hurricane activity). This report does not identify any specific projections of abrupt climate changes that the committee considers to be robustly established, e.g., based on clear physical understanding of processes and multiple models. However, it is clear that the risk of surprises can be expected to increase with the duration and magnitude of the warming. Finally, this report shows throughout that present emissions represent commitments to growing current and future impacts, including the very long-term future over many thousands of years. {2.4, 3.4, 4.3, 4.4, 5.8, 6.1, 6.2}