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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2010. In the Light of Evolution: Volume IV: The Human Condition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12931.
×

Index

A

Abnormal Spindle-Like Microcephaly-Associated (ASPM) gene, 55-56, 269

Acetylation, 124, 132, 138, 140

Acetyl-CoA, 132, 134, 137, 138, 140, 141

Ache, 223

Acheulean traditions, 252

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 132, 133, 134, 137, 138, 139, 200

Adygei, 151, 154, 156

Aerobic energy metabolism (AEM) genes, 57-59

Affymetrix 500K platform, 147, 150, 155, 156, 164, 165

Africa and African population history.

See also specific countries

agriculture, 84-85

anatomically modern humans, 10-11, 83-84

apes, 31, 32

autosomal DNA data, 4, 83, 86, 91, 92, 93, 95-96, 99

Bantu expansion, 90-91

contemporary genetic and linguistic variation, 92-99

Darwin’s views of human origins, 28-29, 31, 48-49

fossil record, 1, 10-11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20-21, 34-35, 38, 39

gene flows in movement of technology and culture, 85-91

genetic diversity, 239

genome-wide association studies, 91

hunter-gatherer history, 83, 98-99

lactase persistence, 89-90

linguistic analysis, 82-83, 85, 86, 92-99

Middle Stone Age, 84

migrations, 73, 83, 84-91, 96-97, 136, 238-239, 248, 249, 250

mtDNA analysis, 83, 84, 86, 91, 93, 94, 95, 98-99, 136

Natufian technologies, 85

Neolithic, 84-91

NRY analysis, 83-84, 86, 87, 91, 93, 94, 95, 98-99

pastoralism, 85, 87-91

patrilocality and polygyny, 91

sex-biased migration and gene flow, 91, 96

skin pigmentation, 172

slave trade, 148, 160

TMRCA, 84, 98, 99

trade, 86

African Americans, 154, 159, 161, 164

Afrotheria, 58-59

Age-dependent macular degeneration, 119

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2010. In the Light of Evolution: Volume IV: The Human Condition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12931.
×

Agriculture and agricultural populations

gene–culture coevolution, 3-4, 67, 73, 74, 76, 88, 231, 236, 240, 245, 247, 255

gene flows, 3-4, 84-85, 99

genetic adaptations, 67, 73, 74, 76, 88, 231, 236

Holocene, 245, 255

Neolithic period in Africa, 3-4, 84, 85, 88, 90

Plio-Pleistocene, 247

population movements, 3-4, 160

AIDS, 115

Albinism, 193

Alkaptonuria, 193

Alkorta-Aranburu, Gorka, 3, 63-79

Allia Bay fossils, 15, 16

Altruism, 261, 266, 268, 298, 321-322, 332-333, 334, 335

Amhara people, 65, 68

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 196

Anabaptists, 245

Anagenesis, 22, 35, 36, 38, 46

Anatomically modern Homo, 2, 8, 9, 10-11, 13, 83, 234, 236, 237-238, 241, 248, 249, 250-251.

See also Homo sapiens

Ancestral North Indians, 172

Angelman syndrome, 138

Anthropogeny, defined, xvi

Arago fossils, 46

Aramis fossils, 19, 34-35

Archaeopteryx, 28

Archaic hominins, 2, 6, 9, 14, 15-17, 23

Ardipithecus

A. kadabba, 9, 20-21, 36

A. ramidus, 9, 19-20, 21, 34-35, 237, 254

Argentinians, 149

Arginine, 71, 111, 113

Argument from design, 104, 188-189

Argument from imperfection. See Human genomic flaws

Aristotle, 168, 323

Arsuaga, Juan Luis, 2, 27-46

Arthur M. Sackler Colloquia, iv, viii, xiii, xv-xvi, 46, 125, 331

Arthur M. Sackler Gallery of Asian Art, viii

Ascorbic acid synthesis, 287-288

Asfaw, Berhane, 10

Asia

anatomically modern humans, 83

apes, 29, 30, 50

fossil sites, 11

western, 11

Asthma, 115, 149, 198, 244

Ateles, 52

Atherosclerosis, 119, 120-121

Auditory system, 56

Australian aborigines, 65

Australopithecus

Au. afarensis, 9, 15-16, 17, 20, 21, 35

Au. africanus, 6, 9, 15, 17

Au. anamensis, 9, 16, 35

Au. bahrelghazali, 9, 16

Au. boisei, 18

Au. garhi, 9, 17, 19

Au. sediba, 6, 9

classification, 32

diet, 253

morphology, 15-16, 17, 20, 21, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 251

Autoimmune diseases, 113, 115, 173

Avise, John C., xiii-xiv, 104, 185-204

Auton, Adam, 102-103, 147-166

Autosomal DNA analysis

African population history, 4, 83, 86, 91, 92, 93, 95-96, 99

Hispanic/Latino ancestry, 147, 148, 151, 152, 153, 158, 159, 161, 162

Ayala, Francisco J., xiii-xiv, 309, 319-339

Aymara, 151, 156

B

Baboons, 53, 60

Baggara people, 96

Bailey’s Ecoregion Map, 76

Bantu people and languages, 68, 82, 88, 90-91, 97, 151, 154, 155, 156, 161

Barrett, H. Clark, 207, 293-318

Basques, 68, 151, 154, 156

Bayesian linear model method, 65

Beall, Cynthia, 3, 63-79

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, 138-139

Behe, Michael, 186, 190

Belgium, fossil sites, 11

Belohdelie fossils, 15

Bengalese finch, 288

Biaka pygmies, 151, 154, 156

Bile acid biosynthesis, 71

Bimana, 49

Biodiversity, defined, xiii

Bioenergetics.

See also Energy metabolism

and ascent of man, 128, 142-144

and brain evolution, 102, 143-144

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2010. In the Light of Evolution: Volume IV: The Human Condition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12931.
×

and complex diseases, 127-128, 131, 135-137, 138, 142-144

energy environments (regions), 127, 130, 131, 132, 133-137

energy fluctuation (seasons) and cyclic adaptation, 102, 127, 130, 131, 132, 136, 137-141

energy reservoirs (niches), 127, 130, 131, 132

epigenomic regulation of, 127-128, 131, 132, 137-139

introns and, 195-196

levels of, 127, 129-132

mathematical formulations, 144, 145

mtDNA genes, 56-59, 70-71, 102, 127-128, 130-131, 133-135, 137-139, 142

nDNA mutations, 127, 128, 130-131, 136, 137, 139, 142

and origin of complexity, 102, 127, 128-129

signal transduction and metabolic regulation, 132, 139-141

and speciation, 127, 130, 132, 136

and subpopulation radiation, 127, 133-137

threshold, 135

Biology, universal laws in, 106

Blind mole rat (Spalax), 284

Bodo fossils, 12

Bonobos (Pan paniscus), 7, 8, 15, 20, 21, 50, 52, 53, 106

Bos taurus, 59

Boyd, Robert, 206, 231-255

Brain evolution.

See also Cognitive and emotional stimulation

bioenergetics and, 102, 143-144

body size and, 39, 55

cerebral cortex, 55, 320

developmental processes, 282-283

diet and, 253

energy metabolism, 3, 47-48, 56-59

frontal cortex, 241

genetic correlates, 55-59, 269

language, 246

and life span, 47-48, 58, 59

phylogenomic assessment of, 54-59

plasticity, 60

postnatal development period, 54, 60

Siglecs and, 111, 112, 114, 124

size, 11, 13, 14, 18, 39-40, 48, 60, 214, 237, 242, 247, 250, 251, 253, 265, 320

Brazilians, 149

Broken Hill (Kabwe) fossils, 10, 45, 46

Brown Sands fossils, 15

Bryc, Katarzyna, 102-103, 147-166

Bustamante, Carlos D., 102-103, 147-166

C

Caenorhabditis elegans, 143

Callicebus, 52

Callithrix jacchus (marmoset), 53

Calmodulin, 132

Camel domestication, 89

Cameroon, 90, 93, 96

Campbell, Donald T., 283

Cancer, 72, 108, 117, 119, 120, 135, 136, 149, 170-171, 179, 180, 181, 196, 198, 199, 200

Canis familiaris, 59

Capuchin monkeys, 60, 337, 338

Cardiovascular disease, 117, 119, 120-121, 135, 149, 225, 226-227

Catarrhines, 55, 60

Cave of Hearths fossils, 10-11

Central Africa and Central Africans, 82, 84, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96

Central Awash Complex fossils, 19

Ceprano fossils, 45-46

Cercopithecus, 52

Chad, fossil sites, 16, 20

Chadic language and speakers, 82, 85, 86, 93, 94, 96

Chagnon, Napoleon, 262-263

Chaplin, George, 103, 167-183

Charnov, E. L., 213, 216

Chemeron fossils, 14

Chesowanja fossils, 18

Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes).

