. "4 HEALTH OUTCOMES." Gulf War and Health: Volume 8: Update of Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2010.
The following HTML text is provided to enhance online
readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML.
Please use the page image
as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy.
Gulf War and Health, Volume 8: Update of Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War
4 HEALTH OUTCOMES
Veterans who were deployed to the Persian Gulf War have reported a constellation of symptoms and medical conditions during their deployment and since their return home. Epidemiologic studies comparing veterans who were deployed to the Gulf War with veterans who were in the military during the Gulf War but were not deployed have confirmed that deployed veterans have a greater prevalence of a number of medical conditions, illnesses, and symptoms. This increased reporting of symptoms and prevalence of medical conditions has also been seen in deployed veterans from many of the countries that formed the coalition forces, including the United States, the United Kingdom (UK), Australia, Canada, and Denmark. Recently, French forces deployed to the Gulf War have also been under study, but as yet few results have been published on this cohort.
In this chapter, the studies that have examined the health outcomes that have been reported or diagnosed in Gulf War veterans are presented. In the majority of studies, the prevalence of each medical condition or symptom seen in the deployed veterans is compared with the prevalence seen in nondeployed veterans. Where the prevalence of a symptom or condition has been linked by the study authors to any specific exposures experienced during deployment such as vaccines, oil-well fire smoke, anti-nerve-gas agents, or combat, the committee reviewed those associations as well.
ORGANIZATION OF THE CHAPTER
The committee presents the health outcomes in the order they appear in the InternationalStatistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Edition (ICD-10),1 except for the last section, which examines the health status of female Gulf War veterans. The committee considered all possible health effects identified in the studies it reviewed, regardless of the potential cause of the health effect, with the exception of health effects related to or resulting from infectious and parasitic diseases as those outcomes were examined in Gulf Warand Health, Volume 5: Infectious Diseases (IOM, 2007). The committee considered studies that attempted to link health effects seen in Gulf War veterans to specific deployment exposures such as nerve gas and oil-well fire smoke, but an exhaustive search of the toxicologic and
1
The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) provides a detailed description of known diseases and injuries. Every disease (or group of related diseases) is given a unique code. ICD is periodically revised and is currently in its 10th edition (ICD-10) and available at http://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/.
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole. Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 71
Gulf War and Health, Volume 8: Update of Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War
4
HEALTH OUTCOMES
Veterans who were deployed to the Persian Gulf War have reported a constellation of symptoms and medical conditions during their deployment and since their return home. Epidemiologic studies comparing veterans who were deployed to the Gulf War with veterans who were in the military during the Gulf War but were not deployed have confirmed that deployed veterans have a greater prevalence of a number of medical conditions, illnesses, and symptoms. This increased reporting of symptoms and prevalence of medical conditions has also been seen in deployed veterans from many of the countries that formed the coalition forces, including the United States, the United Kingdom (UK), Australia, Canada, and Denmark. Recently, French forces deployed to the Gulf War have also been under study, but as yet few results have been published on this cohort.
In this chapter, the studies that have examined the health outcomes that have been reported or diagnosed in Gulf War veterans are presented. In the majority of studies, the prevalence of each medical condition or symptom seen in the deployed veterans is compared with the prevalence seen in nondeployed veterans. Where the prevalence of a symptom or condition has been linked by the study authors to any specific exposures experienced during deployment such as vaccines, oil-well fire smoke, anti-nerve-gas agents, or combat, the committee reviewed those associations as well.
ORGANIZATION OF THE CHAPTER
The committee presents the health outcomes in the order they appear in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Edition (ICD-10),1 except for the last section, which examines the health status of female Gulf War veterans. The committee considered all possible health effects identified in the studies it reviewed, regardless of the potential cause of the health effect, with the exception of health effects related to or resulting from infectious and parasitic diseases as those outcomes were examined in Gulf War and Health, Volume 5: Infectious Diseases (IOM, 2007). The committee considered studies that attempted to link health effects seen in Gulf War veterans to specific deployment exposures such as nerve gas and oil-well fire smoke, but an exhaustive search of the toxicologic and
1
The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) provides a detailed description of known diseases and injuries. Every disease (or group of related diseases) is given a unique code. ICD is periodically revised and is currently in its 10th edition (ICD-10) and available at http://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/.
OCR for page 72
Gulf War and Health, Volume 8: Update of Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War
epidemiologic literature on all the possible environmental agents to which Gulf War veterans might have been exposed was not conducted.
For each health effect presented in this chapter, the committee first summarizes the primary studies and secondary or supporting studies that were included in Gulf War and Health, Volume 4: Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War (referred to as Volume 4). The committee then identifies additional primary and secondary studies from its updated literature searches and reconsiders the studies described in Volume 4 taking into account these updates. Although many of the studies are new and were published after Volume 4 was completed in 2006, some of the additional studies cited by the Update committee were published before or during 2006 but were not discussed in Volume 4. Because the Volume 4 committee was tasked with identifying those health effects seen at greater prevalence in deployed versus nondeployed Gulf War veterans and not with determining the strength of the association between deployment and the development of a particular health effect, not every study that examined an association between a health effect and Gulf War exposures was included in Volume 4. Therefore, the Update committee reviewed the categorization (primary or secondary) of all of the studies considered for Volume 4 as well as any new studies identified from an updated literature search. All studies for each health outcome, including those originally cited in Volume 4, were reviewed and categorized as primary or secondary by the entire committee in plenary session, before it came to a consensus on the appropriate category of association to be assigned to each health outcome. Consistent with previous volumes of the Gulf War and Health series, the primary studies on which the committee based its conclusions are detailed in the evidence table at the end of each health outcome section. Using this weight-of-the-evidence approach required that the Update committee be more rigorous in its review of the studies in Volume 4; as a result some studies considered to be primary in Volume 4 were recategorized as secondary for this report and vice versa. Thus, the Update committee summarizes de novo the information from both Volume 4 and any new literature to arrive at its conclusions on the strength of the association between deployment to the Gulf War and a health outcome.
As described in Chapter 2, a primary study had to include information about the putative exposure (generally deployment) and specific health outcomes, demonstrate rigorous methods, include adequate details of its methods to allow a thorough assessment, include an appropriate control or reference group, and provide appropriate adjustment for confounders. It is of note that many of the large cohort studies examined multiple outcomes and so might be referred to in more than one place in this report. A given study might be deemed a primary study for one or more health outcome and be a secondary study for another outcome, based on how each health outcome was defined and measured. For example, a particular study might be well designed for assessing diabetes because the authors used a strong indicator such as blood glucose levels to identify this disorder, but the same study might not be well designed for assessing a psychiatric disorder because the authors used only a screening instrument to identify the disorder. In general, only primary studies appear in the evidence tables that accompany the discussion of each health outcome.
A secondary study typically had methodological limitations, such as not including a rigorous or well-defined method of diagnosis, or a lack of an appropriate control group. The secondary studies were reviewed and included in the discussion because they evaluated the same health outcomes and in some cases provided useful information on veteran populations from the same conflicts as the primary studies. For this reason it was felt that secondary studies add information that might modify (increase or decrease) confidence in the conclusions, which are
OCR for page 73
Gulf War and Health, Volume 8: Update of Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War
made based on review of primary studies. Confidence in a secondary study is substantially reduced if the statistical analysis did not include adjustment for confounders, if the data were obtained from self-reported cross-sectional surveys or from screening instruments that relied solely on self-reports of diagnoses, or if response rates were unacceptably low. Without supportive evidence from primary studies, the potential for unreliable findings due to bias, chance, or multiple comparisons may outweigh the extent to which secondary studies may contribute, even collectively, to the overall conclusion of the committee about an association between deployment and any specific health outcome. Understanding the relationship between a health outcome and deployment may also be hampered by attempts to identify specific harmful exposures based on recall many years after the war. Virtually none of the studies verified veterans’ reported exposures against military records.
This chapter excludes studies of participants in Gulf War registries established by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) or the Department of Defense (DoD), which were not intended to be representative of the population of Gulf War veterans. Registry participants cannot be considered representative of all Gulf War veterans in that they are self-selected, and many may have joined the registries because they believed that they have symptoms of a new medical syndrome; they were not a random sample of Gulf War military personnel, and there is no nondeployed comparison group.
CANCER
Cancer can develop at any age but about 77% of cancers are diagnosed in people aged 55 and older. Furthermore, cancer is a disease of long latency, meaning that often the diagnosis of a cancer does not occur until 15 to 20 years or longer after the exposure that caused it (Cogliano et al., 2004). Therefore, many veterans are still young for cancer diagnoses (the mean age of military personnel during the Gulf War was 28), and for most cancers, the time since the Gulf War is probably too short to expect to observe the onset of cancer. Cancers with younger average age at onset, and also possible shorter latency periods, can include testicular cancer, skin cancer, leukemias and lymphomas, and brain cancer.
The majority of observations on the association of overall and cause-specific cancers (that is, malignant neoplasms) with Gulf War deployment are discussed in studies of general mortality and hospitalizations, rather than in reports focused specifically on cancer. However, a few studies on brain and testicular cancer in Gulf War veterans have been published. All studies in which malignant neoplasms, as a group or at particular sites, are specifically identified are reviewed here and summarized in Table 4-1.
