|
4-25
|
|
Dynamic programming process and rule extraction from the result,
|
|
85
|
|
4-26
|
|
Implementing dynamic programming as a rule-based algorithm in SIMULINK,
|
|
85
|
|
5-1
|
|
Energy balance of a fully loaded Class 8 tractor-trailer on a level road at 65 mph, representing the losses shown in Table 5-1,
|
|
91
|
|
5-2
|
|
University of Maryland, streamlined tractor, closed gap, three-quarter trailer skirt, full boat tail,
|
|
93
|
|
5-3
|
|
National Research Council of Canada: smoke pictures, cab with deflector (right),
|
|
93
|
|
5-4
|
|
Kenworth 1985 T600 aerodynamic tractor,
|
|
94
|
|
5-5
|
|
Aerodynamic sleeper tractor aerodynamic feature identification,
|
|
94
|
|
5-6
|
|
2009 model year Mack Pinnacle (left) and Freightliner Cascadia (right) SmartWay specification trucks,
|
|
96
|
|
5-7
|
|
Aerodynamic and tire power losses for tractor-van trailer combination,
|
|
96
|
|
5-8
|
|
Tractor-trailer combination truck showing aerodynamic losses and areas of energy-saving opportunities,
|
|
97
|
|
5-9
|
|
Volvo full sleeper cab (left) and day cab (right),
|
|
97
|
|
5-10
|
|
Peterbilt Traditional Model 389 (left) and Aerodynamic Model 387 2 (right) (SmartWay),
|
|
99
|
|
5-11
|
|
ATDynamics trailer tail (left) and FreightWing trailer skirt (right),
|
|
101
|
|
5-12
|
|
Nose cone trailer “eyebrow,”
|
|
101
|
|
5-13
|
|
Laydon vortex stabilizer (left) and nose fairing (right),
|
|
101
|
|
5-14
|
|
Trailer bogie cover,
|
|
102
|
|
5-15
|
|
Summary of trailer aerodynamic device fuel consumption reduction,
|
|
102
|
|
5-16
|
|
Drag coefficient for aerodynamic tractor with single or double trailers,
|
|
104
|
|
5-17
|
|
Laydon double trailer arrangement with trailer skirts and vortex stabilizers on both trailers,
|
|
104
|
|
5-18
|
|
Refrigerated van trailer with Freight Wing skirts,
|
|
106
|
|
5-19
|
|
Freight Wing skirts on flatbed trailer,
|
|
106
|
|
5-20
|
|
New 40-ft-long container built by TRS Containers (left) and container chassis (right),
|
|
106
|
|
5-21
|
|
Container chassis with Freight Wing trailer skirt,
|
|
106
|
|
5-22
|
|
Tank trailer with Freight Wing skirts,
|
|
106
|
|
5-23
|
|
Sturdy-Lite curtain side design for flatbed trailers,
|
|
107
|
|
5-24
|
|
Walmart’s 2008 low fuel consumption tractor trailer,
|
|
107
|
|
5-25
|
|
Mack truck with aerodynamic device combination,
|
|
108
|
|
5-26
|
|
Nose Cone fairing on face of straight truck,
|
|
108
|
|
5-27
|
|
Laydon skirt on straight truck,
|
|
109
|
|
5-28
|
|
Rolling resistance technology, 1910-2002,
|
|
112
|
|
5-29
|
|
New-generation wide-base single tire (right) to reduce the rolling resistance of conventional dual tires (left),
|
|
112
|
|
5-30
|
|
Example rolling resistance coefficients for heavy-duty truck tires,
|
|
113
|
|
5-31
|
|
Tractor-trailer tandem-axle misalignment conditions,
|
|
114
|
|
5-32
|
|
Weight distribution of major component categories in Class 8 tractors,
|
|
117
|
|
5-33
|
|
Typical weights of specific components in Class 8 sleeper tractors,
|
|
117
|
|
5-34
|
|
Truck weight distribution,
|
|
118
|
|
5-35
|
|
Truck weight distribution from 2008 weigh-in-motion,
|
|
118
|
|
5-36
|
|
Truck weight versus trip frequency for six trucks of a single fleet operator,
|
|
119
|
|
5-37
|
|
Effect of weight on truck fuel economy for a monitored fleet of six trucks with combination of dual and wide single tires for a variety of drive routes,
|
|
119
|
|
5-38
|
|
Weight reduction opportunities with aluminum,
|
|
121
|
|
6-1
|
|
Comparison of 2015-2020 new-vehicle potential fuel-saving technologies for seven vehicle types,
|
|
132
|
|
6-2
|
|
New retail Class 8 truck sales, 1990-2007,
|
|
151
|
