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APPENDIX H
Satellite-Based Challenges and Solutions
Satellite-based monitoring is discussed in Chapter 2. Major advances in satellite sensors
to detect nuclear explosions in the atmosphere or space have been made over the past decade.
These advances are summarized in Table H-1 in the format of major technical challenges
identified a decade ago and the technology solutions subsequently accomplished. They
primarily result from investments by DOE/NNSA made at the national laboratories, responding
to potentially new nuclear threats from transnational terrorists or nascent Nuclear Weapon
States. Uncertainties regarding the actual employment of these new monitoring technologies on
future satellite platforms are discussed in Chapter 2 and Appendix G.
185
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186 The CTBT- Technical Issues for the U.S.
TABLE H-1: Satellite-Based Monitoring Program Challenges and Technology Solutions.
Challenges Technology Solutions
Program Element: Integration of New Assets
Incorporate vastly increased data flows from Additional downlink capacity through either
new optical and electromagnetic pulse (EMP) more ground sites or more storage and
sensors into existing system architecture. bandwidth
Sophisticated on-board triggering algorithms
Algorithms for ground processing
Improved methods of processing/identifying
non-nuclear events
Program Element: Advanced Event Characterization
Increase the absolute sensitivity of sensors for
Focal-plane-array active-pixel technology
detecting & locating atmospheric nuclear
(thousands of individual optical sensors
detonations
implemented in a space not appreciably larger
than that required for today’s single optical
sensor)
New sensor technologies as integrated circuit
technology improves
Provide multi-phenomenology sensing
Autonomous EMP sensors and associated
capabilities to increase confidence of
techniques to distinguish RF generated by
identification and improve existing capabilities
nuclear explosions from natural phenomena
for characterizing nuclear detonations from
Neutron and gamma-ray sensors on new
space
satellite platforms
Program Element: Next-Generation Monitoring Systems
Reduce detection thresholds for satellite
Array-based optical sensors
systems while maintaining low false-event
Wide-band RF systems
alarms
Sophisticated real-time triggering algorithms
Reduce size, weight, and power required for
Advanced electronics and field-programmable
monitoring systems
gate arrays
Multi-function sensors
Advanced packaging technologies to allow
more electronics integration
SOURCE: U.S. DOE, 2004
