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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. HIV and Disability: Updating the Social Security Listings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12941.
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Index

Abacavir, 79

Acceptable sources of information, 106107

medical sources, 11, 22

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. See AIDS

Activities of daily living

ability to perform, 9, 35

defining, 120

Adherence. See Medication adherence

Administrative law judge (ALJ), 21

Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM), 2324, 148

Age factors, 34

AIDS, 1, 15

cause of discovered, 46

estimated numbers of case reports, 38

AIDS-defining conditions

cancers, 82

presenting with severe diarrhea, 144

Allowances

duration of, 84

by sublisting 14.08, 25

by sublisting 114.08, 25

Antibiotics, 66, 117

Antineoplastic therapy, 71

Antiretroviral therapy, ix, 5556, 63, 79, 88

adherence to, x, 2, 28, 39, 65

advances in, 7071

adverse effects of, 83

attenuated response to, x

development of combination, 53

making HIV infection manageable, 1, 33

monitoring response to, 6

resistance to, 104

Appeals process, ix, 21

Atherosclerosis, 78

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 91

Autoimmune disorders, 110, 125

Azidothymidine (AZT), 36

Beck Depression Inventory, 28

Benefit amounts, and initial allowances, 17

Benton Visual Retention Test, 28

Blindness, 2n, 16n

Body mass index (BMI), 69

Brain atrophy, 94

Brain biopsy, 58

Brain growth, impaired, 94

Breastfeeding, perinatal HIV through, 87

Bronchoscopy, 56

CAL (Compassionate ALlowances), 17n, 58

California Verbal Learning Test, 28

Cancers, 1, 45, 138, 145146.

See also individual cancers

AIDS-defining, 82

a leading cause of HIV morbidity and mortality, 77

non-AIDS-defining, 82, 158

Cardiovascular disease, xi, 7, 39, 7879, 103, 158

a leading cause of HIV morbidity and mortality, 77

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. HIV and Disability: Updating the Social Security Listings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12941.
×

Caregivers, 91

Categories of recommended HIV disability allowances in report, xxii

HIV-associated conditions without Listings in other body systems, xi

HIV-associated diseases with existing Listings elsewhere, xixii

imminently fatal conditions, xi

low CD4 count, xxi

CD4 cell count, 34, 4749, 113, 129

indicating disease progression, 4550

as an indicator of disability, xxi, 67, 4552

progression of untreated HIV infection demonstrated by, 46

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), x, 1, 15, 29, 33, 47, 82, 96, 105