Summary of Volume 4
Brain Cancer
The Volume 4 committee identified one cohort mortality study assessing the relationship between nerve-agent exposure caused by weapons demolition at Khamisiyah with brain cancer deaths in US Gulf War veterans. Bullman et al. (2005) explored the relationship between estimated exposure to chemical munitions destruction (sarin gas) at Khamisiyah in 1991 with cause-specific mortality of Gulf War veterans through December 31, 2000. Using the DoD’s 2000 sarin plume exposure model (Rostker, 2000), 100,487 military personnel were identified as potentially exposed and 224,980 similarly deployed military personnel were considered
OCR for page 74
Gulf War and Health, Volume 8: Update of Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War
unexposed. The study reported an increased risk of brain cancer deaths in the exposed population (relative risk [RR] 1.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12-3.34; 25 exposed cases vs 27 unexposed cases) and there was a suggestion of a dose-response relationship with increased risk among those who were considered exposed for 2 days (6 cases) relative to 1 day (19 cases) (RR 3.26, 95% CI 1.33-7.96 and RR 1.72, 95% CI 0.95-3.10, respectively). The authors also discussed modeling exposure to smoke from oil-well fires as a confounder, and the effect estimates for exposure to Khamisiyah nerve agents remained elevated. There was no significant elevation in risk associated with exposure to oil-well fires as a main effect. Because brain cancer likely has a latent period of 10-20 years and Bullman et al. (2005) had fewer than 9 years of follow-up, the Volume 4 committee concluded that additional follow-up is needed to draw any definitive conclusions concerning the association between deployment to the Gulf War and the development of brain cancer.
Testicular Cancer
The Volume 4 committee identified two studies that specifically examined testicular cancer among US servicemen during the Gulf War: Knoke et al. (1998) and Levine et al. (2005), and one study of military hospitalizations where a positive association for testicular cancer was observed (Gray et al., 1996). Gray and colleagues (1996) examined all-cause hospitalizations in DoD hospitals from August 1, 1991, through September 30, 1993, for 517,223 deployed and 1,291,323 nondeployed Gulf War servicemen. They observed an increased risk of hospitalization for testicular cancer among the deployed (standardized rate ratio 2.12, 95% CI 1.11-4.02) in the last 5 months of 1991, the period immediately after the end of deployment. However, the increased risk did not carry over into 1992 or into the first 9 months of 1993. Knoke et al. (1998) focused on the cases of first diagnosis of testicular cancer in this cohort, continuing follow-up until March 31, 1996. They observed no association with deployment status (standardized rate ratio 1.05, 95% CI 0.86-1.29). This pattern of increased incidence immediately after the war with a tapering off with time likely demonstrates a healthy warrior effect. In other words, the peak probably represented a regression to the mean after healthier people were selected for deployment and there was deferment of care during deployment. The limitations of these studies are that they were restricted to active-duty military personnel and did not include veterans who may have left the service because of poor health or those who sought treatment elsewhere.
Levine et al. (2005) conducted a pilot study matching data from the District of Columbia and New Jersey cancer-registry cases with the records of 621,902 deployed Gulf War veterans and 746,248 veterans serving at the same time as the Gulf War but not deployed. Testicular cancer cases yielded a crude proportional incidence rate (PIR) of 3.05 (95% CI 1.47-6.35) that was attenuated after adjustment for state of residence, deployment status, race, and age (PIR 2.33; 95% CI 0.95-5.70). No definitive conclusions could be made until additional registries are added.
All Cancers
The Volume 4 committee included results from two primary mortality studies. Kang and Bullman (2001) compared cause-specific mortality rates in the same database of Gulf War deployed veterans and nondeployed veterans used for the Levine et al. (2005) study described above. Vital status was determined using databases of the VA and the Social Security Administration (SSA). Over the follow-up period of 1991 to 1997, there were no significant excesses of overall cancer deaths or deaths from cancer at any specific site among deployed
OCR for page 75
Gulf War and Health, Volume 8: Update of Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War
veterans compared with the controls (total cancers: males, OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.81-1.01; females, OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.78-1.57).
Macfarlane et al. (2003) conducted a cohort study among 51,721 UK servicemembers deployed to the Persian Gulf and 50,755 nondeployed servicemembers using the National Health Service Cancer Register to identify first diagnoses of malignant cancer through July 31, 2002. The rate ratio for unspecified cancer was 0.99 (95% CI 0.83-1.17), after adjusting for sex, age, service branch, and rank. In subgroups of the cohort who participated in morbidity surveys and provided information on smoking and alcohol use, the adjusted rate ratio for all cancers was 1.12 (95% CI 0.86-1.45).
Updated and Supplemental Literature
Primary Studies
The Update committee identified one new primary study of brain cancer mortality. It also identified three studies of hospitalization or incidence, one mortality study, and one combined study where cancer was specifically assessed.
Brain Cancer
In continued mortality follow-up through 2004 of the 621,902 Gulf War deployed veterans and 746,248 nondeployed veterans originally studied by Kang and Bullman (2001), Barth et al. (2009) focused on mortality from neurological causes, that is, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson’s disease, and primary brain cancer. The cases included in the Bullman et al. study (2005) described above, also were identified from this cohort and were included in the Barth et al. study. A total of 144 cases of brain cancer were identified among the deployed veterans and 228 among the nondeployed for a mortality rate ratio (RR) of 0.90 (95% CI 0.73-1.11), adjusted for race, branch of service, type of unit, age, marital status at entry to follow-up, and sex. Within the Gulf War cohort, exposure to nerve agents from the Khamisiyah explosion for 2 or more days (Winkenwerder, 2002) and exposure to oil-well fire smoke (Rostker, 2000) were both positively associated with risk of brain cancer mortality when modeled simultaneously (adjusted rate ratios 2.71, 95% CI 1.25-5.87 and 1.81, 95% CI 1.00-3.27, respectively). Of the 43 brain cancer cases exposed to oil-well fires, 20 were also exposed for at least 1 day at Khamisiyah (S. Barth, Department of Veterans Affairs, personal communication, November 30, 2009).
Medical records were obtained for 236 of the 372 cases of brain cancer (63%). The record review resulted in 204 confirmed cases, 13 probable cases, and 19 misclassified cancers. The risk of dying from brain cancer did not change with the removal of the 19 misclassified cancers.
Hospitalization Studies
Gray et al. (2000) conducted an expanded analysis of their original 1996 study of hospitalizations to include US Gulf War veterans (n = 652,979) and nondeployed veterans (random selection of n = 652,922 from 2,912,737 total) who had separated from the armed services and those who served in the National Guard or reserve. Hospitalization data from the DoD, the VA, and California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development over the period August 1, 1991, through December 31, 1994, were assessed separately. There was no evidence of increased hospitalization from neoplasms among the Gulf War veterans compared to the nondeployed veterans in any of the three hospital systems.
OCR for page 76
Gulf War and Health, Volume 8: Update of Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War
Smith et al. (2006) compared cause-specific postdeployment hospitalization in DoD military treatment facilities during the period October 1, 1988, through December 31, 2000, among US active-duty servicemembers who served in the Gulf War (n = 455,465), Southwest Asia following the Gulf War (n = 249,047), or Bosnia, also following the Gulf War (n = 44,341). After adjusting for age, sex, marital status, pay grade, race/ethnicity, service branch, occupation, and predeployment hospitalization, the hazard ratio (HR) for nondefined neoplasms was 1.03 (95% CI 0.93-1.15) for the Gulf War deployed veterans compared to the Southwest Asia cohort and 0.61 (95% CI 0.50-0.76) compared to the Bosnia group. The adjusted HR for testicular cancer in Gulf War veterans was 0.64 (95% CI 0.32-1.28) and 0.80 (95% CI 0.27-2.39) compared to the Southwest Asia and Bosnia groups, respectively.
Mortality Studies
The UK Defence Analytical Service Agency (DASA, 2009) published summary statistics comparing mortality rates of 53,409 UK Gulf War veterans with those of 53,143 UK armed forces personnel of similar age, sex, service status, and rank who were in service at the same time, but not deployed to the gulf (era cohort). It reported 209 and 228 malignant neoplasms among the gulf and era cohorts, respectively (age-adjusted mortality RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.81-1.18). They did not observe any significant associations for specific neoplasms.
The Canadian Department of National Defense used the national mortality database and the national cancer registry to examine mortality rates and cancer incidence among Canadian Gulf War veterans from 1991 through 1999 (Statistics Canada, 2005). Two cohorts were established—the deployed cohort consisting of 5117 servicemembers sent to the gulf between August 1990 and October 1991, and the nondeployed cohort of 6093 servicemembers who were eligible for deployment but were not deployed. During the follow-up period, 10 deaths from cancer were identified in the deployed cohort and 15 in the nondeployed. The age-adjusted HR was 0.85 (95% CI 0.38-1.90). Among the deployed and nondeployed cohorts 29 and 42 incident cancers, respectively, were identified (age-adjusted HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.54-1.39). The largest number of the cases were cancers of the digestive tract (n = 15). There were also 8 testicular cancers and 4 brain cancers (all among the nondeployed). There was no evidence of an association between deployment and these specific cancers.