See also Longevity

brain evolution, 54, 56-57, 60

cranial capacity/brain size, 39, 41, 55

culture and language, 53, 334

diet, 35

epidermal differentiation, 170-171

evolutionary rate, 52

fertility, 222-225

FOXP2 gene, 55

genome sequencing, 101, 110

gorilla kinskip with, 39, 51, 52-53

heart disease, 120

human kinship with, 7, 29, 30-31, 32, 47, 49, 50, 51-54, 55, 101, 106

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2010. In the Light of Evolution: Volume IV: The Human Condition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12931.
×

last common ancestor of humans and, 35, 53, 55

life expectancy, 227

life history evolution, 216-217

Linnaean hierarchy, 7-8, 33, 51, 52-53

locomotion, 34, 35

“missing link” between humans and, 28

molecular supermatrix analysis, 7

morphological structure, 7, 20, 21, 35, 47, 49

protein structure, 7

sialic acid genetics, 106, 109, 110, 113, 114, 115, 120

China, fossil sites, viii, 12, 38, 40, 43

ChIP-on-chip technology, 240-241

3-Chloroacrylic acid, 71

Chomsky, Noam, 277-278

Chronic hepatitis, 115

Cladogenesis, 22, 36, 38, 48

Clark University, vii

Cognitive and emotional evolution.

See also Brain evolution;

Reasoning about social exchanges

abstract reasoning, 207 257, 258-259, 262-263, 269-272, 321

blank-slate theory, 208, 294

body size and, 39, 49

childhood period and life span and, 257, 263-264, 265, 266, 273

coevolution of cognition, language, and sociality, 207, 253-254 257, 265-267, 269-272

cognitive niche theory, 207, 257, 259-269

cooperation among nonkin and, 257-259, 260-261, 262-263, 264, 265-267

cooperative breeding and, 228-229, 235, 236, 254, 263-264

cultural adaptation to constrained cognition, 235

cultural divergence, 264

Darwin’s views, 49, 54, 205, 258

diet and, 265

extinction effects of, 260

evolutionary arms races and, 259, 260

fire use and, 234, 252

gene-culture coevolution, 246-247, 250, 253-254, 255

grammatical language, 207, 208-209, 253-254, 261-263, 267, 268, 270, 277, 281, 282, 290-292, 300

habitats and food ranges and, 257, 263

hominid evolution and, 264-265

indices of, 237

intuitive theories, 257, 259, 260, 261, 267, 269, 272, 276, 294

metaphorical abstraction ability, 257, 259, 269-272

morphological adaptations and, 54, 264

opportunity for exploitation and, 260, 263

paleoclimate and, 242, 263

reciprocation and reciprocal altruism, 261, 266, 296, 297, 298-299, 312

self-awareness and death awareness, 205, 321, 334

technological know-how and, 257, 259, 260, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266-267

Wallace’s views of, 257, 258-259, 264

Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 33

Colombians, 147, 149-150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157-158, 160, 163, 164

Color vision, 288

Comparative primate morphology.

See also individual species

anatomically modern Homo, 2, 8, 9, 10-11, 13

apomorphies (derived characters), 32, 44, 45

autapomorphy, 13, 45

body mass estimates, 15, 20

body plan, 35-40

cranial anatomy, 1, 2, 10, 11, 12-13, 14, 15, 16-17, 18-19, 20, 23, 25, 28, 36, 39, 40-46, 320

dietary adaptations, 12, 14, 20, 23, 35

dwarfing, 13

gross, 7

homology vs. homoplasy, 2, 19, 21, 23, 24-25

imaging technologies, 2, 24-25

and language, 14, 320

limb proportions, 12, 14

mandibular and dental features, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16-17, 18, 19, 20-21, 24-25, 28, 254, 320

megadont archaic hominins, 8, 9, 17-19, 23

opposing thumbs, 117, 54, 320

panins, 5, 15, 20, 21-23, 39

plesiomorphies, 32

possible hominins, 2, 8, 9, 19-21

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2010. In the Light of Evolution: Volume IV: The Human Condition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12931.
×

postcranial skeletons, 12, 13, 35-40, 41, 45-46

posture and locomotion, 12, 14, 15-16, 17, 20, 23, 34-35, 320

premodern Homo, 8, 9, 11-13

sexual dimorphism, 15, 16, 18

species concepts, 2, 22

and tool-making ability, 1, 17, 54

transitional hominins, 8, 9, 13-14, 28, 34

Complement factor H, 107

Complex biological traits

genetic mechanisms, 186

imperfections in, 188;

see also Human genomic flaws

origin of, 102, 127, 133, 128-129, 199-201

Computed tomography, 24

Confocal microscopy, 24

Contactin-associated protein-like 2

(CNTNAP2) gene, 241

Convergent adaptive evolution, 2, 47, 48, 59, 60. 102, 107, 126, 135-136, 249-250

Coop, Graham, 3, 63-79

Cooper’s Cave fossils, 17

Cooperation and resource sharing, 217, 235, 236, 257-259, 260-261, 264, 265-267, 275, 299, 317, 321, 332

Copernicus, Nicolaus, xv

Cosmides, Leda, 207, 293-318

Costa Ricans, 149

Cranial anatomy.

See also Brain evolution

analytical approach, 40-46

body size and, 39

endocranial volume, 11, 12, 14, 15, 18, 39-40

hominins, 1, 2, 10, 11, 12-13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 23, 25, 36, 39, 40

homoplasies, 23

paleontological species definition by, 40-46

panins, 21, 39, 41

premodern Homo, 11

transitional form, 25, 28

Creationism

counterargument, see Human genomic flaws

intelligent design version, xv, 104, 185, 186, 187-188, 189-190, 195, 196, 197, 199, 200, 201, 204, 257, 277, 279, 284

irreducible complexity argument, 186, 190

landmark court cases, 186-187

natural theology and argument from design, 104, 185, 188-189, 190, 195, 324

in public school curricula, 186-188

theological enigmas posed by, 185, 190-192, 193, 203-204

Cubans, 149

Culture and cultural evolution.

See also Gene–culture coevolution;

Language development/lingistics

adaptive rates, 233

art, 84, 99, 232, 237, 248, 250, 253, 321, 331

complexity of social organizations, 321

defined, 232, 321

demography and, 237

environmental influences, 321, 233-234

epigenetic rules, 235

and gene flows, 85-91

genetic evolution compared with, 232-235

moral codes, 319, 326, 328, 336-337, 338-339

religion, 244

social cooperation and resource sharing, 217, 235, 236, 257-259, 260-261, 264, 265-267, 275, 299, 317, 321, 332

tool use and tool making, 1, 17, 54, 205, 206, 208, 237, 238, 247, 248, 250, 251, 252, 259, 260, 262, 264, 265, 266-267, 280, 321, 329, 331, 332

Cushitic languages and speakers, 82, 85, 87, 88

Cyanobacteria, 129, 133

Cystinuria, 193

Cytidine monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase(CMAH), 105, 108, 111, 112, 117, 124

