National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12856.
×

The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise

Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval

Workshop Summary

Theresa Wizemann, Clare Stroud, and Bruce M. Altevogt, Rapporteurs

Forum on Medical and Public Health Preparedness for Catastrophic Events

Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and Translation

Board on Health Sciences Policy

INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS

Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12856.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This project was supported by contracts between the National Academy of Sciences and the American College of Emergency Physicians, the American Hospital Association, the American Medical Association, the American Nurses Association, the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Contract No. 200-2005-13434 TO #6), the Department of the Army (Contract No. W81XWH-08-P-0934), the Department of Health and Human Services’ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (Contract No. HHSP233200800498P), the Department of Health and Human Services’ National Institutes of Health (Contract No. N01-OD-4-2139 TO #198), the Department of Health and Human Services’ Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (Contract Nos. HHSP233200900680P, HH5P23320042509X1), the Department of Homeland Security’s Office of Health Affairs (Contract No. HSHQDC-07-C-00097), the Department of Homeland Security’s Federal Emergency Management Agency (Contract No. HSFEHQ-08-P-1800), the Department of Veterans Affairs (Contract No. V101(93)P-2136 TO #10), the Emergency Nurses Association, the National Association of Chain Drug Stores, the National Association of County and City Health Officials, the National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians, the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and the United Health Foundation. The views presented in this publication are those of the editors and attributing authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-15024-8

International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-15024-8

Additional copies of this report are available from

The National Academies Press,

500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu.

For more information about the Institute of Medicine, visit the IOM home page at: www.iom.edu.

Copyright 2010 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested citation: IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2010. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12856.
×

“Knowing is not enough; we must apply.

Willing is not enough; we must do.”

—Goethe

INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advising the Nation. Improving Health.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12856.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine


The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.


The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.


The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.


The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.


www.national-academies.org

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12856.
×

Workshop Planning Committee*

GAIL CASSELL (Chair),

Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN

PHYLLIS ARTHUR,

Biotechnology Industry Organization, Washington, DC

CAPTAIN KENNETH COLE,

Office of Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs, Department of Defense, Washington, DC

ALEXANDER GARZA,

Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC

JOHN GRABENSTEIN,

Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ

ELIN GURSKY,

Analytic Services Inc., Arlington, VA

TIL JOLLY,

Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC

ROBERT KADLEC,

PRTM Management Consultants, Washington, DC

GEORGE KORCH,

Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC

MICHAEL KURILLA,

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD

NICOLE LURIE,

Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC

BORIS LUSHNIAK,

Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD

MONIQUE MANSOURA,

Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC

PETER PALESE,

Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York

RON SALDARINI,

Biological Initiatives, Mahwah, NJ

DANIEL SOSIN,

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA

JANET TOBIAS,

Ikana Media, New York

ERIC TONER,

University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA

STEPHANIE ZAZA,

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA

*

IOM planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the workshop, identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published workshop summary rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12856.
×

IOM Staff

BRUCE ALTEVOGT, Preparedness Forum Director

ROBERT GIFFIN, Drug Forum Director (until March 2010)

CLARE STROUD, Program Officer

ANDREW POPE, Director,

Board on Health Sciences Policy

AMY PACKMAN, Administrative Assistant

ALEX REPACE, Senior Program Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12856.
×

Forum on Medical and Public Health Preparedness for Catastrophic Events*

LEWIS GOLDFRANK (Chair),

New York University Medical Center, New York

DAMON ARNOLD,

Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, Arlington, VA

GEORGES BENJAMIN,

American Public Health Association, Washington, DC

D. W. CHEN,

Office of Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs, Department of Defense, Washington, DC

ROBERT DARLING,

Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD

VICTORIA DAVEY,

Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC

JEFFREY DUCHIN,

Seattle & King County and University of Washington, Seattle

ALEXANDER GARZA,

Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC

LYNN GOLDMAN,

Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD

DAVID HENRY,

National Governors Association, Washington, DC

JACK HERRMANN,

National Association of County and City Health Officials, Washington, DC

KEITH HOLTERMANN,

Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC

JAMES JAMES,

American Medical Association, Chicago, IL

JERRY JOHNSTON,

National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians, Mt. Pleasant, IA

ROBERT KADLEC,

PRTM Management Consultants, Washington, DC

BRIAN KAMOIE,

The White House, Washington, DC

LYNNE KIDDER,

Business Executives for National Security, Washington, DC

MICHAEL KURILLA,

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD

*

IOM forums and roundtables do not issue, review, or approve individual documents. The responsibility for the published workshop summary rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution.