In continued follow-up of the study by Macfarlane et al. (2003) (discussed above), there was still no excess risk of mortality from malignant neoplasms with 2 more years of data (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.79-1.30) (Macfarlane et al., 2005).
Secondary Studies
The Update committee identified eight secondary studies of multiple outcomes that had been included in Volume 4, but had not been considered in that review of malignant neoplasms (Goss Gilroy, 1998; Iowa Persian Gulf Study Group, 1997; Ishoy et al., 1999a; Kang et al., 2000; Kelsall et al., 2004a; McCauley et al., 2002; Simmons et al., 2004; Steele, 2000). Because there is specific mention of cancer in these studies, they are described here in chronological order.
From September 1995 through May 1996, the Iowa Persian Gulf Study Group (1997) performed a cross-sectional telephone survey to solicit self-reported illness in Iowan military personnel active during the Gulf War (n = 4886). Members of the National Guard who had been deployed (n = 911) were more likely to report any cancer than nondeployed National Guards members (n = 831) (prevalence difference [PD] 1.3, 95% CI 0.6-2.0), but the prevalence was similar compared with the deployed (n = 985) and nondeployed regular military (n = 968) (PD 0.3, 95% CI −0.6-1.2). Specific reports of skin cancer followed a similar pattern.
OCR for page 77
Gulf War and Health, Volume 8: Update of Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War
The Canadian Department of National Defense commissioned Goss Gilroy, Inc., to assess the prevalence of health outcomes in Canadian forces deployed to the Gulf War (Goss Gilroy, 1998). In 1997, a questionnaire was administered to 3113 Gulf War deployed veterans and 3439 active but nondeployed Canadian veterans. Among the respondents 20-44 years of age, 0.8% of the deployed veterans and 0.5% of the nondeployed reported any cancer, and among the 45-65 year olds, the prevalence of any cancer was 4.2% in the deployed veterans and 2.5% in the nondeployed veterans.
Ishoy et al. (1999a) conducted a cross-sectional clinical examination study during 1997. Participants included Danish servicemembers deployed to the Gulf (n = 686) and eligible but nondeployed Danish servicemembers (n = 231). Skin cancer was assessed; however, results were not presented since the p-value comparing the two groups was greater than 0.05.
Kang et al. (2000) conducted a health survey comparing self-reported health outcomes for a population based sample of 15,000 deployed and 15,000 nondeployed US Gulf War veterans. Based on the responses from 11,441 deployed and 9476 nondeployed veterans, they estimated the population prevalence rates of various medical conditions. The estimated population prevalence for skin cancer was 1.5% for the deployed and 1.4% for the nondeployed veterans, with a significant difference (rate difference 0.15, 95% CI 0.11-0.19).
A population based survey of Kansas veterans deployed to the gulf (n = 1548) and nondeployed (n = 482) examined the health outcomes of deployment through automated telephone interviews to define and establish prevalence of “Gulf War illness” symptom complex (Steele, 2000). The incidence of disease diagnosed or treated by a physician was tracked through 1998. The OR for cancers, not including skin cancer (n = 18) was 1.21 (95% CI 0.40-3.69), and the OR for skin cancer (n = 23) was 1.17 (95% CI 0.47-2.90), adjusting for sex, age, income, and level of education.
In 1999, McCauley et al. (2002) conducted a telephone survey of 2918 active or reserve Army or National Guard veterans resident in Oregon, Washington, California, Georgia, or North Carolina. Among the 1263 deployed subjects, 21 incident cancers were reported, compared to 3 among the 516 nondeployed comparison group (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.0-13.1). Details on year of diagnosis and type of cancer were obtained for 20 of the 24 cases. When all skin cancers (n = 7) and cases that were not confirmed at the time of telephone follow-up (n = 4) were excluded, the OR was 4.94 (95% CI 0.6-38.1) and there was no apparent trend for any specific type of cancer. Among the Gulf War veterans, there was no indication of an association of cancer risk with exposure to nerve agents at Khamisiyah, defined as being within a 50-km radius of Khamisiyah between March 4, 1991, and March 13, 1991 (OR for exposed vs unexposed 0.4, 95% CI 0.1-1.4).
A cohort study of Australian service personnel who had (n = 1456) or had not (n = 1588) been deployed to the gulf was designed to investigate the association of symptoms and medical conditions with immunizations and other Gulf War exposures (Kelsall et al., 2004a). This study was included in Volume 4 as a major cohort study and specifically in the reviews of diseases of the circulatory system, diseases of the respiratory system, and symptoms in general. However, skin cancer, other than malignant melanoma, was also one of the 15 most frequently doctor-diagnosed medical conditions reported by the participants. After medical record review, 92 deployed veterans and 110 nondeployed veterans had a possible or probable diagnosis of the malignancy. The OR, adjusted for service type, rank, age, education, and marital status was 1.0 (95% CI 0.7-1.3).
OCR for page 78
Gulf War and Health, Volume 8: Update of Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War
Simmons et al. (2004) conducted a retrospective cohort study of male UK Gulf War deployed veterans (n = 23,358) and a comparable cohort of nondeployed veterans (n = 17,730) for self-reported health outcomes. Among the deployed veterans, 127 cancer cases, including malignant neoplasms and brain tumors were reported, compared to 88 among the nondeployed veterans (OR 1.1, 95% CI 0.9-1.5).
Finally, the Update committee identified two new secondary studies with information on cancer outcomes. From 1994 to 1996, Proctor et al. (2001a) evaluated health-related quality of life among 141 Gulf War deployed veterans and 46 veterans deployed to Germany, selected from active-duty, reserve and National Guard troops deployed through Fort Devens, Massachusetts. Among the Gulf War deployed veterans and the Germany deployed participants, 2.1% and 4.4% respectively, reported cancer, excluding skin cancer. In 2005, Kang and colleagues published a follow-up survey of the sample (15,000 deployed and 15,000 nondeployed US Gulf War veterans) described in the earlier study (Kang et al., 2000, 2009). Among the 6111 deployed and 3859 era veterans who responded, 1160 reported skin cancer diagnoses and 990 reported “other cancer.” The risk ratios, adjusted for age, sex, race, body mass index, current cigarette smoking, rank, branch of service, and unit component, for skin cancer and other cancer were 1.09 (95% CI 0.97-1.22) and 1.09 (95% CI 0.96-1.24), respectively.
Summary and Conclusions
There is no consistent evidence of a higher overall incidence of cancer in veterans who were deployed to the Gulf War than in nondeployed veterans. An association of brain-cancer mortality with possible nerve-agent exposure (based on the 2000 DoD exposure model) was observed in one study discussed in Volume 4 (Bullman et al., 2005), and the association holds up with an additional 4 years of follow-up in the same cohort (Barth et al., 2009). The association with exposure to smoke from oil-well fires became stronger with further follow-up. However, the numbers of cases of brain cancer who had possibly been exposed to nerve agents as a result of the Khamisiyah explosion was small, and there is little previous evidence of an association of sarin or organophosphate pesticides with brain cancer. Therefore, the committee concluded that there was insufficient/inadequate evidence of an association between Gulf War exposures and brain cancer. Mixed results for testicular cancer were reported by the Volume 4 committee; however, the Update committee did not identify any new studies of this cancer site. In general, many veterans are still too young for cancer diagnoses, and for most cancers the follow-up period after the Gulf War is probably too short to expect the onset of cancer. Therefore, the committee believes that further follow-up is necessary to be able to make a conclusion about whether there is an association between deployment during the Gulf War and cancer outcomes.
The committee concludes that there is insufficient/inadequate evidence of an association between deployment to the Gulf War and any cancer.
Recommendation: Due to the long latency period for cancer, there needs to be continued follow-up of Gulf War veterans and an appropriate comparison group to adequately determine any association.