Cytokine storm, 115

Cytosolic β-glucosidase (GBA3) gene, 70

D

Dali, 12

Dart, Raymond, 32

Darwin, Charles, 1

on African origins of humans, 28-29, 31, 48-49

aversion to slavery, 168

on cognitive abilities of human mind, 49, 54, 59, 205, 258

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2010. In the Light of Evolution: Volume IV: The Human Condition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12931.
×

on human evolution, xvi, 168

influence of, 9

legacy, xv-xvi, 27-31, 48-49

on moral sense, 323-327, 333, 336

natural selection theory, xv, 48, 50, 104, 128, 132, 143, 182, 189

and natural theology, 103-104, 189, 192

on phylogenetic relationships of primates, xvi, 2, 27-31, 47, 48-50, 52, 106, 214

sexual-selection hypothesis for skin pigmentation, 103, 168, 169

and Wallace, 127, 143

Darwin’s finches, 132

Darwinian Revolution, xvi, 189

Datog people, 87

de Chardin, Teilhard, 205

Deacon, Terrence, 207-208, 275-292

Dembski, William, 190

Di Rienzo, Anna, 3, 63-79

Diabetes, 64, 71, 72, 74, 119, 135, 137, 142, 149, 173, 193

Diet

cereals/plant-based, 67, 69, 71, 72, 74

and cognitive evolution, 265

fats, meat, and milk, 65, 67, 72, 73, 76, 88-89, 90, 105-106, 117-119, 120-121, 134, 138, 140, 236, 251, 253, 265

genetic adaptations, 64, 65, 66-74, 76, 88, 244, 253, 287-288

metabolic incorporation of Neu5Gc, 105-106, 117-119, 120-121

morphology and, 8, 12, 14

roots and tubers, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73-74, 76

DiGeorge syndrome, 199

Dikika fossils, 15

Discovery Institute, 190

Discovery of fossil hominins

earliest discoveries and expeditions, 8-10

Landsat thematic mapping and large-format camera high-resolution images, 10

Dmanisi fossils, 38, 42

DNA-DNA hybridization data, 51-52

DNA.

See also Mitochondrial DNA;

Nuclear DNA

introns (noncoding regions), 88, 195-196, 201, 202-203

junk, 196, 201

methylation, 132, 137-138, 171, 179, 181, 198

recovery from fossils, 12

Dobzhansky, Theodosius, xiii, xiv, 32, 36, 129, 205, 331

Dog, 288

Domestication, 288-290

Dominican Republic and Dominicans, 147, 149-150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 164

Drimolen Cave fossils, 14, 17

Drosophila melanogaster, 143

Dry ecoregions

selection for, 67, 68, 74

UV radiation, 176

Dryopithecus of Lartet, 29

Dubois, Eugène, 9-10, 12

Duplicons, 201-202, 286

E

Early Iron Age, 90-91

Early Pleistocene, 36-37, 40, 42, 45, 46, 242

East Africa and East Africans, 10-11, 15, 16, 18, 23, 35, 38, 83, 86, 87, 89-90, 91, 93, 94, 97, 98-99

East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society, 9

East Asia and East Asian people, 68, 93, 172, 173

Echinops telfairi (lesser hedgehog tenrec), 58-59

Ecoregion pressures.

See also Polar ecoregions

cultural adaptations to, 234

dry regions, 67, 68, 74

energy metabolism, 64

genome-wide scan for selection, 65-70

humid temperate regions, 67, 74-75, 76

humid tropical regions, 67, 72, 75

polar regions, 60, 67, 70, 71, 74, 76

Ecuadorians, 147, 149-150, 151, 152, 153, 154-155, 156, 158-159, 160, 163, 164

Ehler, Edvard, 3, 63-79

Electrocardiographic traits, 71, 72

Elephants, 48, 58-59, 267

Energy metabolism.

See also Bioenergetics

biogenergetic regulation of, 139

brain evolution, 3, 47-48, 56-59

carbohydrates and fats, 134, 139

climate-related adaptations, 70-71, 74

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2010. In the Light of Evolution: Volume IV: The Human Condition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12931.
×

diet/subsistence strategy and, 64, 65, 70-71

mitochondrial DNA, 56-59, 70-71, 127-128, 130, 131, 133-135, 137-139, 142

phenotypes, 71, 72, 78-79

Engis cave fossils, 11, 25

England, fossil sites, 11-12, 45, 46

Escherichia coli, 121

Ethiopia

fossil record, 10, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20-21, 34-35, 38, 39

language, 99

lowland Amhara, 65

pastoralism, 89

proto-Cushitic culture and language, 85

Euarchontoglires, 58-59

Eukaryotes, 48, 129, 131, 133, 200

Europe and Europeans.

See also individual countries

fossil record, 11, 12, 83

Hispanic/Latino ancestors, 103, 147, 148, 149, 150-151, 152-153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159-161, 162, 163, 164, 165-166

lactase persistence, 88-89, 95

Middle Ages, 162

skin pigmentation, 173

views on human origins in, 28-29

Evolutionary arms races, 102, 107, 116, 259, 260, 279

Extinctions, 135, 260

F

Fejej fossils, 10, 15

Fertility

age-specific rates, 223

chimpanzee, 216, 222-225, 254

cooperative breeding and, 228-229

cryptic ovulation, 120

cultural changes and, 229, 244, 263-264

frailty differences and, 206, 224

gene-culture coevolution, 244, 254

genomic imperfections and, 202-203

grandmother hypothesis, 215, 217

heterogeneity hypothesis, 214, 222-225, 226-227

hunter-gatherers, 223-225

juvenile mortality and, 225

and longevity, 211, 213, 219, 222-225, 229

religion and, 244-245

skin pigmentation and, 171, 173, 181

Florisbad fossils, 10-11

Folate

deficiency and birth defects, 69, 171-172

and DNA, 171, 172, 179

dietary availablity, 67, 69, 70, 74

metabolism/biosynthesis, 69, 70, 71, 74, 171, 172

skin pigmentation and, 167, 171-172, 179

UV exposure and, 167, 171-172, 179

Food poisoning, 121

Foraging, 64, 67, 68, 72, 73, 74, 76, 88, 214-215, 224, 232, 236, 237, 259, 262, 295, 296;

see also Hunter-gatherers

Forbes’ Quarry fossils, 9, 28

Forensic Data Bank, 41

Forkhead Box P2 (FOXP2) gene, 56, 239, 241, 249, 254, 268

Fossil record.

See also Discovery of fossil homonins;

specific fossil sites

anagenetic (gradualistic) interpretation, 22

cladogenetic (punctuated equilibrium)

interpretation, 23, 41-42

human clade, 7-8, 23

Foundation for Thought and Ethics, 189-190

FOXO transcription factor, 139, 140

Framingham Heart Study, 244

France and French people, 68, 151, 154, 155, 157

Fulani people, 89, 93, 94-96

G

GAA gene, 70

Galactolipids, 69

Galectins, 55

Galileo, xv

Garrod, Archibald, 193

GBE1 gene, 70

Gebremedhin, Amha, 3, 63-79

GenBank, 164

Gene–culture coevolution

agricultural subsistence systems and, 3-4, 67, 73, 74, 76, 88, 231, 236, 240, 245, 247, 255

autosomal DNA analysis, 238, 249

Baldwin effect, 234, 235, 243, 281-282

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2010. In the Light of Evolution: Volume IV: The Human Condition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12931.
×

behavioral traits, 246-247, 250

chimpanzees, 252-253

clothing and, 174, 180, 234, 249

cooperative breeding and, 228-229, 235, 236, 254

cognitive evolution, 246-247, 250, 253-254, 255

commensal and parasite evolution, 249

culture-led, 231-255

current selection, 231, 243-245

demography and, 236, 237-239, 243, 244, 245, 248, 249, 255

dietary adaptations, 65, 72, 88-89, 95, 239-240, 245, 253

disease-related adaptations, 231, 240, 244, 245

evidence and problems to solve, 243-255

fertility, 244-245, 254

fire use and, 252-253

genome-wide scans of SNPs, 240, 248

genomic tools applied to, 206, 232, 238-241

Holocene, 231, 235, 236, 238, 245-247, 249, 250, 254, 255

in hominin history, 206, 235-238

language and social organization, 236-237, 239, 241, 246-247, 249, 252, 253-255

Late Pleistocene, 235, 242, 245, 247, 248-251, 254

Late Pliocene to Middle Pleistocene, 251-253

linkage disequilibrium patterns, 231, 240, 241, 255

and moral sense, 334-335

mtDNA analysis, 238, 249, 251, 255

paleoenvironmental change and, 231-232, 235, 241-242, 249, 250, 251

Plio-Pleistocene, 247-248, 255

symbiosis in, 234-235

tool making and use and, 237, 238, 247, 248, 250, 251, 252

Gene duplications, 201-202, 285-287

Gene therapy, 115

Genetic drift, 75, 83, 91, 95-96, 98, 111, 135, 191, 199, 233, 238, 239, 246-247, 285, 287, 290

Genome sequencing, 7, 52, 53, 54, 101, 192.

