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PAPERBACK price:$48.00 add to cart Rights & Permissions Free PDF Access Sign in to download PDF book and chapters Free Resources PDF SUMMARY PDF Report Brief Display this book on your site! Related Titles Strengthening Research in Academic OB/GYN Departments Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up? Other Related Titles Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making (2010) Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) Citation Manager Export the bibliographic data for this book in your chosen format Web Search Builder Use this book's key terms to search within this book, across our collection, or across the Web. Skim This Chapter Skim this chapter and use this chapter's key terms to search within this book. Reference Finder Paste in your own text to find books that relate to your topic. Citation Manager . "Appendix C: Review of Existing Reviews on Obesity Prevention." Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2010. Please select a format: Page 227   E-mail Share on facebook Facebook Share on delicious Delicious Share on stumbleupon Stumble Share on twitter Twitter More Sharing ServicesMore The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. C Review of Existing Reviews on Obesity Prevention The Committee on an Evidence Framework for Obesity Prevention Decision Making was tasked to provide an overview of the current nature of the evidence base, that is, the types of evidence that are available on the results of community, environmental, and policy-based obesity prevention initiatives. The narrative interpretation of the collection of reviews in this appendix (termed “appraisals” in this report) is provided in Chapter 3, and includes a description of current methods used to characterize the evidence base and a discussion of the challenges involved in applying traditional evidence hierarchies to population-based prevention efforts. This overview was not meant to be carried out by an exhaustive literature review but rather through an examination of case studies and existing reviews. The search strategy involved searching major databases including Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science, from each database’s inception through November 2009, for relevant and published reviews of obesity prevention interventions. Variations of the terms “overweight,” “obesity,” “prevention,” “physical activity,” “nutrition,” “review,” “meta-analysis,” “synthesis,” “summary,” and “recommendations” were used in the search process. Additional appraisals were identified by review of the reference lists of included appraisals and other relevant literature and by discussion with experts in the field. Appraisals that consider only studies of treatment interventions were excluded; some appraisals consider both treatment and prevention studies and were included in the committee’s analysis. Publication date was not a search criterion, yet all of the appraisals in this appendix were published between 1997 and the present. Page 227 Front Matter (R1-R14) Summary (1-16) 1 Introduction (17-34) 2 Obesity Prevention Strategies in Concept and Practice (35-54) 3 Rationale for and Overview of the L.E.A.D. Framework (55-70) 4 Defining the Problem: The Importance of Taking a Systems Perspective (71-88) 5 Specifying Questions and Locating Evidence: An Expanded View (89-114) 6 Evaluating Evidence (115-132) 7 Assembling Evidence and Informing Decisions (133-158) 8 Opportunities to Generate Evidence (159-186) 9 Next Steps (187-196) 10 Conclusions and Recommendations (197-206) Appendix A: Acronyms and Glossary (207-222) Appendix B: Other Evidence Projects (223-226) Appendix C: Review of Existing Reviews on Obesity Prevention (227-268) Appendix D: Information Sources for Locating Evidence (269-276) Appendix E: An In-Depth Look at Study Designs and Methodologies (277-300) Appendix F: Agendas from Two Workshops (301-304) Appendix G: Committee Member Biographical Sketches (305-312) Index (313-322)

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Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making C Review of Existing Reviews on Obesity Prevention The Committee on an Evidence Framework for Obesity Prevention Decision Making was tasked to provide an overview of the current nature of the evidence base, that is, the types of evidence that are available on the results of community, environmental, and policy-based obesity prevention initiatives. The narrative interpretation of the collection of reviews in this appendix (termed “appraisals” in this report) is provided in Chapter 3, and includes a description of current methods used to characterize the evidence base and a discussion of the challenges involved in applying traditional evidence hierarchies to population-based prevention efforts. This overview was not meant to be carried out by an exhaustive literature review but rather through an examination of case studies and existing reviews. The search strategy involved searching major databases including Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science, from each database’s inception through November 2009, for relevant and published reviews of obesity prevention interventions. Variations of the terms “overweight,” “obesity,” “prevention,” “physical activity,” “nutrition,” “review,” “meta-analysis,” “synthesis,” “summary,” and “recommendations” were used in the search process. Additional appraisals were identified by review of the reference lists of included appraisals and other relevant literature and by discussion with experts in the field. Appraisals that consider only studies of treatment interventions were excluded; some appraisals consider both treatment and prevention studies and were included in the committee’s analysis. Publication date was not a search criterion, yet all of the appraisals in this appendix were published between 1997 and the present.