OCR for page 79
Gulf War and Health, Volume 8: Update of Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War
TABLE 4-1 Cancer
Study
Design
Population
Outcomes
Results
Adjustments
Comments
Brain cancer
Bullman et al., 2005 (Vol. 4)
Cohort mortality study (population from same source as Kang and Bullman, 1996, 2001)
100,487 US Army GWVs exposed to chemical warfare agents at Khamisiyah; 224,980 nonexposed Army GWVs; exposure determined from the DoD plume model
Brain cancer mortality through December 2000 ascertained from BIRLS and NDI
Exposed (25 cases) vs unexposed (27 cases) RR 1.94 (95% CI 1.12-3.34);
Exposed 1 day: RR 1.72 (95% CI 0.95-3.10)
Exposed 2+ days: RR 3.26 (95% CI 1.33-7.96)
Age at entry, race, sex, unit component, and rank
9-year follow-up likely too short to examine brain cancer risk (increases with time since exposure); multiple comparisons; death certificate diagnosis
Barth et al., 2009 (Update)
Mortality cohort study, follow-up through 2004 of same cohort as Kang and Bullman (2001)
621,902 US GWVs and 746,248 nondeployed era veterans; 98,406 GWVs exposed to Khamisiyah nerve agents; 123,478 GWVs exposed to oil-well fire smoke
Brain cancer mortality
GWVs (144 cases) compared to era veterans (228 cases) MRR 0.90 (95% CI 0.73-1.11)
Khamisiyah exposed: MRR 2.71 (95% CI 1.25-5.87)
Oil-well fire smoke exposed: MRR 1.81 (95% CI 1.00-3.27)
Race, service branch, type of unit, age, marital status, and sex
Similar results after 19 misclassified cancers were removed from analysis
Testicular cancer
Knoke et al., 1998 (Vol. 4)
Cohort study (follow-up of Gray et al., 1996)
US, all regular, active-duty male servicemembers
GWVs (n = 517,223)
NDVs (n = 1,291,323)
First diagnosis of testicular cancer at US military hospitals worldwide (7/31/1991-3/31/1996)
GWVs (134 cases) vs NDVs (371 cases)
RR 1.05 (95% CI 0.86-1.29)
Race or ethnicity, age, occupation
Short follow-up time, but right age range; no specific exposures evaluated; military hospitals only
Levine et al., 2005 (Vol. 4)
Population-based survey—pilot study
US, all personnel (including reserves) deployed to Gulf War (GWVs) and random sample of NDVs;
GWVs (n = 621,902)
NDVs (n = 746,248)
Testicular cancers diagnosed 1991-1999 and registered by DC or NJ Cancer Registries
GWVs (cases = 17) vs NDVs (cases = 11) (358 males with cancer)
PIR 2.33 (95% CI 0.95-5.70)
Age, state of residence, deployment status, race
OCR for page 80
Gulf War and Health, Volume 8: Update of Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War
Study
Design
Population
Outcomes
Results
Adjustments
Comments
Gray et al., 1996 (Vol. 4)
Hospitalizations from August 1991 through September 1993
547,076 active-duty GWVs, 618,335 non-GWVs
Hospital-discharge diagnoses of testicular cancer (ICD-9-CM Code 186)
GWVs vs nondeployed Last 5 months of 1991: 29 cases vs 14 cases, SRR 2.12 (95% CI 1.11-4.02)
1992: SRR 1.39 (95% CI 0.91-2.11)
1993: SRR 0.89 (95% CI 0.54-1.44)
Prewar hospitalization, sex, age, race, service branch, marital status, rank, length of service, salary, occupation
Limitations: restricted to persons remaining on active duty after the war, and thus does not include veterans who may have left the service due to poor health; no adjustment for other potential confounders
All cancers
Kang and Bullman, 2001 (Vol. 4)
Cohort mortality study; follow-up from 1991 through 1997
Deployed GWVs (n = 621,902) compared to random sample of nondeployed era veterans (n = 746,248)
Overall cancer mortality ascertained from BIRLS, death certificates, and NDI
Males:
GWVs (cases = 477) vs controls (cases = 860): RR 0.90 (95% CI 0.81-1.01)
Females:
GWVs (cases = 49) vs controls (cases = 103): RR 1.11 (95% CI 0.78-1.57)
Age, race, branch of service, unit component, marital status
Short latency; low age range; death certificates
Macfarlane et al., 2003 (Vol. 4)
Cohort (follow-up of Macfarlane et al., 2000)
51,721 UK GWVs, 50,755 NDVs; random samples Subgroup of 28,518 GWVs and 20,829 era veterans with records of smoking and alcohol use
Cancers identified from National Health Service Central Register; first diagnosis 4/1/1991-7/31/2002
GWVs (cases = 270) vs NDVs (cases = 269)
Main study: RR 0.99 (95% CI 0.83-1.17)
Subgroup: RR 1.12 (95% CI 0.86-1.45)
Main analysis: sex, age group, service branch, rank Subgroup: smoking, alcohol use
Follow-up period shorter than expected latency for most cancers; low age; grouped all cancer sites due to low numbers of occurrences
Gray et al., 2000 (Update)
Retrospective cohort, hospitalizations from August 1991 through December 1994
652,979 GWVs, 652,922 randomly selected NDVs 182,164 DoD hospitalizations; 16,030 VA hospitalizations; 5,185 COSHPD hospitalizations
Hospital-discharge diagnoses of neoplasms in DoD, VA, and COSHPD hospital systems
DoD PMR 0.98 (95% CI 0.94-1.01)
VA PMR 0.88 (95% CI 0.78-0.98)
COSHPD PMR 0.86 (95% CI 0.61-1.1)
Age, sex, race
Able to assess only illnesses that resulted in hospitalization; possible undetected confounders
OCR for page 81
Gulf War and Health, Volume 8: Update of Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War
Study
Design
Population
Outcomes
Results
Adjustments
Comments
Smith et al., 2006 (Update)
Hospitalizations cohort study (cohort data from DMDC)
Active-duty personnel with a single deployment to: Gulf War theatre (n = 455,465); Southwest Asia peacekeeping mission, 1991-1998 (n = 249,047); Bosnia, 1995-1998 (n = 44,341)
Postdeployment hospitalization events (1991-2000) for an ICD-9-CM diagnosis of malignant neoplasm (140-208), and for testicular cancer specifically
Veterans of Bosnia and veterans of SW Asia compared to GW veterans Any neoplasm:
Bosnia HR 0.61 (95% CI 0.50-0.76)
SW Asia HR 1.03 (95% CI 0.93-1.15)
Testicular cancer:
Bosnia HR 0.80 (95% CI 0.27-2.39)
SW Asia HR 0.64 (95% CI 0.32-1.28)
Sex, age, marital status, pay grade, race/ethnicity, service branch, occupation, and predeployment hospitalization; time-dependent covariate to account for changing hospitalization methods, diagnostic criteria, and procedures
Active-duty personnel only; hospitalizations at DoD facilities only
DASA, 2009 (Update)
Summary statistics of causes of death from April 1, 1991 to December 31, 2007
UK GWVs (n = 53,409) vs era veterans (n = 53,143)
Mortality due to malignant neoplasms
GWVs (209 cases) compared to era veterans (228 cases) MMR 0.97 (95% CI 0.81-1.18)
No significant difference in mortality rate was found for any of the specific classes of malignant neoplasm included in the study
Single years of age structure of the Gulf cohort at January 1, 1991
Statistics Canada, 2005 (Update)
Retrospective cohort study (based on Goss Gilroy, 1998) Approximately 2200 members of the deployed cohort were in the gulf region during combat period
5117 Canadian GWVs; 6093 Canadian era veterans, frequency matched for age, sex, and military duty status
Mortality and cancer incidences determined from the CMD and CCD through 1999
Cancer mortality, HR 0.85 (95% CI 0.38-1.09)
Incidence of any cancer (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.54-1.39); cancer of the digestive system (HR 2.00, 95% CI 0.62-6.12); testicular cancer (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.18-3.24); cancer of the lymph nodes (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.16-2.62)
Age, rank
Limitations: Small sample size with low statistical power; young age of cohort; short follow-up period; no information on confounding factors
OCR for page 244
Gulf War and Health, Volume 8: Update of Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War
Kang, H. K., and T. A. Bullman. 1996. Mortality among U.S. veterans of the Persian Gulf War. New England Journal of Medicine 335(20):1498-1504.
Kang, H. K., and T. A. Bullman. 2001. Mortality among US veterans of the Persian Gulf War: 7-year follow-up. American Journal of Epidemiology 154(5):399-405.
Kang, H. K., C. M. Mahan, K. Y. Lee, C. A. Magee, and F. M. Murphy. 2000. Illnesses among United States veterans of the Gulf War: A population-based survey of 30,000 veterans. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 42(5):491-501.
Kang, H., C. Magee, C. Mahan, K. Lee, F. Murphy, L. Jackson, and G. Matanoski. 2001. Pregnancy outcomes among U.S. Gulf War veterans: A population-based survey of 30,000 veterans. Annals of Epidemiology 11(7):504-511.
Kang, H. K., C. M. Mahan, K. Y. Lee, F. M. Murphy, S. J. Simmens, H. A. Young, and P. H. Levine. 2002. Evidence for a deployment-related Gulf War syndrome by factor analysis. Archives of Environmental Health 57(1):61-68.
Kang, H. K., B. H. Natelson, C. M. Mahan, K. Y. Lee, and F. M. Murphy. 2003. Post-traumatic stress disorder and chronic fatigue syndrome-like illness among Gulf War veterans: A population-based survey of 30,000 veterans. American Journal of Epidemiology 157(2):141-148.
Kang, H., N. Dalager, C. Mahan, and E. Ishii. 2005. The role of sexual assault on the risk of PTSD among Gulf War veterans. Annals of Epidemiology 15(3):191-195.
Kang, H. K., B. Li, C. M. Mahan, S. A. Eisen, and C. C. Engel. 2009. Health of US veterans of 1991 Gulf War: A follow-up survey in 10 years. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 51(4):401-410.
Karlinsky, J. B., M. Blanchard, R. Alpern, S. A. Eisen, H. Kang, F. M. Murphy, and D. J. Reda. 2004. Late prevalence of respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function abnormalities in Gulf War I veterans. Archives of Internal Medicine 164(22):2488-2491.
