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Evaluation of Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Chronic Disease (2010)

Chapter: Appendix B: Recommendations from Related IOM Reports

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Recommendations from Related IOM Reports." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Evaluation of Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Chronic Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12869.
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Appendix B
Recommendations from Related IOM Reports

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Recommendations from Related IOM Reports." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Evaluation of Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Chronic Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12869.
×

BOX B-1

Summary of Recommendations to Develop Biomarker-Based Tools for Cancer

Methods, Tools, and Resources Needed to Discover and Develop Biomarkers

  1. Federal agencies should develop an organized, comprehensive approach to biomarker discovery, and foster development of novel technologies.

  2. Industry and other funders should establish international consortia to generate and share precompetitive data on the validation and qualification of biomarkers.

  3. Funders should place a major emphasis on developing quantitative pathway biomarkers to broaden applicability.

  4. Funders should sponsor demonstration projects to develop biomarkers that can predict efficacy and safety in patients for drugs already on the market.

  5. Government agencies and other funders should sustain support for high-quality biorepositories of prospectively collected samples.

Guidelines, Standards, Oversight, and Incentives Needed for Biomarker Development

  1. Government agencies and other stakeholders should develop a transparent process to create well-defined consensus standards and guidelines for biomarker development, validation, qualification, and use.

  2. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and industry should work together to facilitate the codevelopment and approval of diagnostic–therapeutic combinations.

  3. The FDA should clearly delineate and standardize its oversight of biomarker tests used in clinical decision making.

  4. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) should develop a specialty area for molecular diagnostics under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments.

Methods and Processes Needed for Clinical Evaluation and Adoption

  1. CMS should revise and modernize its coding and pricing system for diagnostic tests.

  2. CMS, as well as other payers, should develop criteria for conditional coverage of new biomarker tests.

  3. As a component of conditional coverage, establish procedures for high-quality, population-based assessments of efficacy and cost effectiveness of biomarker tests.

SOURCE: IOM (2007a).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Recommendations from Related IOM Reports." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Evaluation of Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Chronic Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12869.
×

BOX B-2

Summary of Recommendations for The Future of Drug Safety: Promoting and Protecting the Health of the Public

Organizational Culture

3.1

The committee recommends that the Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (FDCA) be amended to require that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Commissioner currently appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate also be appointed for a 6-year term of office. The Commissioner should be an individual with appropriate expertise to head a science-based agency, demonstrated capacity to lead and inspire, and a proven commitment to public health, scientific integrity, transparency, and communication. The President may remove the Commissioner from office only for reasons of inefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in office.

3.2

The committee recommends that an external Management Advisory Board be appointed by the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) to advise the FDA Commissioner in shepherding the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, or CDER (and the agency as a whole) to implement and sustain the changes necessary to transform the center’s culture—by improving morale and retention of professional staff, strengthening transparency, restoring credibility, and creating a culture of safety based upon a lifecycle approach to risk–benefit.

3.3

The committee recommends the Secretary of HHS direct the FDA Commissioner and director of CDER, with the assistance of the Management Advisory Board, to develop a comprehensive strategy for sustained cultural change that positions the agency to fulfill its mission, including protecting the health of the public.

3.4

The committee recommends that CDER appoint an Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology (OSE) staff member to each New Drug Application (NDA) review team and assign joint authority to the Office of New Drugs and OSE for postapproval regulatory actions related to safety.

3.5

To restore appropriate balance between the FDA’s dual goals of speeding access to innovative drugs and ensuring drug safety over the product’s lifecycle, the committee recommends that Congress should introduce specific safety-related performance goals in the Prescription Drug User Fee Act IV in 2007. (See Chapter 3 for suggested goals.)

Science and Expertise

4.1

The committee recommends that in order to improve the generation of new safety signals and hypotheses, CDER should take the following actions:

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Recommendations from Related IOM Reports." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Evaluation of Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Chronic Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12869.
×

 

(a)

Conduct a systematic, scientific review of the Adverse Event Reporting System;

 

(b)

Identify and implement changes in key factors that could lead to a more efficient system; and

 

(c)

Systematically implement statistical surveillance methods on a regular and routine basis for the automated generation of new safety signals.