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Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making TABLE C-1 Study Search Strategy Initial No. Identified Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria Sources of Informationa Years Included Type of Appraisal and Purpose Subject Demographics American Dietetic Association Position Statement (2006) (28) January 1982-January 2004 Systematic review Not reported Healthy children and adolescents aged 2-18 Manual searching of bibliographies from gathered articles and reviews To develop a position statement on individual-, family-, school-, and community-based interventions for pediatric overweight Bluford et al. (2007) (11), (14), (20), (27), (28) 1966-March 2005 Systematic review Not reported Preschool-age children aged 2-6 To identify and summarize effective evaluated interventions for preventing or treating obesity among preschool children aged 2-6   Brown and Summerbell (2009) (20), (28) January 2006-September 2007 Systematic review 1,553 School children aged 5-18 To determine the effectiveness of school-based interventions focused on changing dietary intake and physical activity levels to prevent childhood obesity Excluded: studies that recruited children on the basis of weight; studies in children with critical illness or eating disorders

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Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making           Types of Studies (e.g., RCTs, quasi-experimental, qualitative) Outcome Measures (e.g., BMI, diet, physical activity, other behaviors, environment) Length of Intervention and/or Follow-up Other No. After Applying Criteria Included: any study design Measure of adiposity (BMI, body weight, skinfold thickness, percent body fat) > 8 weeks (for secondary prevention trials) Included: English language Not reported Excluded: meta-analyses and reviews (different selection criteria) Excluded: conducted in a developing country; not peer-reviewed; n < 30 in secondary prevention trials, n < 60 in primary prevention trials ≥ 6 months (for primary prevention trials) (not including duration of follow-up) Included: domestic and international studies that used physical activity and nutritional strategies in interventions to prevent or treat overweight Measure of weight status, BMI, or body fat ≥ 3 months study length Studies were not excluded because of their aim (for example, did not have to include weight change), design, or duration of intervention or follow-up if ≥ 3 months 7 (2 treatment and 5 prevention) Excluded: case reports or series RCTs or controlled clinical trials of lifestyle interventions Included: same criteria used by National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) obesity guidance with one exception—included studies had to report a weight outcome, either as absolute or change, and could use BMI, BMI z-score, percentage of body fat, skin-fold thickness, and percentage of overweight ≥ 12 weeks study length Included: minimum duration of 12 weeks; done in a school setting (studies were not included or excluded based on their aim) 38 Included: study designs that compared lifestyle interventions (defined in article) with usual care or with other active interventions

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Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making Study Search Strategy Initial No. Identified Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria Sources of Informationa Years Included Type of Appraisal and Purpose Subject Demographics Campbell et al. (2001) (13), (14), (20), (28), (32), (33), (36) January 1985-October 1999 Systematic review 1,043 Included: subjects under age 18 when the study began To assess the effectiveness of interventions designed to prevent obesity in childhood Expert opinion Excluded: pregnant women, those with eating disorders, and the critically ill Connelly et al. (2007) (14), (20), (27), (28) Up to April 30, 2006 Systematic review Not reported n ≥ 30; nonclinical child populations aged 0-18 To present practice-relevant guidance on interventions aimed at reducing at least one measure of adiposity in child populations that do or do not contain overweight or obese children Manual searching of bibliographies from gathered articles and reviews Conroy et al. (2007) (2), (12), (13), (14), (17), (19), (20), (23), (27), (28), (35), (38), (39), (43) 1980-September 2005 Integrative review 2,028 Not reported To examine successful Canadian nursing and health promotion intervention programs for childhood obesity prevention during gestation and infancy Grey literature, excluding newspaper articles/editorials; manual searching of bibliographies from gathered articles and reviews; ancestry searches on key papers