See also Human genomic flaws

Genome-wide association studies, 71, 72, 78-79, 64, 81, 94

Genome-wide scans of SNPs.

See also Single nucleotide polymorphisms

assessing evidence for excess of

functional SNPs, 66-67, 77-78

Bayes factor, 65, 66, 75, 77

Bayesian linear model method, 65, 75, 77

canonical pathway analysis, 71-72, 78

ecoregion, subsistence, and dietary

adaptations, 3, 66-76

environmental contrast analysis, 70, 77, 78

environmental variables, 76

FRAPPE analysis, 147, 150, 154-155, 165

FST-based analyses of population distances, 69-70, 75, 78, 155, 160-161

GWAS results compared with, 71, 72, 78-79

Hispanic/Latino ancestry, 147-166

linkage disequilibria patterns, 77-78, 88-89, 147-148, 153-154

locus-specific ancestry, 148, 153, 154-158, 165

polygenic selection model, 64-65

STRUCTURE analysis, 92, 93, 94, 99, 147, 153, 154-155, 158, 165

Genomes Project (1000), 248

Geographic ranges and locations, 16, 42.

See also specific continents, countries, and fossil sites

linguistic affiliation of population clusters, 93-95

Geological Society of London, 132

Geometric Kebaran artifacts, 85

Georgia, Republic of, fossil sites, 38, 42

Germany, fossil sites, 11, 12, 42, 45, 237

Gestation periods, 55, 59

Gibbons, 29, 30, 31, 32, 50, 53

Gibraltar Scientific Society, 9

Gladysvale cave fossils, 15

Gluconeogenesis, 70, 71

Glucose metabolism, 72

GLUD-encoding (GLUD2) gene, 57

Glutamate, 57

Glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1) gene, 57

Glycans, cell-surface, 101, 105, 106, 107, 121, 123-124

Glycogen, 70

Glycolysis, 70, 71, 138, 139, 140, 141

Goat’s Hole Cave fossils, 8, 10

Gompertz, B., 217

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2010. In the Light of Evolution: Volume IV: The Human Condition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12931.
×

Gona study area fossils, 19, 39

Gondolin Cave fossils, 17

Goodman, Morris, 2-3, 32, 47-61

Gorilla gorilla (gorilla), 7, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 39, 41, 49, 50, 51-52, 53, 106, 258, 320

Gran Dolina fossils, 13, 42, 45-46

Grandmother hypothesis, 206, 213, 214-216, 227-228

Great apes.

See also Bonobos;

Chimpanzees;

Gibbons, Gorillas;

Nonhuman hominids;

Orangutans evolutionary rates, 52

morphological differences, 7

Greece, fossil sites, 12, 45, 46

Gujarati people, 65, 68, 76

1-Gulono-gamma lactone oxidase (GULO) gene, 287-288

H

Hadar fossils, 14, 15, 16

Hadza people and language, 83, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98-99, 215, 216, 217, 221, 223, 227

Haeckel, Ernst, 9-10

Hairlessness, 170-171

Hamilton, W. D., 211, 212-214, 217, 218, 227, 228

Hammer, Michael, 102-103, 147-166

Hancock, Angela M., 3, 63-79

HapMap Phase II populations, 65

Harvard University, vii-viii

Hathnora fossils, 12

Hausa people, 89, 96

Hawkes, Kristen, 206, 211-229

Hemoglobin, 32, 51, 285-286

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome, 121

Hennig, W., 31

Henrich, Joseph, 206, 231-255

Henry, Francis, 189

Herto fossils, 38

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 72

Hippocrates, 168

Hispanic/Latino population genomics

Argentinians, 149

autosomal variation, 147, 148, 151, 152, 153, 158, 159, 161, 162

Brazilians, 149

Colombians, 147, 149-150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157-158, 160, 163, 164

Costa Ricans, 149

Cubans, 149

data quality control, 164

datasets, 149-150, 154, 164

defined, 148

disease-associated variants, 149, 163

Dominicans, 147, 149-150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 164

Ecuadorians, 147, 149-150, 151, 152, 153, 154-155, 156, 158-159, 160, 163, 164

European ancestry, 103, 147, 148, 149, 150-151, 152-153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159-161, 162, 163, 164, 165-166

FRAPPE results, 147, 150, 154-155, 165

FST-based analysis of population distances, 155, 160-161

linkage disequilibria patterns, 147-148, 153-154

locus-specific ancestry, 148, 153, 154-158, 165

Mexicans, 147, 149-150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158-159, 160, 161, 164, 165-166

mtDNA variation, 147, 159, 160, 161, 162

Native American ancestry, 103, 147, 148, 149, 150-152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157-159, 160-161, 162, 163, 164, 165-166

population structure, 150-154, 165-166

principal component analysis, 147, 151-152, 153, 155, 165

Puerto Ricans, 147, 149-150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159-160, 161, 162, 164

sex bias in ancestry contributions, 103, 147, 148-149, 158-160, 161-162

STRUCTURE results, 147, 153, 154-155, 158, 165

study design implications, 163

Uruguayans, 149

West African ancestry, 103, 147, 148, 149, 150-152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159-162, 163, 164, 165

X-chromosome variation, 147, 148, 152, 153, 158-159, 160, 161, 162, 165

Y-chromosome variation, 147, 159-160, 161, 162

Homeobox-containing genes, 287

Hominidae, 7, 50, 51

Hominina, 8

Homininae, 7

Hominini, 8

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2010. In the Light of Evolution: Volume IV: The Human Condition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12931.
×

Hominins/homininans

cranian anatomy, 1, 2, 10, 11, 12-13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 23, 25, 36, 39, 40

classifying, 8

defined, 8

gene–culture coevolution, 206, 235-238

species recognition, 22

Homo antecessor, 9, 13, 42, 45

Homo cepranensis, 45-46

Homo erectus

brain size, 28, 39, 40, 45, 251, 252

classification, 9

cranial features, 12, 13, 39, 44

diet, 12

discovery, 10

geographic locations, 12, 39, 40, 43

mandibular and dental features, 12, 13

posture and locomotion, 11

postcranial skeletal features/stature, 12, 36-38, 39, 251

temporal range, 12, 40, 42

tool making and subsistence activities, 251, 252

type specimen, 12

Homo ergaster, 9, 13, 38, 39

Homo floresiensis, 8, 9, 13, 36, 40

Homo georgicus, 28

Homo habilis, 9, 13-14, 18, 36, 38, 39, 323, 334, 335

Homo heidelbergensis, 9, 10, 11, 12-13, 42, 249, 252

Homo helmei Dreyer 1935, 11

Homo mauritanicus, 42

Homo neanderthalensis. See Neantherthal/Neandertal

Homo rhodesiensis, 13

Homo rudolfensis, 9, 14-15, 38

Homo sapiens

“archaic,” 11, 41

brain evolution, 54-57

chimpanzee kinship with, 47, 50, 52-53

Darwin’s observations, xvi

earliest fossils, 10-11

evolutionary rate, 52

genome sequencing, 53

gorilla kinskip with, 51, 52-53

mophology, 10-11

neurocranial anatomy, 39

protein coding genes, 143

recent/last common ancestor, 13, 41-42

subpopulation radiation, 133

Hooker, J. D., 28

Horticulture, 67, 73, 74, 76, 302

Howells, W. W., 34, 41

Hrdy, S. B., 228

Human Genome Diversity Project Panel, 65, 150, 151, 154, 155, 164, 165

Human genomic flaws

compilations of genetic disorders, 193-195

duplicons and pseudogenes, 201-202

evolutionary explanations for, 191, 199

gene regulation and nucleic acid surveillance, 196-199

gratuitous complexities, 195-201

mobile elements, 202-203

mtDNA, 199-201

protein-coding DNA sequences, 193-195

repetitive DNA elements, 201-203

split genes, 185-196

theodicy dilemma, 185, 190-192, 193, 203-204

Hume, David, 192, 323

Hunter-gatherers

analytical reasoning, 262-263

fertility, 223-225

history of African populations, 83, 98-99

longevity, 212, 214-216, 217, 219, 221, 223-224, 225

social exchange, 296

Huxley, Thomas Henry, 6-7, 8, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 106

Hylobates, 29

I

Iberian Jews and Muslims, 162

Illumina HumanHap650Y platform, 77, 78-79

Illumina 610-Quad platform, 147, 150, 154, 155, 156, 164, 165

Immunology, comparative.