Kassinen, A., L. Krogius-Kurikka, H. Makivuokko, T. Rinttila, L. Paulin, J. Corander, E. Malinen, J. Apajalahti, and A. Palva. 2007. The fecal microbiota of irritable bowel syndrome patients differs significantly from that of healthy subjects. Gastroenterology 133:24-33.
Kellow, J. E., F. Azpiroz, M. Delvaux, G. F. Gebhart, H. Mertz, E. M. M. Quigley, and A. Smout. 2006a. Principles of applied neurogastroenterology: Physiology/motility-sensation. In Rome III: The Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, 3rd ed, edited by D. A. Drossman, E. Corazziari, M. Delvaux, R. C. Spiller, N. J. Talley, W. G. Thompson, and W. E. Whitehead. McLean, VA: Degnon Associates. Pp. 89-160.
Kellow, J. E., F. Azpiroz, M. Delvaux, G. F. Gebhart, H. R. Mertz, E. M. M. Quigley, and A. Smout. 2006b. Principles of applied neurogastroenterology in the functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterology 130(5):1412-1420.
Kelsall, H. L., M. R. Sim, A. B. Forbes, D. C. Glass, D. P. McKenzie, J. F. Ikin, M. J. Abramson, L. Blizzard, and P. Ittak. 2004a. Symptoms and medical conditions in Australian veterans of the 1991 Gulf War: Relation to immunisations and other Gulf War exposures. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 61(12):1006-1013.
Kelsall, H. L., M. R. Sim, A. B. Forbes, D. P. McKenzie, D. C. Glass, J. F. Ikin, P. Ittak, and M. J. Abramson. 2004b. Respiratory health status of Australian veterans of the 1991 Gulf War and the effects of exposure to oil fire smoke and dust storms. Thorax 59(10):897-903.
OCR for page 245
Gulf War and Health, Volume 8: Update of Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War
Kelsall, H., R. Macdonell, M. Sim, A. Forbes, D. McKenzie, D. Glass, J. Ikin, and P. Ittak. 2005. Neurological status of Australian veterans of the 1991 Gulf War and the effect of medical and chemical exposures. International Journal of Epidemiology 34(4):810-819.
Kelsall, H., M. Sim, D. McKenzie, A. Forbes, K. Leder, D. Glass, J. Ikin, and A. McFarlane. 2006. Medically evaluated psychological and physical health of Australian Gulf War veterans with chronic fatigue. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 60(6):575-584.
Kelsall, H. L., M. R. Sim, J. F. Ikin, A. B. Forbes, D. P. McKenzie, D. C. Glass, and P. Ittak. 2007. Reproductive health of male Australian veterans of the 1991 Gulf War. BMC Public Health 7:79.
Kessler, R. C., A. Sonnega, E. Bromet., M. Hughes, and C.B. Nelson. 1995. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry 52(12):1048-1060.
Kessler, R. C., P. Berglund, O. Demler, R. Jin, K. R. Merikangas, and E. E. Walters. 2005a. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry 62(6):593-602.
Kessler, R. C., T. C. Wai, O. Demler, and E. E. Walters. 2005b. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry 62(6):617-627.
Kieszak, S. M., W. D. Flanders, A. S. Kosinski, C. C. Shipp, and H. Karp. 1999. A comparison of the Charlson comorbidity index derived from medical record data and administrative billing data. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 52(2):137-142.
Klooker, T. K., B. Braak, R. C. Painter, S. R. De Rooij, R. M. Van Elburg, R. M. Van Den Wijngaard, T. J. Roseboom, and G. E. Boeckxstaens. 2009. Exposure to severe wartime conditions in early life is associated with an increased risk of irritable bowel syndrome: A population-based cohort study. American Journal of Gastroenterology 104(9):2250-2256.
Knoke, J. D., and G. C. Gray. 1998. Hospitalizations for unexplained illnesses among U.S. veterans of the Persian Gulf War. [comment]. Emerging Infectious Diseases 4(2):211-219.
Knoke, J. D., G. C. Gray, and F. C. Garland. 1998. Testicular cancer and Persian Gulf War service. Epidemiology 9(6):648-653.
Knoke, J. D., T. C. Smith, G. C. Gray, K. S. Kaiser, and A. W. Hawksworth. 2000. Factor analysis of self-reported symptoms: Does it identify a Gulf War syndrome? American Journal of Epidemiology 152(4):379-388.
Komaroff, A. L., L. R. Fagioli, T. H. Doolittle, B. Gandek, M. A. Gleit, R. T. Guerriero, R. J. Kornish II, N. C. Ware, J. E. Ware Jr, and D. W. Bates. 1996. Health status in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and in general population and disease comparison groups. American Journal of Medicine 101(3):281-290.
Kroenke, K., P. Koslowe, and M. Roy. 1998. Symptoms in 18,495 Persian Gulf War veterans. Latency of onset and lack of association with self-reported exposures. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine 40(6):520-528.
Kuzma, J. M., and D. W. Black. 2006. Chronic widespread pain and psychiatric disorders in veterans of the first Gulf War. Current Pain and Headache Reports 10(2):85-89.
Lakatta, E. G. 2002. Cardiovascular ageing in health sets the stage for cardiovascular disease. Heart Lung and Circulation 11(2):76-91.
OCR for page 246
Gulf War and Health, Volume 8: Update of Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War
Lang, K. A., and J. Saylor. 1995. Gastrointestinal symptoms and the Gulf War syndrome. Gastroenterology 108(4):A23.
Lange, G., L. A. Tiersky, J. B. Scharer, T. Policastro, N. Fiedler, T. E. Morgan, and B. H. Natelson. 2001. Cognitive functioning in Gulf War illness. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 23(2):240-249.
Lange, J. L., D. A. Schwartz, B. N. Doebbeling, J. M. Heller, and P. S. Thorne. 2002. Exposures to the Kuwait oil fires and their association with asthma and bronchitis among gulf war veterans. Environmental Health Perspectives 110(11):1141-1146.
Levine, P. H., H. A. Young, S. J. Simmens, D. Rentz, V. E. Kofie, C. M. Mahan, and H. K. Kang. 2005. Is testicular cancer related to Gulf War deployment? Evidence from a pilot population-based study of Gulf War era veterans and cancer registries. Military Medicine 170(2):149-153.
Levy, R. L., W. E. Whitehead, M. R. Von Korff, and A. D. Feld. 2000. Intergenerational transmission of gastrointestinal illness behavior. American Journal of Gastroenterology 95(2):451-456.
Levy, R. L., K. W. Olden, B. D. Naliboff, L. A. Bradley, C. F. Francisconi, D. A. Drossman, and F. Creed. 2006. Psychosocial aspects of the functional gastrointestinal disorder. Gastroenterology 130:1447-1458.
Lincoln, A. E., T. I. Hooper, H. K. Kang, S. F. Debakey, D. N. Cowan, and G. D. Gackstetter. 2006. Motor vehicle fatalities among Gulf War era veterans: Characteristics, mechanisms, and circumstances. Traffic Injury Prevention 7(1):31-37.
Lindem, K., T. Heeren, R. F. White, S. P. Proctor, M. Krengel, J. Vasterling, P. B. Sutker, J. Wolfe, and T. M. Keane. 2003a. Neuropsychological performance in Gulf War era veterans: Traumatic stress symptomatology and exposure to chemical-biological warfare agents. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 25(2):105-119.
Lindem, K., S. P. Proctor, T. Heeren, M. Krengel, J. Vasterling, P. B. Sutker, J. Wolfe, T. M. Keane, and R. F. White. 2003b. Neuropsychological performance in Gulf War era veterans: Neuropsychological symptom reporting. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment.(2):121-127.
Lindem, K., R. F. White, T. Heeren, S. P. Proctor, M. Krengel, J. Vasterling, J. Wolfe, P. B. Sutker, S. Kirkley, and T. M. Keane. 2003c. Neuropsychological performance in Gulf War era veterans: Motivational factors and effort. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 25(2):129-138.
Longstreth, G. F. 2006. Functional dyspepsia—Managing the conundrum. New England Journal of Medicine 354(8):791-793.
Longstreth, G. F., W. G. Thompson, W. D. Chey, L. A. Houghton, F. Mearin, and R. C. Spiller. 2006. Functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology 130(5):1480-1491.
Lucas, K. E., P. C. Rowe, and H. K. Armenian. 2007. Latency and exposure-health associations in Gulf War veterans with early fatigue onsets: A case-control study. Annals of Epidemiology 17(10):799-806.
Macfarlane, G. J., E. Thomas, and N. Cherry. 2000. Mortality among UK Gulf War veterans. Lancet 356(9223):17-21.
OCR for page 247
Gulf War and Health, Volume 8: Update of Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War
Macfarlane, G. J., A.-M. Biggs, N. Maconochie, M. Hotopf, P. Doyle, and M. Lunt. 2003. Incidence of cancer among UK Gulf War veterans: Cohort study. British Medical Journal 327(7428):1373-1375.
