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Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease (2010)

Chapter: Appendix E: Significant Citrus Diseases Other Than Huanglongbing

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Significant Citrus Diseases Other Than Huanglongbing." National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12880.
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Appendix E
Significant Citrus Diseases Other Than Huanglongbing

Disease Name

Causal Organism/Vector

Distribution

Management/Control

Reference

Additional Information

Systemic Diseases

Citrus Variegated Chlorosis

Xylella fastidiosa

Southern Brazil; Argentina; Costa Rica

Propagation of healthy budwood; pruning infected limbs of newly-affected trees; removal of affected trees in young plantings.

Chang et al., 1993; Hartung et al., 1994; Timmer et al., 2003

Potentially important anywhere in the world.

Transmitted by sharpshooters and other xylem-feeding leafhoppers

Stubborn Disease

Spiroplasma citri

Arid citrus regions, such as parts of California and Arizona, North Africa, and the Middle East

Avoiding infection in nurseries and young plantings.

Roistacher, 1991; Timmer et al., 2003

Unlikely to be a problem in humid areas where environmental conditions for spread do not exist.

Transmitted by several species of leafhoppers

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Significant Citrus Diseases Other Than Huanglongbing." National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12880.
×

Disease Name

Causal Organism/Vector

Distribution

Management/Control

Reference

Additional Information

Tristeza Decline and Stem Pitting

Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV)

Asia, South America, South Africa, Australia, Spain, Israel, Southern Italy

Use of tolerant rootstocks and scion varieties; cross protection with mild, strains of CTV to delay infection/reduce severity of stem pitting.

Roistacher, 1991; Garnsey, 2005; Hilf, 2005; Costa and Müller, 1980

Decline strains spreading in the Mediterranean; the importance of stem pitting increases with spread of Toxoptera citricidus, the most efficient vector.

Transmitted by several species of aphids

Citrus Sudden Death or Morte Subita dos Citros

Virus (member of Marafivirus)

Brazil (southern Minas Gerais and northern São Paulo)

Use of tolerant rootstocks (such as Cleopatra and Sunki mandarins, Carrizo citrange, and Swingle citrumelo) instead of Rangpur lime.

Román et al., 2004; Bassanezi et al., 2003

Conditions outside of Brazil may not favor development of this disease.

Graft transmissible; vector has not been identified

Citrus Blight

Unknown

The Americas, Australia, South Africa

Replacement of affected trees with trees on tolerant rootstocks; no known cure for this disease.

Derrick and Timmer, 2000; Timmer and Bhatia, 2003

Most important in Florida and Brazil; potential for development elsewhere uncertain.

Transmissible by root- piece and tree-to- tree root grafts

Leprosis

Bacilliform Virus

South America and Central America

Control of its mite vector using acaricides.

Roistacher, 1991; Bastianel et al., 2006

Only locally systemic in infected areas of the tree.

Transmitted by Brevipalpus mites

Witches' Broom Disease of Lime (WBDL)

Phloem- limited phytoplasma

Oman; United Arab Emirates; Iran

WBDL is only confined to limes; sweet orange, mandarin and grapefruit are apparently resistant.

Garnier et al., 1991; Roistacher, 1991

Dangerous disease for western Mexico and other producing areas of Mexican lime.

May be transmitted by Hishimonus phycitis leafhoppers

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Significant Citrus Diseases Other Than Huanglongbing." National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12880.
×

Disease Name

Causal Organism/Vector

Distribution

Management/Control

Reference

Additional Information

Viroids

Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd); Cachexia CVdI, CVdII; CVdII, CVdIV

Wherever citrus is grown

Eliminated by certification programs; sterilization of pruning tools and budding knives.

Duran- Villa et al., 2000

Have been largely eliminated by budwood certification programs; important primarily on rootstocks such as trifoliate orange and its hybrids and Rangpur lime.