See also Sialic acids;

Siglecs

molecular methods, 7, 50-51

Nuttall’s blood sera experiments, 47, 50

tolerance at maternal-fetal interface, 55

Imprinting diseases, 138-139

India, fossil sites, 10, 12, 172

Indonesia, fossil sites, 10, 12, 40

Influenza, 109, 226

Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) gene, 139

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2010. In the Light of Evolution: Volume IV: The Human Condition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12931.
×

Intelligence.

See also Cognitive and emotional evolution;

Reasoning about social exchanges

content-independent inferential methods, 294-295

costs of, 264-265

domain-general inferential methods, 294

evolutionary game theory, 296, 299

exaptations, 332

modular accounts of, 316-317

moral behavior and, 314, 326, 327, 328-330, 334-335

orthogenetic theory, 264

social contract theory, 296

social exchange algorithms, 296-300

specializations in reasoning, 295-296

Intelligent design, xv, 104, 185, 186, 187-188, 189-190, 195, 196, 197, 199, 200, 201, 204, 257, 277, 279, 284

International HapMap Project, 65, 150, 164

Inuit, 263

Invasive hemochorial placentation, 54

Italy and Italians

fossil sites, 45

Hispanic/Latino ancestors, 68, 151, 154, 155, 157

J

Jablonski, Nina G., 103, 167-183

Jacovec Cavern fossils, 15

Java, fossil sites, 1, 10, 28, 38, 39, 43

Jebel Irhoud fossils, 10

Jinniushan fossils, 12, 38

K

Kapsomin fossils, 20

Karafet, Tatiana, 102-103, 147-166

Karitiana, 68, 151, 156

Kedung Brubus fossils, 10, 12

Kenya, fossil sites, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 89, 151, 155, 156

Kenyanthropus platyops, 9, 16-17

Kesem-Kebena basin fossils, 10

Kirkwood, T. B. L., 213

Kleine Feldhofer Grotte fossils, 11, 25, 28

Konso fossils, 18

Koobi Fora fossils, 14, 15, 16, 18

Kromdraai B fossils, 17

!Kung people, 65, 76, 218, 223

Kuseralee Dora fossils, 19

L

La Naulette fossils, 18

Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase, 88

Lactose tolerance polymorphism, 65, 72, 88-89, 95, 239-240, 245

Laetoli fossils, 10, 11, 15, 16, 18

Lake Chad Basin, 86

Lamarckian inheritance, 279, 281, 283, 333

Laminin A/C (LMNA) gene, 139

Laminopathies, 139

Language development/linguistics.

See also specific languages

African language family classification, 82-83

Afroasiatic speakers, 82, 85, 86, 89, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97

Baldwin effect, 281-282

Chomsky’s nonadaptationist view, 277-278

and cognitive development, 207, 208-209, 253-254, 261-263, 267, 268, 270, 277, 281, 282, 290-292, 300

cultural adaptations and, 235, 253-254

external redundancy and, 287-288

genetic correlates, 56, 92-99, 253-254

global external redundancy and, 288-290

internal redundancy (gene duplication) paradigm, 285-287

intraorganismic morphogenetic processes, 275, 282-287

Khoesan speakers, 82-83, 95, 97, 98, 99

morphological evidence, 14, 253

mutational accident and, 280

natural selection and, 277, 278, 280, 281

neurology of, 290

niche construction theory, 281-282

Niger-Kordofanian speakers, 82, 91, 93-94, 95, 96, 97

Nilo-Saharan speakers, 82, 86, 89-90, 93-94, 95, 96, 97

population clusters, 92-93

relaxation of selective pressures and, 208, 275, 282-292

sexual selection and, 207, 275, 278-280, 288

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2010. In the Light of Evolution: Volume IV: The Human Condition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12931.
×

and social organization, 253-255

subsistence technology and, 85

symbolic, 246, 321

Wallace’s creationist view of, 279

Lantian fossils, 13

Last common ancestor, 21, 42, 48, 51, 52, 53-54, 55, 56, 57, 98, 125, 235-236, 237, 241, 243, 250

Last Glacial Maximum, 85

Late Iron Age, 90

Late Pleistocene, 36, 40, 42, 235, 242, 245, 247, 248-251, 254

Laurasiatherians, 59

Le Gros Clark, W. E., 32

Leakey, Louis, 18

Levant fossils (The), 11, 86

Liang Bua cave fossils, 13

Life expectancy, 212, 216, 217, 225, 227

Life spans, 47-48, 58, 59, 194, 215, 228, 264, 265, 273.

See also Longevity

Linnaean hierarchy, 7-8, 33, 51, 52-53

Little Ice Age, 177

Locomotion. See Posture and locomotion

Longevity, human vs. chimpanzees

age structures, 211, 216-217

demographic aging rates and, 212, 217-218, 219, 220, 221, 227

disposable soma model, 213, 218

fertility and, 211, 213, 219, 222-225, 229

frailty and, 206, 211, 214, 220, 221, 224-225, 226, 227-228

Gompertz model, 217-218, 219, 220, 221, 228

grandmother hypothesis, 206, 213, 214-216, 227-228

heterogeneity hypothesis, 206, 211, 214, 218-227

hunter-gatherers, 212, 214-216, 217, 219, 221, 223-224, 225

infant and fetal origins of adult disease hypothesis, 225-227

life history evolution and, 206, 213, 214-218, 219

mtDNA mutations and, 136, 227

postmenopausal female role, 206, 211, 212, 213, 217, 222, 227, 228-229

resource allocation theories, 206, 211, 217, 219-220

senescence theories, 206, 211, 212-214, 215-216, 218, 228

Strehler–Mildvan correlations, 218, 220, 227

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 72, 120

Loxodonta africana (African savanna elephant), 58-59

Luhya people, 65

Luo people, 97

M

Maasai people, 65

Macaca (macaques), 52, 60

M. fascicularis (cynomolgus macaque), 53

M. mulatta (rhesus macaque), 53

Maka fossils, 15

Makapansgat cave fossils, 16

Malaria, 65, 108-109, 111, 231, 240, 245

Malawi, fossil sites, 14, 18

Mandenka, 68, 151, 154, 156

Maritime Chukchee, 65, 66

Martineau, Harriet, 323, 324

Mauer fossils, 12, 46

Maya, 68, 151, 154, 155, 156

Mayr, Ernst, 32, 36

Mbuti Pygmies, 68, 93, 99, 151, 154, 156

Megadont archaic hominins, 8, 9, 17-19, 23

Melanoma, 170, 179

Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene, 172, 178

Melema fossils, 18

Melka Kunturé fossils, 12

Metabolic syndrome, 135

Methionine synthase, 69

Methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) gene, 69

Methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) gene, 139

Methylation, 132, 137-138, 171, 179, 181, 198

Mexicans, 147, 149-150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158-159, 160, 161, 164, 165-166

Micro-RNAs, 198, 199

Microcebus murinus (mouse lemur), 53

Microcephalin (MCPH1) gene, 55-56

Microcephaly, 55-56, 252, 269

MicroCT, 24

Middle Awash study area fossils, 16, 19, 20-21, 34-35

Middle East and Middle Eastern people, 68, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88-89, 94-95, 159, 162

Middle Pleistocene, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 242, 251-253

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2010. In the Light of Evolution: Volume IV: The Human Condition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12931.
×