Macfarlane, G. J., M. Hotopf, N. Maconochie, N. Blatchley, A. Richards, and M. Lunt. 2005. Long-term mortality amongst Gulf War Veterans: Is there a relationship with experiences during deployment and subsequent morbidity? International Journal of Epidemiology 34(6):1403-1408.
Mackness, B., M. I. Mackness, S. Arrol, W. Turkie, and P. N. Durrington. 1997. Effect of the molecular polymorphisms of human paraoxonase (PON1) on the rate of hydrolysis of paraoxon. British Journal of Pharmacology 122(2):265-268.
Maconochie, N., P. Doyle, E. Roman, G. Davies, P. G. Smith, and V. Beral. 1999. The nuclear industry family study: Linkage of occupational exposures to reproduction and child health. British Medical Journal 318(7196):1453-1454.
Maconochie, N., P. Doyle, and C. Carson. 2004. Infertility among male UK veterans of the 1990-1 Gulf war: Reproductive cohort study. British Medical Journal 329(7459):196-201.
Magruder, K. M., B. C. Frueh, R. G. Knapp, L. Davis, M. B. Hamner, R. H. Martin, P. B. Gold, and G. W. Arana. 2005. Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in Veterans Affairs primary care clinics. General Hospital Psychiatry 27(3):169-179.
McCauley, L. A., M. Lasarev, D. Sticker, D. G. Rischitelli, and P. S. Spencer. 2002. Illness experience of Gulf War veterans possibly exposed to chemical warfare agents. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 23(3):200-206.
McDiarmid, M. A., J. P. Keogh, F. J. Hooper, K. McPhaul, K. Squibb, R. Kane, R. Dipino, M. Kabat, B. Kaup, L. Anderson, D. Hoover, L. Brown, M. Hamilton, D. Jacobson-Kram, B. Burrows, and M. Walsh. 2000. Health effects of depleted uranium on exposed Gulf War veterans. Environmental Research 82(2):168-180.
McDiarmid, M. A., K. Squibb, S. Engelhardt, M. Oliver, P. Gucer, P. D. Wilson, R. Kane, M. Kabat, B. Kaup, L. Anderson, D. Hoover, L. Brown, and D. Jacobson-Kram. 2001. Surveillance of depleted uranium exposed Gulf War veterans: Health effects observed in an enlarged “friendly fire” cohort. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 43(12):991-1000.
McDiarmid, M. A., S. Engelhardt, M. Oliver, P. Gucer, P. D. Wilson, R. Kane, M. Kabat, B. Kaup, L. Anderson, D. Hoover, L. Brown, B. Handwerger, R. J. Albertini, D. Jacobson-Kram, C. D. Thorne, and K. S. Squibb. 2004. Health effects of depleted uranium on exposed Gulf War veterans: A 10-year follow-up. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health—Part A 67(4):277-296.
McDiarmid, M. A., S. M. Engelhardt, M. Oliver, P. Gucer, P. D. Wilson, R. Kane, M. Kabat, B. Kaup, L. Anderson, D. Hoover, L. Brown, R. J. Albertini, R. Gudi, D. Jacobson-Kram, C. D. Thorne, and K. S. Squibb. 2006. Biological monitoring and surveillance results of Gulf War I veterans exposed to depleted uranium. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 79(1):11-21.
McDiarmid, M. A., S. M. Engelhardt, M. Oliver, P. Gucer, P. D. Wilson, R. Kane, A. Cernich, B. Kaup, L. Anderson, D. Hoover, L. Brown, R. Albertini, R. Gudi, D. Jacobson-Kram, and K. S. Squibb. 2007a. Health surveillance of Gulf War I veterans exposed to depleted uranium: Updating the cohort. Health Physics 93(1):60-73.
OCR for page 248
Gulf War and Health, Volume 8: Update of Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War
McDiarmid, M. A., K. Squibb, S. Engelhardt, P. Gucer, and M. Oliver. 2007b. Surveillance of Gulf War I veterans exposed to depleted uranium: 15 years of follow-up. European Journal of Oncology 12(4):235-242.
McDiarmid, M. A., S. M. Engelhardt, C. D. Dorsey, M. Oliver, P. Gucer, P. D. Wilson, R. Kane, A. Cernich, B. Kaup, L. Anderson, D. Hoover, L. Brown, R. Albertini, R. Gudi, and K. S. Squibb. 2009. Surveillance results of depleted uranium-exposed Gulf War I veterans: Sixteen years of follow-up. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A 72(1):14-29.
McDonald, W.I., A. Compston, G. Edan, D. Goodkin, H.P. Hartung, F.D. Lublin, H.F. McFarland, D.W. Paty, C.H. Polman, S.C. Reingold, M. Sandberg-Wollheim, W. Sibley, A. Thompson, S. van den Noort, B.Y. Weinshenker, J.S. Wolinsky.. 2001. Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: Guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Annals of Neurology 50(1):121-127.
McGuire, V., W. T. J. Longstreth, T. D. Koepsell, and G. van Belle. 1996. Incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in three counties in western Washington state. Neurology 47(2):571-573.
McGuire, V., W. T. Longstreth Jr, L. M. Nelson, T. D. Koepsell, H. Checkoway, M. S. Morgan, and G. Van Belle. 1997. Occupational exposures and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A population-based case-control study. American Journal of Epidemiology 145(12):1076-1088.
McKenzie, D. P., J. F. Ikin, A. C. McFarlane, M. Creamer, A. B. Forbes, H. L. Kelsall, D. C. Glass, P. Ittak, and M. R. Sim. 2004. Psychological health of Australian veterans of the 1991 Gulf War: An assessment using the SF-12, GHQ-12 and PCL-S. Psychological Medicine 34(8):1419-1430.
McKeown, E. S., S. D. Parry, R. Stansfield, J. R. Barton, and M. R. Welfare. 2006. Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome may occur after non-gastrointestinal and intestinal infection. Neurogastroenterology and Motility 18(9):839-843.
Murphy, D., R. Hooper, C. French, M. Jones, R. Rona, and S. Wessely. 2006. Is the increased reporting of symptomatic ill health in Gulf War veterans related to how one asks the question? Journal of Psychosomatic Research 61(2):181-186.
Murphy, F. M., H. Kang, N. A. Dalager, K. Y. Lee, R. E. Allen, S. H. Mather, and K. W. Kizer. 1999. The health status of Gulf War veterans: Lessons learned from the Department of Veterans Affairs Health Registry. Military Medicine 164(5):327-331.
Murray, C. D., J. Flynn, L. Ratcliffe, M. R. Jacyna, M. A. Kamm, and A. V. Emmanuel. 2004. Effect of acute physical and psychological stress on gut autonomic innervation in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 127:1695-1703.
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. 2006. Conference Report: NIH Peripheral Neuropathy Conference, October 22-24, 2006, Bethesda, MD.
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. 2009. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fact Sheet. http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/amyotrophiclateralsclerosis/detail_amyotrophiclateralsclerosis.htm (accessed December 4, 2009).
Nelson, L. M., V. McGuire, W. T. Longstreth, and C. Matkin. 2000. Population-based case-control study of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in western Washington State. I. Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. American Journal of Epidemiology 151(2):156-163.
OCR for page 249
Gulf War and Health, Volume 8: Update of Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War
Nicolson, G. L., M. Y. Nasralla, J. Haier, and J. Pomfret. 2002. High frequency of systemic mycoplasmal infections in Gulf War veterans and civilians with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 9(5):525-529.
Nimnuan, C., S. Rabe-Hesketh, S. Wessely, and M. Hotopf. 2001. How many functional somatic syndromes? Journal of Psychosomatic Research 51(4):549-557.
Nisenbaum, R., D. H. Barrett, M. Reyes, and W. C. Reeves. 2000. Deployment stressors and a chronic multisymptom illness among Gulf War veterans. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 188(5):259-266.
Nisenbaum, R., K. Ismail, S. Wessely, C. Unwin, L. Hull, and W. C. Reeves. 2004. Dichotomous factor analysis of symptoms reported by UK and US veterans of the 1991 Gulf War. Population Health Metrics 2(1):8.
O’Toole, B. I., R. P. Marshall, D. A. Grayson, R. J. Schureck, M. Dobson, M. French, B. Pulvertaft, L. Meldrum, J. Bolton, and J. Vennard. 1996. The Australian Vietnam Veterans Health Study: III. Psychological health of Australian Vietnam veterans and its relationship to combat. International Journal of Epidemiology 25(2):331-340.
Page, W. F., C. M. Mahan, T. A. Bullman, and H. K. Kang. 2005. Health effects in Army Gulf War veterans possibly exposed to chemical munitions destruction at Khamisiyah, Iraq: Part I. Morbidity associated with potential exposure. Military Medicine 170(11):935-944.
Pasquina, P. F., T. K. Joseph, and L. Foster. 2004. Decreased prevalence of peripheral nerve pathology by electrodiagnostic testing in Gulf War veterans. Military Medicine 169(11):868-871.
Pearce, J. M. S. 2004. Myofascial pain, fibromyalgia or fibrositis? European Neurology 52(2):67-72.
Penman, A. D., R. S. Tarver, and M. M. Currier. 1996. No evidence of increase in birth defects and health problems among children born to Persian Gulf War veterans in Mississippi. Military Medicine 161(1):1-6.