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12856.
×

JAYNE LUX,

National Business Group on Health, Washington, DC

ANTHONY MACINTYRE,

American College of Emergency Physicians, Washington, DC

ANGELA MCGOWAN,

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Princeton, NJ

MARGARET MCMAHON,

Emergency Nurses Association, Williamstown, NJ

ERIN MULLEN,

Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, Washington, DC

GERALD PARKER,

Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC

CHERYL PETERSON,

American Nurses Association, Silver Spring, MD

SALLY PHILLIPS,

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD

STEVEN PHILLIPS,

National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD

EDITH ROSATO,

National Association of Chain Drug Stores Foundation, Alexandria, VA (since July 2009)

PHILLIP SCHNEIDER,

National Association of Chain Drug Stores Foundation, Alexandria, VA (until July 2009)

ROSLYNE SCHULMAN,

American Hospital Association, Washington, DC

DANIEL SOSIN,

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA

SHARON STANLEY,

American Red Cross, Washington, DC

ERIC TONER,

University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA

REED TUCKSON,

UnitedHealth Group, Minneapolis, MN

MARGARET VANAMRINGE,

The Joint Commission, Washington, DC

IOM Staff

BRUCE ALTEVOGT, Project Director

CLARE STROUD, Program Officer

ANDREW POPE, Director,

Board on Health Sciences Policy

ALEX REPACE, Senior Program Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12856.
×

Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and Translation*

GAIL CASSELL (Co-Chair),

Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN

JEFFREY DRAZEN (Co-Chair),

New England Journal of Medicine, Boston, MA

BARBARA ALVING,

National Center for Research Resources, Bethesda, MD

LESLIE BENET,

University of California–San Francisco, CA

ANN BONHAM,

Association of American Medical Colleges, Washington, DC

LINDA BRADY,

National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD

ROBERT CALIFF,

Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC

SCOTT CAMPBELL,

American Diabetes Association, Alexandria, VA

THOMAS CASKEY,

University of Texas HSC at Houston, Texas

PETER CORR,

Celtics Therapeutics LLLP, New York

JAMES H. DOROSHOW,

National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD

PAUL EISENBERG,

Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA

GARY FILERMAN,

ATLAS Research, Washington, DC

GARRET FITZGERALD,

University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA

ELAINE GALLIN,

The Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, New York

STEVEN GALSON,

Science Operation International Corporation, Rockville, MD

HARRY GREENBERG,

Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA

STEPHEN GROFT,

Office of Rare Disease Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

PETER HONIG,

Merck & Co., Inc. (Retired), Collegeville, PA

ANNALISA JENKINS,

Bristol Myers Squibb, Plainsboro, NJ

MICHAEL KATZ,

March of Dimes Foundation, New York

JACK KEENE,

Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC

RONALD KRALL,

GlaxoSmithKline (Retired), Steamboat Springs, CO

*

IOM forums and roundtables do not issue, review, or approve individual documents. The responsibility for the published workshop summary rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12856.
×

FREDA LEWIS-HALL,

Pfizer Inc., New York

WILLIAM MATTHEW,

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD

MARK MCCLELLAN,

Brookings Institution, Washington, DC

CAROL MIMURA,

University of California–Berkeley, CA

JOHN ORLOFF,

Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ

AMY PATTERSON,

National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

JANET SHOEMAKER,

American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC

LANA SKIRBOLL,

National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

NANCY SUNG,

Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, NC

JORGE TAVEL,

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD

JANET TOBIAS,

Ikana Media, New York

JOANNE WALDSTREICHER,

Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ

JANET WOODCOCK,

U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD

RAYMOND WOOSLEY,

The Critical Path Institute, Tucson, AZ

IOM Staff

ANNE CLAIBORNE, Director (since April 2010)