Middle Stone Age, 84

Migrations

from Africa, 73, 83, 84-91, 96-97, 136, 238-239, 248, 249, 250

sex-biased, 91, 96

Miller, Kenneth, 186

Miocene, 29, 242

Mitchell, John, 168

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

African populations, 83, 84, 86, 91, 93, 94, 95, 98-99, 136

Bantu expansion, 91

bioenergetic genes, 56-59, 70-71, 127-128, 130, 131, 133-135, 137-139, 142

cold tolerance and, 70-71

coupling efficiency, 134

disease mutations, 135-137, 138, 200-201

domestic goat, 86

epigenomic regulation, 137-139, 142

first sequences, 12, 102

heteroplasmy, 135

Hispanic/Latino population admixtures, 147, 159, 160, 161, 162

hunter-gatherer populations, 98-99

intraovarian selection, 135, 142

lactose tolerance, 95

linguistic distances, 93, 94, 95, 98

molecular supermatrix analysis, 7, 83

mutations, 70-71, 127-128, 133, 135, 142, 200

and origin of complexity, 133, 199-201

reconstruction of modern human origins, 83-84

self-destruct system, 134

sequence evolution rate, 133

structure and function, 102

TMRCA estimates, 84

Mitochondrial malic enzymes, 70, 71

Molecular clock model, 51, 52

Molecular evolution. See DNA;

Genome entries;

Mitochondrial DNA;

Phylogenomic perspective;

Proteins Nuttall’s blood sera experiments, 47, 50

rates, 51, 52

Molecular Signatures Database, 78

Molecular supermatrix analysis (mtDNA/NRY/autosomal), 7, 83

Monophyletic species concept, 22

Moorish Muslims, 162

Morality

adaptation vs. exaptation, 319, 330-332

altruism and, 261, 266, 268, 298, 321-322, 332-333, 334, 335

in animals, 333-335, 337-338

and cooperation, 261

codes of, 319, 327, 328, 335-337, 338

conditions for ethical behavior, 328-330, 333-334

consequentialism, 330

cultural evolution, 319, 326, 328, 336-337, 338-339

Darwin on moral sense, 324, 323-327, 333, 336

empathy, 335

free will and, 330, 332-333

group selection based on altruism, 332-334, 336-337

intellectual capacities for ethics, 314, 326, 328-330, 334-335

metaethics, 322-323

moral behavior, 321-322, 327, 328-330

moral judgment, 328, 332, 337-339

moral norms, 325, 326, 328, 336, 337-339

and natural selection, 320, 326, 336-339

normative ethics, 322, 323

practical ethics, 322, 323

rationality of, 328-330

theories of, 322-323

theory of sociobiology, 334

utilitarianism, 330

Moreno-Estrada, Andres, 102-103, 147-166

Morphology. See Comparative primate morphology

Mouse, 58, 59, 112-113, 116, 117-118, 119, 124

Multicellularity, advent of, 133

Multiple sclerosis, 173

Mus musculus, 143

Mushabian artifacts, 85

Mutualistic sharing, 261, 297, 337

N

N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), 105, 108, 109, 110, 111-112, 113, 114, 115, 118, 120, 122, 123, 124

N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc)

brain expression of, 124

and cancer, 108, 117, 119, 120

and cardiovascular disease, 117, 119, 120-121

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2010. In the Light of Evolution: Volume IV: The Human Condition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12931.
×

CMAH gene inactivation, 105, 108, 111, 112, 117

contamination of biotechnology products with, 117, 122

in fetal tissues, 108, 118

food sources, 118-119, 121

metabolic incorporation of dietary sources, 15-106, 117-119, 120-121, 123

and red meat aggravation of diseases, 118-119, 121

serum sickness reactions, 107-108

xeno-autoantigen phenomenon, 105-106, 118, 119, 120-121, 123

NAD+, 132, 134, 140

Nahua, 151, 154, 155, 156, 158, 161

NAT2 drug metabolizing enzyme gene, 74

National Human Genome Research Institute, 53

Native Americans

Hispanic/Latino ancestors, 103, 147, 148, 149, 150-152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157-159, 160-161, 162, 163, 164, 165-166

linguistic analysis, 68, 93

Naukan Yup’ik, 65, 66

Neantherthal/Neandertal (Homo neanderthalensis)

autapomorphies, 45

brain size, 11, 39, 40, 250-251

“classic,” 11-12, 42

cranial features, 11, 25, 27-28, 39, 41, 44, 45

Darwin’s observations, 27-28

fossil sites, 1, 9, 11, 12, 42

FOXP2 gene, 56, 239, 241, 249-250

genetic diversity, 12

genome sequencing, 12, 41, 53, 56, 239, 241, 249-250

introgression between modern humans and, 249-250

language and culture, 56, 250

last common ancestor, 13, 41-42, 249

mandibular and dental features, 11, 28, 42, 45

origin, 27

posture and locomotion, 11

skeletal features (postcranial), 11, 38, 40, 45, 251

skin depigmentation, 173

taxonomy, 9, 25

temporal range, 11, 46

type specimen, 9

Near East, fossil sites, 11, 12

Neural tube defects, 55-56, 69, 171-172, 252, 269

Neurexin superfamily, 241

Neurodegenerative disease, 135

New World primates, 52, 288

New York University, vii

Newton, Isaac, xv, 182

Ngandong fossils, 40

Niger-Congo speakers, 93

Nigeria, 90, 96, 155

Nilotic languages, 82, 87, 97

Nomascus leucogenys (gibbon), 53

Nonrecombinant portion of Y chromosome. See NRY analysis

Nonulosonic acids, 107

North Africa and North Africans, 10, 41, 85-86, 87, 95, 100, 159, 162, 248

NRY analysis

African population history, 83-84, 86, 87, 91, 93, 94, 95, 98-99

TMRCA estimates, 84

Nuclear DNA

bioenergetics, 127, 128, 130-131, 136, 137, 139, 142

deleterious mutations, 142-143

intersymbiont reorganization and, 133

mutation rate, 130, 142-143

sequence evolution rate, 133

Nuttall, George, 47

O

Obesity, 137

Oceania and Oceanic people, 68, 93

Old World primates, 52, 60, 116, 288

Oldowan traditions, 252

Olduvai Gorge fossils, 12, 14, 18, 36

Omo Kibish fossils, 10, 38

Omo Shungura fossils, 14, 18

Orangutans, 7, 29, 30, 32, 41, 50, 51, 52, 53, 106

Orcadians, 68, 151, 154, 157

Orrorin, 34

O. tugenensis, 9, 20, 36

Ostrer, Harry, 102-103, 147-166

Otolemur garnettii (bushbaby), 53

Oxidation-reduction systems, 132, 140, 141

Oxidative phosphorylation, 56, 57, 58, 199

OXPHOS, 133, 134, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2010. In the Light of Evolution: Volume IV: The Human Condition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12931.
×

P

Paleoanthropological Inventory of Ethiopia, 10

Paley, William, 103-104, 188-189, 190, 323, 324

Pan paniscus (bonobo), 53

Pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 (PLRP2) gene, 69

Papio hamadryas (baboon), 53

Papua New Guinea, 83

Parallel adaptive evolution, 30, 47, 60, 249, 250, 253

Paranthropus

P. aethiopicus, 9, 18-19, 23

P. boisei, 9, 14, 18, 19, 23, 39

P. crassidens, 17-18

P. robustus, 9, 17-18, 23

Paraustralopithecus, 17, 18

Pastoralism and pastoralist populations

African history of, 3-4, 87-90

cattle milking, 87-88

gene flows between, 3-4, 84-85, 94-95

genetic adaptations, 67, 72, 73, 74, 76, 88-90

lactase persistence in, 88-90

linguistic analysis, 87-90

Pathogens

sialic acid evolution, 101, 102, 105, 107, 108-109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 121, 122, 124

Peking University, viii

Peninj fossils, 18

Pentosuria, 193

Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR ) gene, 136-137

Personal Genome Project, 192

Petralona fossils, 12, 45, 46

Phenetic species concept, 22

Phosphorylation, 56, 57, 58, 132, 139, 199

Phyletic evolution, 33, 35-36

Phylogenetic relationships of primates.