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Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making Types of Studies (e.g., RCTs, quasi-experimental, qualitative) Outcome Measures (e.g., BMI, diet, physical activity, other behaviors, environment) Length of Intervention and/or Follow-up Other No. After Applying Criteria RCTs, non-RCTs with concurrent control groups Included: had to report one or more outcomes (estimates of percent body fat, BMI, ponderal index, or skin-fold thickness) and report outcome data at baseline and at postintervention, or at baseline and change from baseline Follow-up 1 year, later amended to include studies with an observation period of ≥ 3 months Not reported 7 Included: RCTs, controlled trials of interventions to prevent overweight or obesity Included: measure of index of adiposity ≥ 12 weeks study period Not reported 28 Included: peer-reviewed and/or research-based, published articles, policy reports Diet, BMI (adult), high birth weight > 4000 g, low birth weight < 2500 g but > 2000 g Not reported Canadian only; English and French language 6 Excluded: newspaper articles, editorials, general reports, general women’s health materials

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Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making Study Search Strategy Initial No. Identified Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria Sources of Informationa Years Included Type of Appraisal and Purpose Subject Demographics DeMattia et al. (2007) (27), (28) 1966-June 2004 Systematic review 222 Children or adolescents, including at-risk or obese children/teens at outset of study Updated search: (12), (14), (23), (27), (28) To examine studies that used an intervention to reduce sedentary behavior (SB; defined in article) to control weight in order to answer the question: Is an emphasis on reducing SB (e.g., TV, video games) effective at changing behaviors and controlling weight in children and adolescents? Updated search, 1966-February 2005 Manual searching of bibliographies from gathered articles and reviews; expert opinion Doak et al. (2006) (28) Through June 2003, with additional update in August 2005 Review 102 Children and adolescents aged 6-19; targeting of obese children if drawn from a broad-based school population Personal contacts with researchers; Internet; manual searching of bibliographies from reviews; MEDLINE searches of authors with ongoing intervention studies To identify aspects of overweight and obesity prevention programs that are most likely to succeed if implemented on a large scale Dobbins et al. (2001) (14), (19), (20), (27), (28), (30), (38) 1985-September 2000 Systematic review 143 Children and adolescents aged 6-18 Review of reference list of retrieved articles To summarize the evidence for the effectiveness of school-based interventions in promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents

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Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making           Types of Studies (e.g., RCTs, quasi-experimental, qualitative) Outcome Measures (e.g., BMI, diet, physical activity, other behaviors, environment) Length of Intervention and/or Follow-up Other No. After Applying Criteria Included: RCTs, controlled clinical trials, comparative studies, multicenter studies that aimed to reduce SB in a natural setting Included: Measure of SB and weight (either BMI or % overweight) Not reported Validity criteria applied 12 Excluded: observational cross-over and cohort studies, studies of behavior in a controlled laboratory setting Included: school-based studies seeking to alter diet and/or physical activity–related behaviors and having a broad public health base; studies that monitored and evaluated in a manner that has been documented (e.g., published) Included: anthropometric measurement of body weight or obesity, at baseline and follow-up Not reported Not reported 25 Excluded: studies with aims so narrow that an impact on obesity is unlikely; clinical settings focused on treatment of obese children; pilot studies RCTs; studies with a control group and measures taken pre- and postintervention; prospective study designs Outcomes must have been reported for children and adolescents   Included: intervention applicable to public health practice; intervention could be implemented, facilitated, or promoted by staff in local public health units in Ontario 19

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Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making Study Search Strategy Initial No. Identified Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria Sources of Informationa Years Included Type of Appraisal and Purpose Subject Demographics Eden et al. (2002) (7), (12), (13), (23), (28) 1994-March 2002 Systematic review ~1,000 Adults in general primary care populations Expert opinion; manual searching of bibliographies from pertinent articles To determine whether counseling adults in primary care settings improves and maintains physical activity levels

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Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making         No. After Applying Criteria Types of Studies (e.g., RCTs, quasi-experimental, qualitative) Outcome Measures (e.g., BMI, diet, physical activity, other behaviors, environment) Length of Intervention and/or Follow-up Other Included: controlled trials, case-control studies, observational studies Included: behavioral outcomes (physical activity); if the study was of “good” or “fair” quality, according to criteria developed by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) Not reported The patient’s primary care clinician performed some of the counseling intervention 8 (7 RCTs, 1 non-RCT)