ROBERT B. GIFFIN, Director (until March 2010)

REBECCA A. ENGLISH, Research Associate

YEONWOO LEBOVITZ, Program Associate

GENEA S. VINCENT, Senior Program Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12856.
×

Reviewers

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

Susan R. Cooper, Tennessee Department of Health

Joseph A. DiMasi, Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development

Philip K. Russell, Department of Defense (retired)

Patrick J. Scannon, XOMA, Ltd.

P. Roy Vagelos, Merck & Co., Inc. (retired)

Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they did not see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Leslie Z. Benet. Appointed by the Institute of Medicine, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12856.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12856.
×

 

 

PARTNERSHIPS AND ALTERNATIVE BUSINESS MODELS

 

30

   

 Venture Philanthropy and Orphan Product Development Models,

 

30

   

 Pharmaceutical Shared-Risk Approaches,

 

31

   

 Planning for Failure,

 

32

   

 Open Innovation Business Strategies,

 

33

   

 Public–Private Partnerships,

 

34

   

 Independent Third-Party Facilitation of Collaboration,

 

37

   

 Strategic Investor Model,

 

37

 

 

ENGAGING INDUSTRY

 

38

   

 Incentives: Push vs. Pull,

 

38

   

 Incentives Not Needed?: Making a Strong Business Case,

 

41

 

 

NEW PARADIGMS, STRATEGIES, AND TACTICS FOR ENHANCING THE COUNTERMEASURES DEVELOPMENT ENTERPRISE

 

43

   

 Outsourcing Program Management,

 

43

   

 Government as a Strategic Partner,

 

45

   

 Platform Technologies,

 

45

   

 Revised PHEMCE Implementation Plan,

 

46

 

 

EXISTING REGULATORY TOOLS AND APPROACHES THAT CAN BE APPLIED TO ADVANCE COUNTERMEASURES DEVELOPMENT

 

47

   

 Opportunities for Accelerating Approval of Medical Countermeasures: Evolving the Regulatory Framework,

 

47

   

 The Way Forward: Themes from the Workshop,

 

49

 

 

CONCLUSION

 

53

 

 

APPENDIXES

 

 

A

 

References

 

57

B

 

Workshop Agenda

 

59

C

 

Registered Workshop Attendees

 

79

D

 

Case Studies of HHS Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical Countermeasure Development Programs, Executive Summary

 

91

E

 

Synthesis of Business Models and Economic and Market Incentives for Vaccines and Therapeutics

 

113

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12856.
×
Page R1
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12856.
×
Page R2
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12856.
×
Page R3
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12856.
×
Page R4
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12856.
×
Page R5
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12856.
×
Page R6
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12856.
×
Page R7
Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12856.
×
Page R8
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12856.
×
Page R9
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12856.
×
Page R10
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12856.
×
Page R11
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12856.
×
Page R12
Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12856.
×
Page R13
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12856.
×
Page R14
Next: Workshop Summary »
The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval: Workshop Summary Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $59.00 Buy Ebook | $47.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

During public health emergencies such as pandemic influenza outbreaks or terrorist attacks, effective vaccines, drugs, diagnostics, and other medical countermeasures are essential to protecting national security and the public's well-being. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise (PHEMCE)--a partnership among federal, state, and local governments; industry; and academia--is at the forefront of the effort to develop and manufacture these countermeasures. However, despite the PHEMCE's many successes, there are still serious challenges to overcome. Government-funded medical research is not always focused on countermeasures for the most serious potential threats, and it is difficult to engage pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to develop and manufacture medical countermeasures that have a limited commercial market.

At the request of the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, the IOM held a workshop February 22-24, 2010, to address challenges facing the PHEMCE. Workshop participants discussed federal policies and procedures affecting the research, development, and approval of medical countermeasures and explored opportunities to improve the process and protect Americans' safety and health.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!