4.2

The committee recommends that in order to facilitate the formulation and testing of drug safety hypotheses, CDER should do the following:

 

(a)

Increase their intramural and extramural programs that access and study data from large automated healthcare databases;

 

(b)

Include in these programs studies on drug use patterns and background incidence rates for adverse events of interest; and

 

(c)

Develop and implement active surveillance of specific drugs and diseases as needed in a variety of settings.

4.3

The committee recommends that the Secretary of HHS, working with the Secretaries of Veterans Affairs and Defense, develop a public–private partnership with drug sponsors, public and private insurers, for-profit and not-for-profit healthcare provider organizations, consumer groups, and large pharmaceutical companies to prioritize, plan, and organize funding for confirmatory drug safety and efficacy studies of public health importance. Congress should capitalize the public share of this partnership.

4.4

The committee recommends that CDER assure the performance of timely and scientifically valid evaluations (whether done internally or by industry sponsors) of Risk Minimization Action Plans (RiskMAPs). The assessment of risks and benefits is an activity that does not end at approval, and risk and benefit cannot be considered in isolation of one another.

4.5

The committee recommends that CDER develop and continually improve a systematic approach to risk–benefit analysis for use throughout the FDA in the preapproval and postapproval settings.

4.6

The committee recommends that CDER build internal epidemiologic and informatics capacity in order to improve the postmarket assessment of drugs.

4.7

The committee recommends that the Commissioner of FDA demonstrate commitment to building the Agency’s scientific research capacity by:

 

(a)

Appointing a Chief Scientist in the office of the Commissioner with responsibility for overseeing, coordinating, and ensuring the quality and regulatory focus of the agency’s intramural research programs;

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Recommendations from Related IOM Reports." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Evaluation of Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Chronic Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12869.
×

 

(b)

Designating the FDA’s Science Board as the extramural advisory committee to the Chief Scientist;

 

(c)

Including research capacity in the Agency’s mission statement;

 

(d)

Applying resources to support intramural research approved by the Chief Scientist; and

 

(e)

Ensuring that adequate funding to support the intramural research program is requested in the Agency’s annual budget request to Congress.

4.8

The committee recommends that the FDA have its advisory committees review all NMEs either prior to approval or soon after approval to advise in the process of ensuring drug safety and efficacy or managing drug risks.

4.9

The committee recommends that all FDA drug product advisory committees, and any other peer-review effort such as mentioned above for CDER-reviewed product safety, include a pharmacoepidemiologist or an individual with comparable public health expertise in studying the safety of medical products.

4.10

The committee recommends the FDA establish a requirement that a substantial majority of the members of each advisory committee be free of significant financial involvement with companies whose interests may be affected by the committee’s deliberations.

4.11

To ensure that trial registration is mandatory, systematic, standardized, and complete, and that the registration site is able to accommodate the reporting of trial results, the committee recommends that Congress require industry sponsors to register in a timely manner at ClinicalTrials.gov, at a minimum, all phase II through IV clinical trials, wherever they may have been conducted, if data from the trials are intended to be submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA or supplemental NDA, or to fulfill a postmarket commitment. The committee further recommends that this requirement include the posting of a structured field summary of the efficacy and safety results of the studies.

4.12

The committee recommends that the FDA post all NDA review packages on the agency’s website.

4.13

The committee recommends that the CDER review teams regularly and systematically analyze all postmarket study results and make public their assessment of the significance of the results with regard to the integration of risk and benefit information.

