ECOSYSTEM CONCEPTS FOR SUSTAINABLE BIVALVE MARICULTURE
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by Contract/Grant No. C8074080026 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Park Service. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-14695-1
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-14695-X
Front Cover: Image of the Northern quahog, Mercenaria mercenaria, was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Back Cover: Images from top right, counterclockwise: longlines in Samish Bay, Washington; Herrold Oyster Company workers picking oysters in Willapa Bay, Washington; Kumamoto oysters; eelgrass and longlines in Willapa Bay, Washington (all of these were used with permission from Bill Dewey, Taylor Shellfish Company); and mussel lines (used with permission from Fisheries and Oceans Canada).
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COMMITTEE ON BEST PRACTICES FOR SHELLFISH MARICULTURE AND THE EFFECTS OF COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES IN DRAKES ESTERO, PT. REYES NATIONAL SEASHORE, CALIFORNIA
CHARLES (PETE) H. PETERSON, Chair,
University of North Carolina, Morehead City
BARRY A. COSTA-PIERCE,
University of Rhode Island, Narragansett
BRETT R. DUMBAULD,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Newport, Oregon
CAROLYN FRIEDMAN,
University of Washington, Seattle
EILEEN E. HOFMANN,
Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
HAUKE KITE-POWELL,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
DONAL T. MANAHAN,
University of Southern California, Los Angeles
FRANCIS O’BEIRN,
Marine Institute, Galway, Ireland
ROBERT T. PAINE,
University of Washington, Seattle
PAUL THOMPSON,
University of Aberdeen, Scotland
ROBERT WHITLATCH,
University of Connecticut, Groton
Staff
JODI BOSTROM, Associate Program Officer
SUSAN ROBERTS, Board Director
JEREMY JUSTICE, Senior Program Assistant
OCEAN STUDIES BOARD
DONALD F. BOESCH, Chair,
University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge
EDWARD A. BOYLE,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
JORGE E. CORREDOR,
University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez
KEITH R. CRIDDLE,
University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau
JODY W. DEMING,
University of Washington, Seattle
MARY (MISSY) H. FEELEY,
ExxonMobil Exploration Company, Houston, Texas
ROBERT HALLBERG,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Princeton University, New Jersey
DEBRA HERNANDEZ,
Hernandez and Company, Isle of Palms, South Carolina
ROBERT A. HOLMAN,
Oregon State University, Corvallis
KIHO KIM,
American University, Washington, DC
BARBARA A. KNUTH,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
ROBERT A. LAWSON,
Science Applications International Corporation, San Diego, California
GEORGE I. MATSUMOTO,
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, California
JAY S. PEARLMAN,
The Boeing Company (retired), Port Angeles, Washington
ANDREW A. ROSENBERG,
Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia
DANIEL L. RUDNICK,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
ROBERT J. SERAFIN,
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
ANNE M. TREHU,
Oregon State University, Corvallis
PETER L. TYACK,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
DAWN J. WRIGHT,
Oregon State University, Corvallis
JAMES A. YODER,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
OSB Staff
SUSAN ROBERTS, Director
CLAUDIA MENGELT, Senior Program Officer
DEBORAH GLICKSON, Program Officer
JODI BOSTROM, Associate Program Officer
SHUBHA BANSKOTA, Financial Associate
PAMELA LEWIS, Administrative Coordinator
HEATHER CHIARELLO, Senior Program Assistant
JEREMY JUSTICE, Senior Program Assistant
Acknowledgments
This report was greatly enhanced by the participants of the meeting held as part of this study. The committee would like to acknowledge the efforts of those who gave presentations at the meeting: Kevin Amos (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), Michael Beck (The Nature Conservancy), John Bonardelli (independent consultant, Norway), Ryan Carnegie (Virginia Institute of Marine Science), William Dewey (Taylor Shellfish Farms), João G. Ferreira (New University of Lisbon, Portugal), Rebecca Goldburg (Pew Charitable Trusts), and Robert Rheault (Moonstone Oysters). These talks helped set the stage for fruitful discussions in the closed sessions that followed. The committee would like to thank Dennis Hedgecock (University of Southern California) for his contribution on bivalve genetics, which is included in Chapter 3.
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report:
MALCOLM BEVERIDGE, WorldFish Center, Cairo, Egypt
IAN DAVIES, Fisheries Research Services Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
JOÃO G. FERREIRA, New University of Lisbon, Portugal
SUSAN FORD, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
REBECCA GOLDBURG, Pew Charitable Trusts, Monclair, New Jersey
JON GRANT, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
RICHARD KARNEY, MV Shellfish Group, Vineyard Haven, Massachusetts
DOUGLAS LIPTON, University of Maryland, College Park
CHRISTOPHER MCKINDSEY, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Mont-Joli, Quebec
ANDREW A. ROSENBERG, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Judith E. McDowell, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, appointed by the Divison on Earth and Life Studies, and Michael C. Kavanaugh, Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., appointed by the Report Review Committee, who were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.