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Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making Study Search Strategy Initial No. Identified Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria Sources of Informationa Years Included Type of Appraisal and Purpose Subject Demographics Faith et al. (2007) (3), (28), (32), (43), (33), (3) Earliest data indexed through November 2004 Narrative review Not reported Not reported To review critically the evidence addressing three questions that are pertinent to potential macro-level environmental influences on obesity management Manual searching of bibliographies from pertinent articles and chapters; expert opinion; grey literature (government and private foundation reports, excluded dissertations)

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Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making           Types of Studies (e.g., RCTs, quasi-experimental, qualitative) Outcome Measures (e.g., BMI, diet, physical activity, other behaviors, environment) Length of Intervention and/or Follow-up Other No. After Applying Criteria For substudy 1: Included: had to have at least one of the following: food acquisition or purchasing behavior, reported or weighed food intake, or body weight or composition Not reported Not reported 5 (substudy 1), 17 (substudy 2), 1 (substudy 3) Included: focus group, observational study, quasi-experimental and experimental designs, RCTs Excluded: position or conceptual articles For substudy 2: Included: the macro-environmental factor must be studied in such a way that it was not confounded with education-based manipulations aimed at changing behavior through structured information dissemination Excluded: comprehensive multicomponent interventions targeting multiple behaviors (because the specific effects of manipulating individual components could not be disaggregated) For substudy 3: Excluded: studies testing the effects of restrictive parental feeding practices and strategies on child eating behavior and weight (these studies, being largely confined to the home, are less central to the topic of macro-environmental influences) For all substudies: Excluded: studies aimed primarily (or to a large degree) at achieving behavior change through information dissemination

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Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making Study Search Strategy Initial No. Identified Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria Sources of Informationa Years Included Type of Appraisal and Purpose Subject Demographics Thomas (2006) See above 1985-2003 See above See above Included: studies with elementary or secondary school-aged children, school component Thomas et al. (2004) (10), (12), (13), (14), (19), (20), (27), (28), (38), (39) 1984-2003 Systematic review More than 1,100 Children and adolescents aged 6-18 To examine the effectiveness of interventions for promoting healthy weight, preventing overweight/obesity, and increasing physical activity among school-aged children and youth Manual searching of 24 relevant peer-reviewed journals (June 1998-June 2003) Timperio et al. (2004) (27), (28), (39) 1999-September 2003 Review (update) Not reported Included: children, adolescents, young adults To study the effectiveness of intervention strategies to promote physical activity among children, adolescents, and young adults

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Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making         No. After Applying Criteria Types of Studies (e.g., RCTs, quasi-experimental, qualitative) Outcome Measures (e.g., BMI, diet, physical activity, other behaviors, environment) Length of Intervention and/or Follow-up Other Included: studies with a comparison group; RCTs and other study designs Included: self-reported dietary intake, BMI, skinfold thickness, moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) changes See above Used a recent review to critique the results of primary studies related to the effectiveness of physical activity and nutrition programs for obesity prevention in children and youth 57 Included: RCTs, cohort studies (prospective, with a control group) Included: changes in total caloric intake and percent calories from fat, fruit, and vegetable intake; changes in body fat; changes in perception of body image; self-reported changes in duration, rate, and frequency of physical activity; changes in lung capacity (VO2 max); self-reported changes in inactivity; BMI Not reported Excluded: studies related to therapeutic nutrition and physical activity programs and those that included children with known illnesses or obese/overweight children; quality assessed using Mulrow et al. (1997) and Jadad et al. (1996) 425 Excluded: studies that measured only changes in vitamin or fiber intake, changes in knowledge and attitudes re physical activity and nutrition Included: RCTs Not reported Not reported Review of new evidence (update) 31