Regulation

5.1

The committee recommends that Congress ensure that the Food and Drug Administration has the ability to require such postmarketing risk assessment and risk management programs as are needed to monitor and ensure safe use of drug products. These conditions may be imposed both

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Recommendations from Related IOM Reports." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Evaluation of Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Chronic Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12869.
×

 

before and after approval of a new drug, new indication, or new dosage, as well as after identification of new contraindications or patterns of adverse events. The limitations imposed should match the specific safety concerns and benefits presented by the drug product. The risk assessment and risk management program may include:

 

(a)

Distribution conditioned on compliance with agency-initiated changes in drug labels;

 

(b)

Distribution conditioned on specific warnings to be incorporated into all promotional materials (including broadcast direct-to-consumer [DTC] advertising);

 

(c)

Distribution conditioned on a moratorium on DTC advertising;

 

(d)

Distribution restricted to certain facilities, pharmacists, or physicians with special training or experience;

 

(e)

Distribution conditioned on the performance of specified medical procedures;

 

(f)

Distribution conditioned on the performance of specified additional clinical trials or other studies; and/or

 

(g)

Distribution conditioned on the maintenance of an active adverse event surveillance system.

5.2

The committee recommends that Congress provide oversight and enact any needed legislation to ensure compliance by both the Food and Drug Administration and drug sponsors with the provisions listed above. The FDA needs increased enforcement authority and better enforcement tools directed at drug sponsors, which should include fines, injunctions, and withdrawal of drug approval.

5.3

The committee recommends that Congress amend the FDCA to require that product labels carry a special symbol such as the black triangle used in the United Kingdom or an equivalent symbol for new drugs, new combinations of active substances, and new systems of delivery of existing drugs. The FDA should restrict DTC advertising during the period of time the special symbol is in effect.

5.4

The committee recommends that the FDA evaluate all new data on new molecular entities no later than 5 years after approval. Sponsors will submit a report of accumulated data relevant to drug safety and efficacy, including any additional data published in a peer-reviewed journal, and will report on the status of any applicable conditions imposed on the distribution of the drug called for at or after the time of approval.

Communication

6.1

The committee recommends that Congress enact legislation establishing a new FDA advisory committee on communication with patients and consumers. The committee would be composed of members who represent consumer and patient perspectives and organizations. The advisory committee would advise CDER and other centers on communication issues

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Recommendations from Related IOM Reports." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Evaluation of Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Chronic Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12869.
×

 

related to efficacy, safety, and use during the lifecycle of drugs and other medical products, and it would support the centers in their mission to “help the public get the accurate, science-based information they need to use medicines and foods to improve their health.”

6.2

The committee recommends that the new Office of Drug Safety Policy and Communication should develop a cohesive risk communication plan that includes, at a minimum, a review of all center risk communication activities, evaluation and revision of communication tools for clarity and consistency, and priority setting to ensure efficient use of resources.

Resources

7.1

To support improvements in drug safety and efficacy activities over a product’s lifecycle, the committee recommends that the Administration should request and Congress should approve substantially increased resources in both funds and personnel for the Food and Drug Administration.

SOURCE: IOM (2007b).

REFERENCES

IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2007a. Cancer biomarkers: The promises and challenges of improving detection and treatment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

IOM. 2007b. The future of drug safety: Promoting and protecting the health of the public. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Recommendations from Related IOM Reports." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Evaluation of Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Chronic Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12869.
×

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Recommendations from Related IOM Reports." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Evaluation of Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Chronic Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12869.
×
Page 279
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Recommendations from Related IOM Reports." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Evaluation of Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Chronic Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12869.
×
Page 280
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Recommendations from Related IOM Reports." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Evaluation of Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Chronic Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12869.
×
Page 281
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Recommendations from Related IOM Reports." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Evaluation of Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Chronic Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12869.
×
Page 282
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Recommendations from Related IOM Reports." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Evaluation of Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Chronic Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12869.
×
Page 283
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Recommendations from Related IOM Reports." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Evaluation of Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Chronic Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12869.
×
Page 284
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Recommendations from Related IOM Reports." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Evaluation of Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Chronic Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12869.
×
Page 285
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Recommendations from Related IOM Reports." Institute of Medicine. 2010. Evaluation of Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Chronic Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12869.
×
Page 286
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Many people naturally assume that the claims made for foods and nutritional supplements have the same degree of scientific grounding as those for medication, but that is not always the case. The IOM recommends that the FDA adopt a consistent scientific framework for biomarker evaluation in order to achieve a rigorous and transparent process.

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