Petruccelli, B. P., M. Goldenbaum, B. Scott, R. Lachiver, D. Kanjarpane, E. Elliott, M. Francis, M. A. McDiarmid, and D. Deeter. 1999. Health effects of the 1991 Kuwait oil fires: A survey of US Army troops. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 41(6):433-439.
Pierce, P. F. 1997. Physical and emotional health of Gulf War veteran women. Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine 68(4):317-321.
Pierce, P. F. 2005. Monitoring the health of Persian Gulf War veteran women. Military Medicine 170(5):349-354.
Pizarro, J., R. C. Silver, and J. Prause. 2006. Physical and mental health costs of traumatic war experiences among Civil War veterans. Archives of General Psychiatry 63(2):193-200.
Proctor, S. P., T. Heeren, R. F. White, J. Wolfe, M. S. Borgos, J. D. Davis, L. Pepper, R. Clapp, P. B. Sutker, J. J. Vasterling, and D. Ozonoff. 1998. Health status of Persian Gulf War veterans: Self-reported symptoms, environmental exposures and the effect of stress. International Journal of Epidemiology 27(6):1000-1010.
Proctor, S. P., R. Harley, J. Wolfe, T. Heeren, and R. F. White. 2001a. Health-related quality of life in Persian Gulf War veterans. Military Medicine 166(6):510-519.
OCR for page 250
Gulf War and Health, Volume 8: Update of Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War
Proctor, S. P., K. J. Heaton, R. F. White, and J. Wolfe. 2001b. Chemical sensitivity and chronic fatigue in Gulf War veterans: A brief report. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 43(3):259-264.
Proctor, S. P., R. F. White, T. Heeren, F. Debes, B. Gloerfelt-Tarp, M. Appleyard, T. Ishoy, B. Guldager, P. Suadicani, F. Gyntelberg, and D. M. Ozonoff. 2003. Neuropsychological functioning in Danish Gulf War veterans. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 25(2):85-93.
Proctor, S. P., K. J. Heaton, T. Heeren, and R. F. White. 2006. Effects of sarin and cyclosarin exposure during the 1991 Gulf War on neurobehavioral functioning in US Army veterans. Neurotoxicology 27(6):931-939.
Pulling, M. C., M. Orsborn, B. J. Olson, S. Hunt, and D. J. Kearney. 2008. 181 striking prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in former prisoners of war: Analysis of risk factors. Gastroenterology 134(4 Suppl 1):A-31.
RAC (Research Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans’ Illnesses). 2008. Gulf War Illness and the Health of Gulf War Veterans: Scientific Findings and Recommendations. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
Reid, S., M. Hotopf, L. Hull, K. Ismail, C. Unwin, and S. Wessely. 2001. Multiple chemical sensitivity and chronic fatigue syndrome in British Gulf War veterans. American Journal of Epidemiology 153(6):604-609.
Riddle, M., R. Gormley, D. Tribble, B. Cash, and C. Porter. 2009. Post-infectious functional gastrointestinal disorders in the U.S. Military. American Journal of Gastroenterology 104(Suppl):S484-S500.
Ritz, B. R., A. D. Manthripragada, S. Costello, S. J. Lincoln, M. J. Farrer, M. Cockburn, and J. Bronstein. 2009. Dopamine transporter genetic variants and pesticides in Parkinson's disease. Environmental Health Perspectives 117(6):964-969.
Rivera-Zayas, J., M. Arroyo, and E. Mejias. 2001. Evaluation of Persian Gulf veterans with symptoms of peripheral neuropathy. Military Medicine 166(5):449-451.
Roland, P. S., R. W. Haley, W. Yellin, K. Owens, and A. G. Shoup. 2000. Vestibular dysfunction in Gulf War syndrome. Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 122(3):319-329.
Rona, R. J., N. T. Fear, L. Hull, and S. Wessely. 2007. Women in novel occupational roles: Mental health trends in the UK Armed Forces. International Journal of Epidemiology 36(2):319-326.
Rose, M. R., M. K. Sharief, J. Priddin, V. Nikolaou, L. Hull, C. Unwin, R. Ajmal-Ali, R. A. Sherwood, A. Spellman, A. David, and S. Wessely. 2004. Evaluation of neuromuscular symptoms in UK Gulf War veterans: A controlled study. Neurology 63(9):1681-1687.
Rostker, B. 2000. Case Narrative: US Demolition Operations at Khamisiyah. Department of Defense. http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/khamisiyah_ii/ (accessed December 3, 2009).
Rowland, L. 2000. Hereditary and acquired motor neuron diseases. In Merritt’s Neurology. 10th ed, edited by L. Rowland. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Pp. 708-714.
OCR for page 251
Gulf War and Health, Volume 8: Update of Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War
Roy-Byrne, P., L. Arguelles, M. E. Vitek, J. Goldberg, T. M. Keane, W. R. True, and R. K. Pitman. 2004. Persistence and change of PTSD symptomatology—A longitudinal co-twin control analysis of the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 39(9):681-685.
Sharief, M. K., J. Priddin, R. S. Delamont, C. Unwin, M. R. Rose, A. David, and S. Wessely. 2002. Neurophysiologic analysis of neuromuscular symptoms in UK Gulf War veterans: A controlled study. Neurology 59(10):1518-1525.
Sherer, T. B., R. Betarbet, and J. T. Greenamyre. 2001. Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs 2(5):657-662.
Shih, R. A., H. Hu, M. G. Weisskopf, and B. S. Schwartz. 2007. Cumulative lead dose and cognitive function in adults: A review of studies that measured both blood lead and bone lead. Environmental Health Perspectives 115(3):483-492.
Siddique, N., R. Sufit, and T. Siddique. 1999. Degenerative motor, sensory, and autonomic disorders. In Textbook of Clinical Neurology, 1st ed, edited by C. Goetz and E. Pappert. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. Pp. 695-717.
Sillanpaa, M. C., L. M. Agar, I. B. Milner, E. C. Podany, B. N. Axelrod, and G. G. Brown. 1997. Gulf War veterans: A neuropsychological examination. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 19(2):211-219.
Sim, M., M. Abramson, P. A. Forbes, D. Glass, J. Ikin, P. Ittak, H. Kelsall, K. Leder, D. McKenzie, and J. McNeil. 2003. Australian Gulf War Veterans’ Health Study. Canberra, Australia: Department of Veterans’ Affairs. http://www.dva.gov.au/aboutDVA/publications/health_research/aus_gulf_war_vets/Pages/pdf%20table%20of%20contents.aspx (accessed October 5, 2009).
Simmons, R., N. Maconochie, and P. Doyle. 2004. Self-reported ill health in male UK Gulf War veterans: A retrospective cohort study. BMC Public Health 4(1):27.
Slusarcick, A. L., R. J. Ursano, M. P. Dinneen, and C. S. Fullerton. 2001. Factors associated with depression on a hospital ship deployed during the Persian Gulf War. Military Medicine 166(3):248-252.
Smith, B., T. C. Smith, M. A. K. Ryan, and G. C. Gray. 2006. A comparison of the postdeployment hospitalization experience of U.S. military personnel following service in the 1991 Gulf War, Southwest Asia after the Gulf War, and Bosnia. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 3(12):660-670.
Smith, T. C., G. C. Gray, and J. D. Knoke. 2000. Is systemic lupus erythematosus, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or fibromyalgia associated with Persian Gulf War service? An examination of Department of Defense hospitalization data. American Journal of Epidemiology 151(11):1053-1059.
Smith, T. C., J. M. Heller, T. I. Hooper, G. D. Gackstetter, and G. C. Gray. 2002. Are Gulf War veterans experiencing illness due to exposure to smoke from Kuwaiti oil well fires? Examination of Department of Defense hospitalization data. American Journal of Epidemiology 155(10):908-917.
Smith, T. C., G. C. Gray, J. C. Weir, J. M. Heller, and M. A. Ryan. 2003. Gulf War veterans and Iraqi nerve agents at Khamisiyah: Postwar hospitalization data revisited. American Journal of Epidemiology 158(5):457-467.
OCR for page 252
Gulf War and Health, Volume 8: Update of Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War
Sostek, M. B., S. Jackson, J. K. Linevsky, E. M. Schimmel, and B. G. Fincke. 1996. High prevalence of chronic gastrointestinal symptoms in a National Guard Unit of Persian Gulf veterans. American Journal of Gastroenterology 91(12):2494-2497.
Spiller, R., and E. Campbell. 2006. Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 22:13-17.
Squibb, K. S., and M. A. McDiarmid. 2006. Depleted uranium exposure and health effects in Gulf War veterans. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London - Series B: Biological Sciences 361(1468):639-648.
Statistics Canada. 2005. The Canadian Persian Gulf Cohort Study: Detailed Report. http://www.dnd.ca/health-sante/pub/rpt/PDF/GW-GG-Rep-Rap-eng.pdf (accessed July 13, 2009).
Steele, L. 2000. Prevalence and patterns of Gulf War illness in Kansas veterans: Association of symptoms with characteristics of person, place, and time of military service. American Journal of Epidemiology 152(10):992-1002.