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Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making Study Search Strategy Initial No. Identified Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria Sources of Informationa Years Included Type of Appraisal and Purpose Subject Demographics Van Sluijs et al. (2007) (20), (28), (32), (35), (39) Up to December 2006 Systematic review 3,045 Included: children and adolescents (< 18 years) To study the effectiveness of interventions aimed at promoting physical activity in children and adolescents Manual searching of bibliographies from gathered articles Excluded: participants with a specific disease or health problem Wareham et al. (2005) (28), (32) 2000-2005 Critical review Not reported Included: adults and children To study the effectiveness of physical activity interventions for obesity prevention Wofford (2008) (15), (28) Not reported Systematic review > 5,000, then limited by date (2004-2008), but included seminal articles, articles on preschool-aged children and relevance to prevention of obesity Included: Eventually limited search to preschoolers (prevention) Manual searching of bibliographies from gathered articles; Joanna Briggs Institute database (depending on author’s subscription) To review evidence related to obesity prevention in young children

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Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making         No. After Applying Criteria Types of Studies (e.g., RCTs, quasi-experimental, qualitative) Outcome Measures (e.g., BMI, diet, physical activity, other behaviors, environment) Length of Intervention and/or Follow-up Other Included: controlled trials (with or without randomization); control group (non–physical activity intervention) Included: outcomes related to physical activity (self-reported or objectively measured) Not reported Used 10-item quality assessment scale for methodological quality (internal validity) 57: 33 children, 24 adolescents Included: observational studies (longitudinal, prospective cohort) Included: physical activity or body composition change Not reported 30: 14 adults, 16 children Excluded: cross-sectional studies Not reported Not reported Not reported The 41 selected for review were chosen because of their relevance to the prevention of overweight and obesity in the preschool population and the “stronger” quality of evidence they presented English language 41

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Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making Study Search Strategy Initial No. Identified Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria Sources of Informationa Years Included Type of Appraisal and Purpose Subject Demographics Zenzen and Kridli (2009) (14), (27), (28) 2000-2007 Integrative review Not reported Included: children aged 4-18 (kindergarten through high school) Manual searching of bibliographies from gathered articles To study the degree of variability in the methodological approaches and theoretical frameworks of school-based obesity prevention programs, focused on the following interventions: dietary, physical activity, and healthy lifestyle education; parental involvement NOTES: BMI = body mass index; CDC = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; N/A = not available; RCT = randomized controlled trial. aElectronic databases are denoted numerically as outlined below: (1) Academic Search Elite (2) ACP Journal Club (American College of Physicians Evidence Based Medicine) (3) AGRICOLA (4) AMED (Allied and Complementary Medicine Database) (5) ARC Service (Agricultural Research Council) (6) AustHealth (7) Best Evidence Database (8) Biological Abstracts (9) BioMed Central (10) BIOSIS Previews (11) Chronic Disease Prevention File (National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion) (12) CDSR (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) (13) CENTRAL/CCTR (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) (14) CINAHL (Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature) (15) Cochrane Library (16) Current Contents—Life Sciences (17) DARE (Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects) (18) Education Abstracts (19) ERIC (Education Resources Information Centre) (20) EMBASE (Excerpta Medica Database) (21) Environline

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Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making         No. After Applying Criteria Types of Studies (e.g., RCTs, quasi-experimental, qualitative) Outcome Measures (e.g., BMI, diet, physical activity, other behaviors, environment) Length of Intervention and/or Follow-up Other Included: experimental and nonexperimental studies Not reported Not reported Used conceptual framework of Cooper (1984) to guide the systematic review; used Stetler et al. (1998) for assessing quality 16 Included: school-based curriculum programs for obesity prevention; studies needed to manipulate at least one of the variables of dietary habits, physical activity, healthful lifestyle education, and parental involvement; English language (22) Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition (23) HealthSTAR (Health Services Technology, Administration, and Research) (24) PAIS (Public Affairs Information Service) International (25) ProceedingsFirst (26) PsycARTICLES (27) PsycINFO (Psychological abstracts) (28) PubMed or MEDLINE (29) Population Index (30) Proquest Digital Dissertation Abstracts International (31) Proquest Digital Dissertations and Theses (32) PsychLit—Silver Platter (33) Science Citation Index (Web of Science) (34) ScienceDirect (35) SCOPUS (36) Social Science Citation Index (Web of Science) (37) Social SciSearch (38) Sociological Abstracts (39) SPORTDiscus (40) TRIS (Transportation Research Information Services) (41) TRIP (Turning Research into Practice) (42) Web of Knowledge (43) Web of Science

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