Central nervous system (CNS), lymphomas arising within, 56, 82, 148

Cervical cancer, invasive, 82

Children, defining, 2n

Children with HIV/AIDS

concepts specific to, x, 1012, 8799, 131132

mood disorders, with HIV, 91

proposed disabling CD4 count ranges for children, 11

rationale for listing recommendations for pediatric patients, 9296

specialized evaluation of cases involving, 21

survival and prognosis, 8892

Children with HIV Early Antiretroviral Therapy trial, 90

Chronic conditions

associated with aging, 15

HIV infection as, ix, 33, 101

Chronic diarrhea, defining, 66

Chronic hepatitis, 81

Chronic inflammatory state, associated with HIV infection, 33, 78

Chronic kidney disease

including HIV-associated nephropathy, 7980

an increasing problem for the HIV-infected, xi

Chronic pancreatitis, 147148

Cirrhosis of the liver, 81

Collagen-vascular diseases, 81

Combined antiretroviral therapy. See Antiretroviral therapy

Committee on Social Security HIV Disability Criteria, 12, 2931

charge to, 12, 16, 141155

considerations for developing a Listing, 30

methods, 2930

scope of the report, 3031

Comorbidities of HIV, 9, 3435

anxiety, 28, 35, 91

behavioral disorders, 35

bipolar disorder, 28, 35

cognitive dysfunction, 35

cognitive limitations, 34-35, 103

delirium, 35

drug dependence, 35

in the Listings, 8384

major depressive disorder, 34

posttraumatic stress disorder, 35

psychiatric disorders, 35

schizophrenia, 28, 35

substance abuse, 34

Composite International Diagnostic Interview, 28

Concurrent conditions, 63

Conditions covered elsewhere in the Listings, 10, 7784

cardiovascular disease, 10, 7879, 84

chronic kidney disease, including HIV-associated nephropathy, 10, 7980, 84

diabetes, 10, 8081, 84

hepatitis, 10, 8182, 84

list of, 10, 78, 84

malignancies not otherwise specified, 10, 8284

Conditions currently without Listings, 9, 6474

diarrhea, 9, 6466, 73

distal sensory polyneuropathy, 9, 64, 6667, 74

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), 9, 64, 6769, 74

HIV-associated wasting syndrome, 9, 64, 6970, 74, 123

Kaposi’s sarcoma, 9, 64, 7071, 74

lipoatrophy and lipohypertrophy, 9, 64, 7172, 74

osteoporosis, 9, 64, 7274

Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT), 56, 72

“Controlling weight,” applied to treating source opinions, 22

Cross-referencing procedure in the SSA, 77, 8384

Curcumin, 66

Current concepts in HIV/AIDS, 3343

evolution of the epidemic, 3336

improvements in functioning and capacity to return to work, 3941

management of HIV/AIDS, 3639

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. HIV and Disability: Updating the Social Security Listings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12941.
×

Current HIV/AIDS antiretroviral drugs, 159162

entry inhibitors, CCR5 coreceptor antagonist, 162

fusion inhibitors, 162

HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitors, 162

multiclass combination products, 159

nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), 161

nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), 159160

protease inhibitors (PIs), 161

Current HIV Infection Listings (14.08 and 114.08) of Impairments, 109139

HIV Infection Listing, 47, 122124, 137139

HIV Infection Listing Introductory Text, 110122, 125136

Part A, 20, 109

Part B, 20, 124125

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease, problems documenting, 114115, 130

D-dimer levels, 34

Data. See Disability data

Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs Study, 78

Death certificates, in which HIV disease was underlying cause of death, 38

Deidentified data. See Disability data

Dementia, HIV-associated, 11

Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), guidelines from, 102

Depression, 39

Developing a Listing, considerations for, 30

Developmental disorders, 11, 88, 95

Developmental milestones, loss of previously acquired or delay of, 94

Diabetes, 39, 8081

Diagnosis, timely, 2

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-IV-TR), 28

Dialysis, 80

Diarrhea, 6566, 139, 142144, 151

frequency of in clinical trials using protease inhibitor-based therapy, 144

Didanosine, 79, 147

Diphenoxylate, 66

Disability

Americans working with, 40

defining, 2, 1617

importance of functioning in determining, 6365

measures of, 50

surrogate markers of, 45

Disability allowances

defining pathways to, xi

permanent, xi

regular review of, xi, 7374

Disability benefits

applying for, ix

for people with AIDS, 12, 15

qualifying for, 2

Disability data

deidentified, xi, 12, 105

uses of, 105

Disability Determination Services (DDSs), 21, 106

Disability evaluation decision process, ix, 1620, 21

for adults, 23

appeals process, 21

for children, 3

definition of disability, 1617

five-step sequential evaluation process, 1720

initial decisions, 21

Disability examiners

expertise of, 24

reducing turnover in, 108

Disease progression, measures predictive of, 45

Distal sensory polyneuropathy, 8, 6667

Drug dependence, with HIV, 35

“Drug holiday,” 117118, 134

Drug resistance, 65

Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), 72

ELISA screening test, 112, 128

Employment, common barriers to, 40

Employment capability and HIV, literature review on, 166183

Encephalopathy, 148, 151

Endothelial dysfunction, 78

Entry inhibitors, 36

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 55, 83

Ethnicity factors, 34

EuroSIDA, data from, 29, 65

Evaluation. See Sequential evaluation process

Evolution of the epidemic, 3336

comorbidities of HIV, 3435

HIV and aging, 3536

pathogenesis of HIV, 34

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. HIV and Disability: Updating the Social Security Listings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12941.
×