See also Comparative primate morphology;

Reconstruction of human evolution

African ape clade, 27, 28-29, 31, 32

branching structure, 5, 6-7

cranial analysis, 40-46

Darwin’s views, 27-31, 48-50, 52-53

divergence dates, 52

grade concept and, 8-21, 30, 32, 33, 36, 38

great apes clade, 32

gross morphology, 6-7

human clade, 2, 5, 7-8, 19-20, 21, 29-30, 32, 52

Huxley’s views, 29

Le Gros Clark’s views, 32

Linnaean hierarchy, 7-8, 33, 51, 52-53

monophyletic, 22

panin clade, 5, 8, 21, 52

parallel evolution, 30

Schultz’s view, 32

Simpson’s views, 32-33

species concepts, 2, 22

transitional form (“missing link”), 28, 32, 34

Phylogenetic species concept, 22

Phylogenomic perspective

antigenic divergences, 50-51

brain evolution, 54-60

Darwinian framework, 48, 59-60

distantly related mammalian taxa, 47, 48, 53-54, 58-59

divergence dates, 52

ecoregion, subsistence, and dietary adaptations, 60, 64, 65, 66-76, 88

energy metabolism, 3, 47-48, 57-59, 64

genome-wide association studies in

humans, 71, 72, 78-79, 64, 81

lineages of interest, 54

linguistic analysis of African populations, 92-99

molecular methods, 7, 50-53

primate sequencing projects, 53

research opportunities, 59-60

Pigmentation. See Skin pigmentation

Pima, 68, 151, 156, 161

Pinker, Steven, 207, 257-273, 320, 338

Pithecanthropus erectus. See Homo erectus

Pituitary homeobox transcription factor 1 (Pitx1) gene, 132

Plasma eosinophil count, 72

Plasmodium falciparum, 65, 109

Platyrrhines, 60

Pleistocene, 11, 332.

See also Early Pleistocene;

Late Pleistocene;

Middle Pleistocene;

Plio-Pleistocene

Plio-Pleistocene

fossil sources, 10

gene–culture coevolution, 247-248, 255

Pliocene, 242, 251, 264

Polar ecoregions

cultural adaptations, 234, 235

selection for, 60, 67, 70, 71, 74, 76

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2010. In the Light of Evolution: Volume IV: The Human Condition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12931.
×

Polygenic selection model, 64-65

Pongidae, 7, 32, 33, 51

Pongo pygmaeus (orangutan), 53

Population bottlenecks, 84, 92, 98, 238-239, 251

Population Reference Sample (POPRES), 150, 155, 164

Portugal and Portuguese, 155

Possible hominins, 2, 8, 9, 19-21

Postcranial skeletons, 11, 38, 40, 45, 251

Postnatal development period, 48, 54, 60

Posture and locomotion, 8

facultative bipedalism (arboreal), 15, 16, 17, 23, 34

homoplasy in, 23

long-distance travel, 13, 16

nonbipedal adaptive type, 34

obligate bipedalism, 11, 12, 15, 34

quantum evolution, 34-35

PPARγ-coactivator 1α (PCG-1α) gene, 136-137, 139, 140, 141

Prader-Willi syndrome, 138, 202

Preeclampsia, 105, 111, 114-116

Premodern Homo, 8, 9, 11-13.

See also Neanderthal

Prenatal development period, 48, 54

Principle of parsimony, 7, 111, 116-117, 273

Princeton University, vii

Principal component analyses, 39, 147, 151-152, 153, 155, 165

Pritchard, Jonathan, 3, 63-79

Prokaryotic evolution, 48

Proline, 71

Pronatalist culture, 244-245

Protein kinases, 109, 137, 139-140, 197-199

Proteins

amino acid sequencing, 3, 7, 51

antigenic divergencies, 32, 50-51, 55

galectins, 55

hemoglobin analysis, 32, 51

α-Protobacterium, 133

Protomitochondrion, 133

Proto-nucleus-cytosol, 133

Pseudogenes, 105, 111, 114, 116, 121, 185, 201-202, 286, 287

Puerto Ricans, 147, 149-150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159-160, 161, 162, 164

Pygmy populations, 39, 93, 99, 151, 154, 156, 219

Pyruvate metabolism, 70, 71, 140, 141

Q

Quantum evolution, 33-35

Quechua, 151, 156, 158

R

Ramification (branching) evolution, 35

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 131, 132, 134, 140, 141, 171, 172, 179

Reasoning about social exchanges.

See also Cognitive and emotional evolution;

Intelligence

benefits, intentions, and ability varied, 311-313

cheater detection, 296-298, 299-300, 305-309, 311-313, 314, 316-317

cognitive defense against cheaters, 296-297

as computational problem, 296-300

cue-based activation, 299-300

deontic theory, 303-305, 313-314

economic and utility consequences, 298-299, 314-317

experimental tests, 300-305

intentional violations vs. innocent mistakes, 309-313

intentionality without benefits, 310-311

interpretation of rules and, 314

permission rules without benefits, 305-309

permission schema theory, 304, 306, 308, 309, 314

person categorization, 296-298

selection pressures for, 296

social contract algorithms for, 296, 303-305

social contract theory and, 299, 300-305, 306, 309

and theory of mind, 317

Reciprocation and reciprocal altruism, 261, 266, 296, 297, 298-299, 312

Reconquista, 162

Reconstruction of human evolution.

See also Comparative primate morphology;

Phylogenetic relationships

achievements, 6-21

data capture advances and, 5, 24-25

grade concept, 8-21, 30, 32, 33, 36, 38

interpretation challenges, 5, 21-23

modern human genetic data and, 83

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2010. In the Light of Evolution: Volume IV: The Human Condition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12931.
×

molecular supermatrix analysis, 7

mtDNA, NRY, and autosomal data analysis, 83-84

opportunities in, 24-25

temporal ranges of taxa, 2, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18-19, 42, 137

Reilingen fossils, 46

Reticulate evolution, 47

Rett syndrome, 139

Reynolds, Andy, 102-103, 147-166

Rheumatoid arthritis, 115

Richerson, Peter J., 206, 231-255

Rickets, 173

Robinson, John, 18

Rock of Gibraltar fossils, 1, 8-9, 28

Russians, 68, 151, 154, 157

S

S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), 132, 137-138

Sackler, Arthur M., vii-viii.

See also Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium

Sackler, Jillian, vii, viii

Sagantole fossils, 19

Sahel, Neolithic in, 86

Sahelanthropus, 34

S. tchadensis, 9, 20, 36

Saimiri sp. (squirrel monkey), 53

Sambungmachan fossils, 12

Sandawe people and language, 83, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98-99

Sangiran fossils, 12

Sardinians, 68, 151, 154, 157

Scheinfeldt, Laura B., 3-4, 81-100

Schultz, Adolph H., 32

Selective sweeps, 239, 250

Semitic languages amd speakers, 82, 96

Senescence.

See also Longevity

Hamiltonian theory, 211, 212-214, 217, 218, 227, 228

Williams theory, 212, 213, 214, 218

Sephardic Jews, 162

Sex-biased gene flow, 91, 103, 147, 148-149, 158-160, 161-162

Shiwiar, 302

Sialic acids, human–nonhuman hominid differences.

