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The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. School of Public Health; Nuclear Threat Initiative; the Rockefeller Foundation; The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. We thank Maria Jacobs for editorial assistance. ReferencesBrownstein, J. S., and C. C. Freifeld. 2007. HealthMap: the development of automated real-time Internet surveillance for epidemic intelligence. Eurosurveillance 12(11):E071129.5. Brownstein, J. S., C. C. Freifeld, and L. C. Madoff. 2009a. Digital disease detection—harnessing the Web for public health surveillance. New England Journal of Medicine 360(21):2153-2155, 2157. ———. 2009b. Influenza A (H1N1) virus, 2009—online monitoring. New England Journal of Medicine 360(21):2156. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 1981. Pneumocystis pneumonia—Los Angeles. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 30(21):1-3. Cohen, J. 2009. Swine flu outbreak, day by day, http://blogs.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/special/swine-flu-timeline.html (accessed November 15, 2009). Freedman, D. O., P. E. Kozarsky, L. H. Weld, and M. S. Cetron. 1999. GeoSentinel: the global emerging infections sentinel network of the International Society of Travel Medicine. Journal of Travel Medicine 6(2):94-98. Ginsberg, J., M. H. Mohebbi, R. S. Patel, L. Brammer, M. S. Smolinski, and L. Brilliant. 2009. Detecting influenza epidemics using search engine query data. Nature 457(7232):1012-1014. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 1992. Emerging infections: microbial threats to health in the United States. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Madoff, L. C. 2004. ProMED-mail: an early warning system for emerging diseases. Clinical Infectious Diseases 39(2):227-232. Madoff, L. C., and J. P. Woodall. 2005. The Internet and the global monitoring of emerging diseases: lessons from the first 10 years of ProMED-mail. Archives of Medical Research 36(6):724-730. Mykhalovskiy, E., and L. Weir. 2006. The Global Public Health Intelligence Network and early warning outbreak detection: a Canadian contribution to global public health. Canadian Journal of Public Health 97(1):42-44. Polgreen, P. M., Y. Chen, D. M. Pennock, and F. D. Nelson. 2008. Using Internet searches for influenza surveillance. Clinical Infectious Diseases 47(11):1443-1448. Poutanen, S. M., D. E. Low, B. Henry, S. Finkelstein, D. Rose, K. Green, R. Tellier, R. Draker, D. Adachi, M. Ayers, A. K. Chan, D. M. Skowronski, I. Salit, A. E. Simor, A. S. Slutsky, P. W. Doyle, M. Krajden, M. Petric, R. C. Bruham, A. J. McGreer, National Microbiology Laboratory Canada, Canadian Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Study Team. 2003. Identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Canada. New England Journal of Medicine 348(20):1995-2005. ProMED. 2003. Pneumonia—China (Guangdong): RFI, http://www.promedmail.org/pls/pm/pm?an=20030210.0357 (accessed November 20, 2009). Reis, B. Y., M. Pagano, and K. D. Mandl. 2003. Using temporal context to improve biosurveillance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100(4):1961-1965. Walters, R., P. Harlan, N. Nelson, and D. Hartley. 2009. Data sources for biosurveillance. In Wiley handbook of science and technology for homeland security, edited by J. Voeller. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Pp. 1-17.
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