7-1

Five-axle tractor-semi vehicle-miles traveled by operating weight (cumulative percentage),

165

7-2

U.S. national ITS architecture,

168

7-3

Example of truck-only lanes,

171

7-4

Concept for reducing the need for additional road right-of-way,

172

7-5

Elevated truck lanes,

172

8-1

Shared responsibility for major elements that affect heavy-duty-vehicle fuel efficiency,

180

8-2

Illustration of diversity of trailer and power unit (tractor) options,

181

8-3

Identical tractors used to pull trailers of different mass capacity but identical volume capacity,

184

8-4

CIL test of a hybrid vehicle power train to determine vehicle fuel consumption on a specific test route,

187

8-2-1

Identical GVW rated straight trucks for high- and low-density commodities,

196

8-2-2

Options for performance metrics,

196

E-1

Fuel consumption (FC) versus fuel economy (FE) (upper half of figure) and slope of FC/FE curve (lower half of figure),

215

G-1

Vehicle modeling tool requirements,

222

G-2

Different nomenclatures within each company currently make model exchange very difficult,

225

H-1

V diagram for software development,

228

H-2

Different levels of modeling required throughout the model-based design process,

228

H-3

Simulation,

229

H-4

Rapid control prototyping,

229

H-5

On-target rapid prototyping,

229

H-6

Production code generation,

229

H-7

Software-in-the-loop,

229

H-8

Processor-in-the-loop,

229

H-9

Hardware-in-the-loop,

230

H-10

Engine on dynamometer,

230

H-11

Battery connected to a DC power source,

231

H-12

Several components in the loop—MATT example,

231

H-13

Mixing components hardware and software—MATT example,

231

H-14

Example of potential process use,

232

H-15

Mean particulate matter results with two standard deviation error bars,

233

H-16

Main phases requiring standardized processes,

234