Bacterial and Foliar Fungal Diseases

Citrus Canker

Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri

Asia; southern Brazil, Argentina; Uruguay; Caribbean; Florida

Quarantine and eradication where not endemic; in endemic areas, windbreaks to reduce severity and copper products to prevent fruit infection.

Civerolo, 1984; Koizumi, 1985; Graham and Gottwald, 1991; Gottwald et al., 2001; Schubert et al., 2001; Graham et al., 2004

Not only important for fresh fruit; causes significant leaf and fruit drop.

Citrus Black Spot

Guignardia citricarpa (Anamorph: Phyllosticta citricarpa)

Widespread in the humid to semi- arid citrus-growing areas in the Southern Hemisphere

Controlled primarily by fungicide applications (benzimidazoles, copper products, dithiocarbamates, or strobilurin) in the summer.

Peres and Timmer, 2003; Timmer et al., 2004;

Not only important for fresh fruit; causes significant fruit drop as well.

Pseudocercospora Fruit and Leaf Spot

Pseudocercospora anglonensis

Angola; Mozambique; Yemen; Western and Southern Africa

Preventive applications of copper fungicides, chlorothalonil, flusilazole, or propineb.

Seif and Hillocks, 1997; Timmer et al., 2004

Not only important for fresh fruit; causes significant leaf and fruit drop.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Significant Citrus Diseases Other Than Huanglongbing." National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12880.
×

Disease Name

Causal Organism/Vector

Distribution

Management/Control

Reference

Additional Information

Greasy Spot

Mycosphaerella citri and other Mycosphaerella spp.

Uncertain; widespread in the Caribbean area; some problems occur elsewhere and may due to other species of Mycosphaerella.

Foliar applications of petroleum oils or various fungicides.

Mondal and Timmer, 2006

May cause severe defoliation and fruit blemishes, especially on grapefruit and lemons.

Sweet Orange Scab

Elsinoe australis

South America

Application of sterol-inhibiting fungicides, ferbam, benzimidazoles, strobilurins, or copper products.

Timmer et al., 2004

Only important for fresh fruit production.

Postbloom Fruit Drop

Colletotrichum acutatum

Western Hemisphere

Application of fungicide such as benzimidazoles, strobilurins, captan, maneb, or ferbam. A computer assisted system has been developed for timing fungicide applications.

Timmer et al., 1994; Peres et al., 2005 ; Timmer and Brown, 2000

Only important where rainfall is high during bloom.

Alternaria Brown Spot

Alternaria alternata

First described in Australia in 1903; Mediterranean; Caribbean Basin; South Africa; South America

Minimize leaf wetness (avoiding overhead irrigation); use of disease-free nursery trees; avoiding excessive nitrogen fertilization and irrigation; application of foliar fungicides. alter-rater, a predictive system, has been developed to time sprays.

Timmer et al., 2003; Akimitsu et al., 2003

Only affects some tangerines and hybrids; spreading in semi-arid areas.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Significant Citrus Diseases Other Than Huanglongbing." National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12880.
×
Page 199
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Significant Citrus Diseases Other Than Huanglongbing." National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12880.
×
Page 200
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Significant Citrus Diseases Other Than Huanglongbing." National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12880.
×
Page 201
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Significant Citrus Diseases Other Than Huanglongbing." National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12880.
×
Page 202
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Citrus greening, a disease that reduces yield, compromises the flavor, color, and size of citrus fruit and eventually kills the citrus tree, is now present in all 34 Floridian citrus-producing counties. Caused by an insect-spread bacterial infection, the disease reduced citrus production in 2008 by several percent and continues to spread, threatening the existence of Florida's $9.3 billion citrus industry.

A successful citrus greening response will focus on earlier detection of diseased trees, so that these sources of new infections can be removed more quickly, and on new methods to control the insects that carry the bacteria. In the longerterm, technologies such as genomics could be used to develop new citrus strains that are resistant to both the bacteria and the insect.

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