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HIV and Disability: Updating the Social Security Listings (2010)

Chapter: Appendix C: HIV Background Tables

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: HIV Background Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. HIV and Disability: Updating the Social Security Listings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12941.
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Appendix C
HIV Background Tables

This appendix includes information about HIV/AIDS to support discussion in Chapter 2. Table C-1 lists the AIDS-defining illnesses as determined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as a noninclusive list of contemporary, serious non-AIDS-defining illnesses. Table C-2 provides a nonexhaustive list of HIV/AIDS antiretroviral drugs and their potential side effects.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: HIV Background Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. HIV and Disability: Updating the Social Security Listings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12941.
×

TABLE C-1 HIV/AIDS-Related Illnesses and Malignancies

AIDS-Defining Illnessesa

Serious Non-AIDS-Defining Illnessesb

  • Cancers

    • Cervical (invasive)

    • Kaposi’s sarcoma

    • Lymphoma (Burkitt’s or equivalent, immunoblastic, or primary central nervous system)

  • Candidiasis of bronchi, trachea, lungs, oresophagus

  • Coccidioidomycosis, disseminated or extrapulmonary

  • Cryptococcosis, extrapulmonary

  • Cryptosporidiosis, chronic intestinal > 1 month

  • Cytomegalovirus disease (other than liver, spleen, or nodes)

  • Encephalopathy, HIV-related

  • Herpes simplex (chronic ulcers > 1 month, bronchitis, pneumonia, or esophagitis)

  • Histoplasmosis, extrapulmonary

  • Isosporiasis > 1 month

  • Mycobacterium avium complex or Mycobacterium kansasii, disseminated or extrapulmonary

  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis, any site (pulmonary or extrapulmonary)

  • Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

  • Pneumonia (recurrent)

  • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

  • Salmonella septicemia (recurrent)

  • Toxoplasmosis of the brain

  • Wasting syndrome

  • Avascular necrosis

  • Cardiovascular disease

  • Cholangiopathy

  • Diabetes

  • Gingivitis/periodontitis

  • Hepatic cirrhosis

  • HIV-associated nephropathy

  • Mental disorders

    • Anxiety

    • Bipolar disorder

    • Depression

  • Neutropenia

  • Non-AIDS malignancies

    • Cancer of the anus

    • Cancer of the larynx

    • Cancer of the mouth or pharynx

    • Cancer of the penis

    • Hodgkin’s lymphoma

    • Liver cancer

    • Lung cancer

    • Sinonasal malignancies

  • Osteoporosis

  • Peripheral neuropathy

  • Sinusitis

  • Thromboembolic disease

aCDC AIDS-defining illnesses (CDC, 1994).

bSee http://www.hopkins-hivguide.org/r.html?RequestingPage=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hopkins-hivguide.org%2Fdiagnosis%2Findex.html&navigationId=8231&siteId=7151#8231.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: HIV Background Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. HIV and Disability: Updating the Social Security Listings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12941.
×

TABLE C-2 Current HIV/AIDS Antiretroviral Drugs

Generic Name

Brand Name

Approval Date

Potential Side Effects

Multiclass Combination Products

Efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate

Atripla

July 12, 2006

  • Hepatic steatosis +/–pancreatitis (severe mitochondrial toxicities)

  • Hepatotoxicity

  • Hyperlipidemia

  • Hyperpigmentation/skin discoloration

  • Lactic acidosis/Lipodystrophy

  • Nephrotoxicity

  • Osteopenia

  • Pancreatitis

  • Peripheral neuropathy

Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)

Abacavir and lamivudine

Epzicom

August 2, 2004

  • Hypersensitivity reaction

Abacavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine

Trizivir

November 14, 2000

  • Cardiovascular effects

  • Hyperlipidemia

  • Hypersensitivity reaction

  • Lactic acidosis/hepatic steatosis +/–pancreatitis (severe mitochondrial toxicities)

  • Lipodystrophy

  • Stevens-Johnson syndrome

  • Toxic epidermal necrosis

Abacavir sulfate, ABC

Ziagen

December 17, 1998

  • Hypersensitivity reaction

  • Lipoatrophy

  • Myocardial infarctions

Didanosine, dideoxyinosine, ddI

Videx

October 9, 1991

  • Lactic acidosis

  • Pancreatitis

  • Peripheral neuropathy

Emtricitabine, FTC

Emtriva

July 2, 2003

  • Lactic acidosis

  • Lipoatrophy

Enteric-coated didanosine, ddI EC

Videx EC

October 31, 2000

  • Cardiovascular disease

  • Gastrointestinal intolerance

  • Hepatotoxicity

  • Hepatic steatosis +/–pancreatitis (severe mitochondrial toxicities)

  • Pancreatitis

  • Peripheral neuropathy

  • Stevens-Johnson syndrome

  • Toxic epidermal necrosis

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: HIV Background Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. HIV and Disability: Updating the Social Security Listings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12941.
×

