0.15 to >.65 cent/VMT	0.45 to >2 cents/VMT	1.5 to >6 cents/VMT
Heat production (natural gas)	11 cents/MCF	140 lb/MCF	70 cents/MCF	210 cents/MCF	700 cents/MCF
^aBased on emission estimates for 2005. Damages are expressed in 2007 U.S. dollars. Damages that have not been quantified and monetized are not included. ^bTransportation fuels include E85 herbaceous, E85 corn stover, hydrogen gaseous, E85 corn, diesel with biodiesel, grid-independent HEV, grid-dependent HEV, electric vehicle, CNG, conventional gasoline and RFG, E10, low-sulfur diesel, tar sands. (See Table 7-1 for relative categories of nonclimate damages and Table 7-2 for relative categories of GHG emissions.) ^cOften called the “social cost of carbon.” ABBREVIATIONS: CO₂-eq, carbon dioxide equivalent; VMT, vehicle miles traveled; MCF, thousand cubic feet; E85, ethanol 85% blend; HEV, hybrid electric vehicle; CNG, compressed natural gas; RFG, reformulated gasoline.