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Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease (2010)

Chapter: Appendix F: Significant Citrus Insect and Mite Pests

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Significant Citrus Insect and Mite Pests." National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12880.
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Appendix F
Significant Citrus Insect and Mite Pests

Insect Name

Distribution

Management/Control

Reference

Additional Information

Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata)

Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, South America; introduced into the US but successfully eradicated

Insecticide-treated baits applied to scattered trees in the orchard; most Medfly larvae are killed when fresh fruits are shipped under cold storage

Thomas et al., 2007; Lanza et al., 2005

Serious pest in many areas

Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis)

Asia; occasionally found in Florida and California

Similar to Mediterranean fruit fly

Weems et al., 2008

Most serious of all fruit flies, except for Mediterranean fruit fly

Mexican Fruit Fly (Anastrepha ludens)

Mexico; Central America; Frequently found in Texas

Similar to Mediterranean fruit fly

Weems et al., 2008

Less serious than other fruit flies

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Significant Citrus Insect and Mite Pests." National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12880.
×

Insect Name

Distribution

Management/Control

Reference

Additional Information

Caribbean Fruit Fly (Anastrepha suspensa)

Caribbean Basin; Commonly found in Florida

Similar to Mediterranean fruit fly

Weems et al., 2008

Less serious than other fruit flies

Diaprepes Root Weevil (Diaprepes abreviatus), aka West Indian Sugar Rootstock Borer Weevil

Caribbean; Common in Florida; Found but not widely distributed in Texas and California

Foliar insecticide applications to kill adults; soil-applied insecticides to kill larvae; parasitic nematodes applied to soil surface to kill larvae in the soil; these measures are not highly effective in controlling the damage

McCoy et al., 2009; Woodruff, 1985

Most serious root weevil pest

Blue-green Root Weevils (Pachneus spp.)

Limited distribution in the Caribbean Basin and Florida

Insecticide applications to control adult weevils

McCoy et al., 2009; Woodruff, 1985; Hall, 1995

Feeds primarily on fibrous roots causing minor to moderate yield loss

Little Leaf Notcher (Artipus floridanus)

Limited distribution in the Caribbean Basin and Florida

Insecticide applications to control adult weevils

McCoy et al., 2009; Woodruff, 1985; Hall, 1995

Feeds primarily on fibrous roots causing minor to moderate yield loss

Fuller’s Rose Beetle (Asynonychus godmani)

Occurs widely on many hosts, but is of little significance as a citrus pest

Insecticide applications to control adult weevils

McCoy et al., 2009; Woodruff, 1985; Hall, 1995

Feeds primarily on fibrous roots causing minor to moderate yield loss

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Significant Citrus Insect and Mite Pests." National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12880.
×

Insect Name

Distribution

Management/Control

Reference

Additional Information

Exopthalmus spp.

Limited distribution in the Caribbean Basin; not in Florida

Insecticide applications to control adult weevils

McCoy et al., 2009; Woodruff, 1985; Hall, 1995

Attacks the crown of the tree in addition to roots and can kill trees

Citrus Leafminer

Phyllocnistis citrella

Widespread in citrus

Biological control and insecticide applications to young flush

Heppner, 1993

Exacerbates the severity of citrus canker

Brown citrus aphid

Toxoptera citricida

Asia, Pacific Islands, Australia, New Zealand, Africa, South. America, Central America, Eastern Mexico, Florida, northern Portugal and northern Spain

Biological control; insecticide application usually not beneficial

Halbert et al., 2004

Important primarily as a vector of Citrus tristeza virus

Citrus thrips

Scirtothrips citri

Northern Mexico and western US

Application of insecticides

Kerns, et al., 2001

Superficial damage; important only for fresh fruit

Sharpshooters

Homalodisca vitripennis (=H. coagulata)

Southeastern US, Florida, California, Mexico

Biological control; in California, insecticides used against overwintering adults

Blua and Morgan, 2003

Minor pest; important vector if citrus variegated chlorosis is introduced to California

Brevipalpus mites

B. californicus

B. obovatus

B. phoenicis

B. lewisi

Tropical and subtropical distribution but occur with citrus worldwide

Biological control and acaricides and oil

Childers et al., 2001

Minor pest; feeds on fruit and blemishes rind; important because some species transmit leprosis

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Significant Citrus Insect and Mite Pests." National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12880.
×
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Significant Citrus Insect and Mite Pests." National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12880.
×
Page 203
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Significant Citrus Insect and Mite Pests." National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12880.
×
Page 204
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Significant Citrus Insect and Mite Pests." National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12880.
×
Page 205
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Significant Citrus Insect and Mite Pests." National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12880.
×
Page 206
Next: Appendix G: Missions of University, Government, and Non-government Agencies with Responsibilities Related to Citrus Production and Marketing »
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Citrus greening, a disease that reduces yield, compromises the flavor, color, and size of citrus fruit and eventually kills the citrus tree, is now present in all 34 Floridian citrus-producing counties. Caused by an insect-spread bacterial infection, the disease reduced citrus production in 2008 by several percent and continues to spread, threatening the existence of Florida's $9.3 billion citrus industry.

A successful citrus greening response will focus on earlier detection of diseased trees, so that these sources of new infections can be removed more quickly, and on new methods to control the insects that carry the bacteria. In the longerterm, technologies such as genomics could be used to develop new citrus strains that are resistant to both the bacteria and the insect.

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