Generic Name

Brand Name

Approval Date

Potential Side Effects

Lamivudine and zidovudine

Combivir

September 27, 1997

  • Hepatic steatosis +/–pancreatitis (severe mitochondrial toxicities)

  • Hepatotoxicity

  • Lactic acidosis

  • Lipodystrophy

Lamivudine, 3TC

Epivir

November 17, 1995

  • Lipoatrophy

Stavudine, d4T

Zerit

June 24, 1994

  • Insulin resistance

  • Lactic acidosis

  • Lipoatrophy

  • Lipohypertrophy

  • Neuromuscular weakness syndrome

  • Osteopenia

  • Peripheral neuropathy

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine

Truvada

August 2, 2004

  • Hepatotoxicity

  • Hyperlipidemia

  • Hepatic steatosis +/–pancreatitis (severe mitochondrial toxicities)

  • Lipodystrophy

  • Nephrotoxicity

  • Osteopenia

  • Pancreatitis

  • Peripheral neuropathy

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, TDF

Viread

October 26, 2001

  • Lipoatrophy

  • Nephrotoxicity

  • Osteopenia

  • Pancreatitis

Zalcitabine, dideoxycytidine, ddC (no longer marketed)

Hivid

June 19, 1992

  • Unknown

Zidovudine, azidothymidine, AZT, ZDV

Retrovir

March 19, 1987

  • Bone marrow suppression

  • Gastrointestinal intolerance

  • Hepatotoxicity

  • Hyperlipidemia

  • Insulin resistance/diabetes mellitus

  • Lactic acidosis/hepatic steatosis +/–pancreatitis (severe mitochondrial toxicities), lipodystrophy

  • Stevens-Johnson syndrome

  • Toxic epidermal necrosis

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: HIV Background Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. HIV and Disability: Updating the Social Security Listings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12941.
×

Generic Name

Brand Name

Approval Date

Potential Side Effects

Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs)

Delavirdine, DLV

Rescriptor

April 4, 1997

  • Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

  • Toxic epidermal necrosis

Efavirenz, EFV

Sustiva

September 17, 1998

  • Birth defects (avoid in pregnant women)

  • Neuropsychiatric side effects

  • Short-term central nervous system toxicity

Etravirine

Intelence

January 18, 2008

  • High blood pressure

Nevirapine, NVP

Viramune

June 27, 1996

  • Hypersensitivity with hepatic failure

Protease Inhibitors (PIs)

Amprenavir, APV

Agenerase

April 15, 1999

  • Stevens-Johnson syndrome

  • Toxic epidermal necrosis

Atazanavir sulfate, ATV

Reyataz

June 20, 2003

  • Jaundice

  • Kidney stones

Darunavir

Prezista

June 23, 2006

  • Hepatotoxicity

Fosamprenavir calcium, FOS-APV

Lexiva

October 20, 2003

  • Cholesteremia

Indinavir, IDV

Crixivan

March 13, 1996

  • Kidney stones

  • Nephrotoxicity

Lopinavir and ritonavir, LPV/RTV

Kaletra

September 15, 2000

  • Cardiovascular risk

Nelfinavir mesylate, NFV

Viracept

March 14, 1997

  • Diarrhea

Ritonavir, RTV

Norvir

March 1, 1996

  • Pancreatitis

Saquinavir (no longer marketed)

Fortovase

November 7, 1997

  • N/A

Saquinavir mesylate, SQV

Invirase

December 6, 1995

  • Many drug interactions

Tipranavir, TPV

Aptivus

June 22, 2005

  • Cardiovascular risk

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: HIV Background Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. HIV and Disability: Updating the Social Security Listings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12941.
×

Generic Name

Brand Name

Approval Date

Potential Side Effects

Fusion Inhibitors

Enfuvirtide, T-20

Fuzeon

March 13, 2003

  • Poorly tolerated (painful local subcutaneous reactions when injected)

Entry Inhibitors—CCR5 Coreceptor Antagonist

Maraviroc

Selzentry

August 6, 2007

  • Unknown

HIV Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors

Raltegravir

Isentress

October 12, 2007

  • Unknown

REFERENCE

CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 1994. Revised classification system for HIV-infection in children less than 13 years of age. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 43:1–10.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: HIV Background Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. HIV and Disability: Updating the Social Security Listings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12941.
×
Page 157
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: HIV Background Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. HIV and Disability: Updating the Social Security Listings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12941.
×
Page 158
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: HIV Background Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. HIV and Disability: Updating the Social Security Listings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12941.
×
Page 159
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: HIV Background Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. HIV and Disability: Updating the Social Security Listings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12941.
×
Page 160
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: HIV Background Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. HIV and Disability: Updating the Social Security Listings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12941.
×
Page 161
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: HIV Background Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. HIV and Disability: Updating the Social Security Listings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12941.
×
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The Social Security Administration (SSA) uses a screening tool called the Listing of Impairments to identify claimants who are so severely impaired that they cannot work at all and thus qualify for disability benefits. In this report, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) makes several recommendations for improving SSA's capacity for determining disability benefits more accurately and quickly using the HIV Infection Listings.

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