Stimpson, N. J., C. Unwin, L. Hull, T. David, S. Wessely, and G. Lewis. 2006. Prevalence of reported pain, widespread pain, and pain symmetry in veterans of the Persian Gulf War (1990-1991): The use of pain manikins in Persian Gulf War health research. Military Medicine 171(12):1181-1186.
Storzbach, D., D. S. Rohlman, W. K. Anger, L. M. Binder, and K. A. Campbell. 2001. Neurobehavioral deficits in Persian Gulf veterans: Additional evidence from a population-based study. Environmental Research 85(1):1-13.
Straus, S. E. 1991. History of chronic fatigue syndrome. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 13 (Suppl 1).
Stretch, R. H., P. D. Bliese, D. H. Marlowe, K. M. Wright, K. H. Knudson, and C. H. Hoover. 1995. Physical health symptomatology of Gulf War-era service personnel from the states of Pennsylvania and Hawaii. Military Medicine 160(3):131-136.
Stretch, R. H., P. D. Bliese, D. H. Marlowe, K. M. Wright, K. H. Knudson, and C. H. Hoover. 1996a. Psychological health of Gulf War-era military personnel. Military Medicine 161(5):257-261.
Stretch, R. H., D. H. Marlowe, K. M. Wright, P. D. Bliese, K. H. Knudson, and C. H. Hoover. 1996b. Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among Gulf War veterans. Military Medicine 161(7):407-410.
Susser, E., and P. E. Shrout. 2009. Two plus two equals three? Do we need to rethink lifetime prevalence? Psychological Medicine (E-published ahead of print):1-3.
Sutker, P. B., J. M. Davis, M. Uddo, and S. R. Ditta. 1995. War zone stress, personal resources, and PTSD in Persian Gulf War returnees. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 104(3):444-452.
Thomas, H. V., N. J. Stimpson, A. Weightman, F. Dunstan, and G. Lewis. 2006. Pain in veterans of the Gulf War of 1991: A systematic review. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 7:74.
Thomas, T. L., H. K. Kang, and N. A. Dalager. 1991. Mortality among women Vietnam veterans, 1973-1987. American Journal of Epidemiology 134(9):973-980.
Toomey, R., H. K. Kang, J. Karlinsky, D. G. Baker, J. J. Vasterling, R. Alpern, D. J. Reda, W. G. Henderson, F. M. Murphy, and S. A. Eisen. 2007. Mental health of US Gulf War veterans 10 years after the war. British Journal of Psychiatry 190:385-393.
OCR for page 253
Gulf War and Health, Volume 8: Update of Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War
Toomey, R., R. Alpern, J. J. Vasterling, D. G. Baker, D. J. Reda, M. J. Lyons, W. G. Henderson, H. K. Kang, S. A. Eisen, and F. M. Murphy. 2009. Neuropsychological functioning of U.S. Gulf War veterans 10 years after the war. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 15(5):717-729.
Tuteja, A. K., K. G. Tolman, N. J. Talley, M. Samore, G. J. Stoddard, S. Batt, and G. N. Verner. 2008. Bowel disorders in Gulf War veterans. Gastroenterology 134(4):A-31.
Unwin, C., N. Blatchley, W. Coker, S. Ferry, M. Hotopf, L. Hull, K. Ismail, I. Palmer, A. David, and S. Wessely. 1999. Health of UK servicemen who served in Persian Gulf War. Lancet 353(9148):169-178.
U.S. Army. 2005. U.S. Army Sexual Assault and Prevention Program. http://www.sexualassault.army.mil/content/faqs.cfm (accessed July 18, 2007).
Valenti, M., F. E. Pontieri, F. Conti, E. Altobelli, T. Manzoni, and L. Frati. 2005. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and sports: A case-control study. European Journal of Neurology 12(3):223-225.
Van Den Heuvel, C., E. Thornton, and R. Vink. 2007. Traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease: a review. Progress in Brain Research 161:303-316.
Vasterling, J. J., K. Brailey, H. Tomlin, J. Rice, and P. B. Sutker. 2003. Olfactory functioning in Gulf War-era veterans: Relationships to war-zone duty, self-reported hazards exposures, and psychological distress. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 9(3):407-418.
Verret, C., M. A. Jutand, C. De Vigan, M. Begassat, L. Bensefa-Colas, P. Brochard, and R. Salamon. 2008. Reproductive health and pregnancy outcomes among French Gulf War veterans. BMC Public Health 8(141).
Vogt, D. S., A. P. Pless, L. A. King, and D. W. King. 2005. Deployment stressors, gender, and mental health outcomes among Gulf War I veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress 18(3):272-284.
Watanabe, K. K., and H. K. Kang. 1995. Military service in Vietnam and the risk of death from trauma and selected cancers. Annals of Epidemiology 5(5):407-412.
Weisskopf, M. G., E. J. O’Reilly, M. L. McCullough, E. E. Calle, M. J. Thun, M. Cudkowicz, and A. Ascherio. 2005. Prospective study of military service and mortality from ALS. Neurology 64(1):32-37.
Wells, T. S., L. Z. Wang, C. N. Spooner, T. C. Smith, K. M. Hiliopoulos, D. R. Kamens, G. C. Gray, and P. A. Sato. 2006. Self-reported reproductive outcomes among male and female 1991 Gulf War era US military veterans. Maternal and Child Health Journal 10(6):501-510.
Werler, M. M., J. E. Sheehan, and A. A. Mitchell. 2005. Gulf War veterans and hemifacial microsomia. Birth Defects Research 73(1):50-52.
Wessely, S. 1998. The epidemiology of chronic fatigue syndrome. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 7(1):10-24.
Wessely, S. 2005. Risk, psychiatry and the military. British Journal of Psychiatry 186:459-466.
White, R. F., S. P. Proctor, T. Heeren, J. Wolfe, M. Krengel, J. Vasterling, K. Lindem, K. J. Heaton, P. Sutker, and D. M. Ozonoff. 2001. Neuropsychological function in Gulf War veterans: Relationships to self-reported toxicant exposures. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 40(1):42-54.
OCR for page 254
Gulf War and Health, Volume 8: Update of Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War
Wilcox, A. J., C. R. Weinberg, J. F. O’Connor, D. D. Baird, J. P. Schlatterer, R. E. Canfield, E. G. Armstrong, and B. C. Nisula. 1988. Incidence of early loss of pregnancy. New England Journal of Medicine 319(28):189-194.
Winkenwerder, W., Jr. 2002. Case Narrative: US Demolition Operations at Khamisiyah, Final Report. US Department of Defense. http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/khamisiyah_iii/ (accessed December 3, 2009).
Wolfe, F., H. A. Smythe, M. B. Yunus, R. M. Bennett, C. Bombardier, D. L. Goldenberg, P. Tugwell, S. M. Campbell, M. Abeles, P. Clark, A. G. Fam, S. J. Farber, J. J. Fiechtner, C. M. Franklin, R. A. Gatter, D. Hamaty, J. Lessard, A. S. Lichtbroun, A. T. Masi, G. A. Mccain, W. J. Reynolds, T. J. Romano, I. J. Russell, and R. P. Sheon. 1990. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia. Arthritis and Rheumatism 33(2):160-172.
Wolfe, J., P. J. Brown, and J. M. Kelley. 1993. Reassessing war stress: Exposure and the Persian Gulf War. Journal of Social Issues 49(4):15-31.
Wolfe, J., F., K. Ross, J. Anderson, I. J. Russell, and L. Hebert. 1995. The prevalence and characteristics of fibromyalgia in the general population. Arthritis and Rheumatism 38(1):19-28.
Wolfe, F., J. Anderson, D. Harkness, R. M. Bennett, X. J. Caro, D. L. Goldenberg, I. J. Russell, and M. B. Yunus. 1997. Health status and disease severity in fibromyalgia: Results of a six-center longitudinal study. Arthritis and Rheumatism 40(9):1571-1579.
Wolfe, J., S. P. Proctor, J. D. Davis, M. S. Borgos, and M. J. Friedman. 1998. Health symptoms reported by Persian Gulf War veterans two years after return. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 33(2):104-113.
Wolfe, J., D. J. Erickson, E. J. Sharkansky, D. W. King, and L. A. King. 1999a. Course and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder among Gulf War veterans: A prospective analysis. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 67(4):520-528.
Wolfe, J., S. P. Proctor, D. J. Erickson, T. Heeren, M. J. Friedman, M. T. Huang, P. B. Sutker, J. J. Vasterling, and R. F. White. 1999b. Relationship of psychiatric status to Gulf War veterans’ health problems. Psychosomatic Medicine 61(4):532-540.
Writer, J., R. DeFraites, and J. Brundage. 1996. Comparative mortality among US military personnel in the Persian Gulf and worldwide during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Journal of the American Medical Association 275(2):118-121.
Wurzelmann, D., R. Pena, L. Cortes, P. Valladares, P. Heidt, and D. R. Morgan. 2008. Positive association between traumatic war experiences in the Sandinista Revolution and subsequent IBS: A population-based study in Nicaragua. Gastroenterology 134(1):A-112.