See also N-glycolylneuraminic acid;

Siglecs

α2–6-linked Sia expression, 105, 109, 111

anti-cancer potential, 119

anti-Neu5Gc antibodies, 118, 119, 123

biological roles, 105, 107

cell-surface landscape and, 123-124

CMAH gene, 105, 108, 111, 112, 117, 124

Cmah-null mice, 117-118, 119, 123, 124

and disease propensities, 117, 118-119, 121

evolutionary “hotspot” for genetic and physiological changes, 106, 116-117, 121

heart disease, 120-121

influenza, 109

malaria, 108-109

Neu5Ac expression, 105, 108, 109, 110, 111-112, 113, 114, 115, 118, 120, 122, 123, 124

pathogen interactions, 101, 102, 105, 107, 108-109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 121, 122, 124

recognition by Siglecs, 107, 110-112, 113

research opportunities, 121-124

scenario for genetic changes, 110-112

SIGLEC gene changes, 105

Siberia, indigenous people, 65, 66

Sickle cell trait, 65, 231, 240, 245

Siglecs

and bacterial pathogenesis, 121

CD33-related, 105, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114-115, 116

conserved arginine residue, 111, 113

gene conversion on Siglec-11

human–nonhuman hominid differences, 109-110

Neu5Ac-binding, 112, 113, 114

placental expression of Siglec-6 in preeclampsia, 105, 111, 114-116

population genetics and polymorphisms, 121

pseudogenization of activatory Siglecs, 105, 111, 114, 116, 121

recognition of Sias, 110-112, 113

research opportunities, 122

sialoadhesin on macrophages, 112-113

T-cell expression, 115

Sima de los Huesos fossils, 11-12, 13, 38, 39, 40, 42-45, 46

Sima del Elefante fossils, 42

Simpson, George Gaylord, 32-34

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

See also Genome-wide scans of SNPs

biological relevance, 70-71

disease/trait associations, 64, 71, 72, 78-79

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2010. In the Light of Evolution: Volume IV: The Human Condition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12931.
×

at energy metabolism genes, 64

genic, 63, 66-70, 71, 75, 77-78

nongenic, 66, 67, 70, 77-78

nonsynonymous, 63, 66-70, 75, 77-78

Sirtuin-mediated deacetylation, 132, 140

Siwalik Hills fossils, 10

Skin cancer, 170-171, 179, 180, 181

Skin evolution

epidermal differentiation, 170-171

hairlessness, 170

Skin pigmentation

Aristote’s climate theory, 168

Darwin’s sexual selection hypothesis, 103, 168, 169

early views of, 168-169

folate metabolism and, 167, 171-172, 179

geographic variation in UVR and, 103, 167, 172-173, 174-177

infants, 181

model system for teaching evolution, 181-182

reflectance measure, 170

seasonal variation in UVR and, 167, 170

selective pressures, 167, 169, 170, 171-172, 177-178, 179, 249

sexual dimorphism, 170, 179

skin cancer relevance, 170-171, 179, 180, 181

tanning, 103, 167-168, 178, 180-181

vitamin D photosynthesis and, 103, 167, 170-171, 172-174, 178, 179, 180, 181, 249

Slavery and slave trade, 148, 160, 168

Slow loris, 54

Synchroton radiation microtomography, 24

Smith, Samuel Stanhope, 168-169, 170

Social contract theory, 300-305

Socrates, 103, 188

Sodium homeostasis, 65

Soi, Sameer, 3-4, 81-100

South Africa, fossil sites, 15, 17, 36, 65, 76, 98

Southern African Khoesan (SAK) languages and speakers, 83, 93, 94, 95, 98, 99

Southwest Asia, 83

Spain and Spainards

fossil sites, 11-12, 13, 38, 39, 40, 43-44, 45, 46

Hispanic/Latino ancestors, 155

Speciation, 32, 35

Spina bifida, 69

Spliceosomes, 195, 196

Starch and sucrose metabolism, 64, 65, 70, 71, 74, 231, 245

State University of New York at Stony Brook, viii

Steinheim fossils, 11-12, 46

Sterkfontein fossils, 14, 15

Sterner, Kirstin N., 2-3, 47-61

Stickleback fish, 132

Strait of Gibraltar, 86

Strepsirrhines, 52

Streptococcus Group B, 112

Sub-Saharan Africa/Africans, 68, 73, 89, 91, 100

Sudan, 86, 89, 93

Sudanic languages and speakers, 82, 87, 96

Sukernik, Rem, 3, 63-79

Surui, 68, 151, 156

Swanscombe fossils, 11-12, 45, 46

Swartkrans fossils, 14, 17, 18

Symbiotic origin of eukaryotes, 48, 129, 131, 133, 200

T

Tabarin, 19

Tanzania, fossil sites, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 18, 36, 88, 89, 98, 223

Tarsius syrichta (tarsier), 53

Taung child, 10, 15, 28, 32

Taxonomy

anatomically modern Homo, 2, 8, 9, 10-11

archaic hominins, 15-17, 23

grade concept, 8-10, 30, 32, 33, 36, 38

interpretation challenges, 5, 21-23

megadont archaic hominins, 17-19

possible hominins, 19-21

premodern Homo, 11-13

transitional hominins, 13-14

Temporal ranges of taxa, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18-19, 42, 137

Tenrecs, 58-59

Thalassemias, 65, 198-199

Thermoregulation, 170-171

Thiol-disulfide regulation, 132, 140, 141

Time to the most recent ancestor (TMRCA), 84, 98, 99

Tishkoff, Sarah A., 3-4, 81-100

Tooby John, 207, 293-318

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2010. In the Light of Evolution: Volume IV: The Human Condition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12931.
×

Tool use and tool making, 1, 17, 54, 205, 206, 208, 237, 238, 247, 248, 250, 251, 252, 259, 260, 262, 264, 265, 266-267, 280, 321, 329, 331, 332

Toros-Menalla, 20

Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer, 182-183

Transitional hominins, 8, 9, 13-14, 28, 34

Tree of life. See Phylogenetic relationships

Trinil fossils, 10, 12

Tuberous sclerosis protein complex, 139

Turkana Boy (KNM-WT 15000), 38

Tuscans, 65, 68, 151, 157

U

Ultraviolet radiation.

See also Skin pigmentation

data sources, 182-183

geographic variation, 103, 167, 172-173, 174-177

seasonal variation, 167, 170, 178, 180-181

selective pressures of, 167, 169, 170, 171-172, 177-178, 179

solar irradiance and insolation, 177

Uraha fossils, 14

Urinary bladder cancer, 72

Uruguayans, 149

Utah Population Data Base, 224

Utermann, Gerd, 3, 63-79

V

Varki, Ajit, 101-102, 105-125

Velez, Christopher, 102-103, 147-166

Vindija fossils, 12

Vitamin D photosynthesis, 103, 167, 170-171, 172-174, 178, 179, 180, 181, 249

W

Wales, fossil sites, 8, 10

Wallace, Albert Russel, 128, 132, 143-144, 257, 258-259, 264, 267, 269, 272, 277, 279, 281

Wallace, Douglas C., 102, 127-145

Washburn, Sherwood L., 34, 247

Weismann, August, 283

Wenner-Gren Foundation, 32

West Africa and West Africans, 95, 103, 147, 148, 149, 150-152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159-162, 163, 164, 165

West Turkana fossils, 15, 17, 18

White-backed munia, 288

White Sands fossils, 15

Williams, G. C., 212, 213, 214, 218

Wilm’s tumor, 138-139

Witonsky, David B., 3, 63-79

Wood, Bernard, 1-2, 5-25

X

X-chromosome variation in Hispanic/Latino population ancestry, 147, 148, 152, 153, 158-159, 160, 161, 162, 165

Xujiayao fossils, 12

Y

Y-chromosome variationn Hispanic/Latino population ancestry, 147, 159-160, 161, 162

Yanomamö, 262-263

Yoruba, 68, 151, 154, 155, 156

Yunxian fossils, 12

Z

Zambia, fossil sites, 45

Zhoukoudian fossils, 12, 38, 40, 42, 43

Zuttiyeh fossils, 12

Zinjanthropus, 17, 18

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The Human Condition is a collection of papers by leading evolutionary biologists and philosophers of science that reflect on the Darwinian Revolution as it relates to the human condition at levels ranging from the molecular to the theological. The book focuses on understanding the evolutionary origin of humans and their biological and cultural traits. The Human Condition is organized into three parts: Human Phylogenetic History and the Paleontological Record; Structure and Function of the Human Genome; and Cultural Evolution and the Uniqueness of Being Human.

This fourth volume from the In the Light of Evolution (ILE) series, based on a series of Arthur M. Sackler colloquia, was designed to promote the evolutionary sciences. Each volume explores evolutionary perspectives on a particular biological topic that is scientifically intriguing but also has special relevance to contemporary societal issues or challenges. Individually and collectively, the ILE series interprets phenomena in various areas of biology through the lens of evolution, addresses some of the most intellectually engaging as well as pragmatically important societal issues of our times, and fosters a greater appreciation of evolutionary biology as a consolidating foundation for the life sciences.

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