Fatigue, 9, 66, 111

Federal Register, 23

Finger Tapping Test, 28

Fracture Risk Assessment Tool, 7273

French Perinatal Cohort, 90

Functional assessment of the patient with HIV/AIDS, ix, 2629, 117118, 133134

categories of functional assessment, 2627

decline in functional abilities after diagnosis, 26

importance of, 29

in the mental domain, 27

in the neurocognitive domain, 27

in the physical domain, 27

three scales of self-measurement, 28

tools to measure, 2729, 135

Functioning

HIV infection still allowing high levels of, ix

importance in determining disability, 6365

improvements in, 3941

Fusion inhibitors, 36

Future revisions, potential areas for, 104

Griffiths Mental Development Test, 91

Growth disturbances, 1011, 8889, 94, 138139, 151

Guidelines for the Management of Chronic Kidney Disease in HIV-Infected Patients, 79

Halstead Category Test, 28

Hamilton Depression Inventory, 28

Health care professionals, allowing to provide input into the determination process, xii, 13

Hepatitis coinfection, 67, 8082, 146147

Hepatocellular carcinoma, 81, 83

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 36, 133, 141

HIV

described, 1, 15

HIV/AIDS-related illnesses and malignancies, 158

AIDS-defining illnesses and malignancies, 158

HIV-associated conditions

in the Listings, 7374

with Listings elsewhere, 910, 7786

comorbidity in the Listings, 8384

conditions covered elsewhere in the Listings, 7783

without Listings elsewhere, xi, 89, 6376

conditions currently without Listings, 6573

HIV-associated conditions in the Listings, 7374

importance of functioning in determining disability, 6365

list of, 64

HIV-associated diseases, with existing Listings elsewhere, xixii

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), 6769

HIV-associated asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (HIV ANI), 69

HIV-associated dementia (HAD), 5455, 68

HIV-associated mild neurocognitive disorder (HIV MND), 68

most commonly affected domains of cognitive functioning, 68

HIV-associated wasting syndrome, 9, 64, 6970, 74, 123, 144, 151

HIV disease

and aging, 3536

as a disabling condition, ix

documenting and evaluating, 112113, 129131

listed on death certificates as underlying cause of death, 38

pathogenesis of, 34

HIV Infection Listings, ixx, 12, 2426, 51, 122124, 137139.

See also Introductory Text

allowances by sublisting 14.08, 25

allowances by sublisting 114.08, 25

bacterial infections, 122, 137

current, 109139

fungal infections, 122, 137

helminthic infections, 122, 137

most and least used sublistings of 14.08, 26

principles for new, 30

protozoan infections, 122, 137

urgent need for revising, x, 1

viral infections, 122123, 137138

HIV Pediatric Prognostic Markers Collaborative Study, 93

HIV RNA, 46, 93

Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 83

HOPS cohort, 144

Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), 55, 70

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. HIV and Disability: Updating the Social Security Listings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12941.
×

Human immunodeficiency virus. See HIV

Human papillomavirus, 83

Hyperreflexia, 90

Hypertonicity, 90

Imminently fatal or severely disabling HIV-associated conditions, xi, 7, 5361, 9394

HIV-associated dementia, 7, 5455, 59

imminently fatal or severely disabling conditions, 5358

impaired brain growth, 94

Kaposi’s sarcoma involving the pulmonary parenchyma, 7, 5556, 59

loss of previously acquired or delay of developmental milestones and intellectual ability, 94

multicentric Castleman’s disease (MCD), 7, 55, 59

place in the determination process, 5859

primary central nervous system lymphomas, 7, 56, 59

primary effusion lymphoma, 7, 57, 59

progressive motor dysfunction, 94

progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), 7, 5759

Immune function

progressive disruption of, 15

recovery of, x

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), 49

Immune system, generalized activation and inflammation of, 34

Immunodeficiency disorders

excluding HIV infection, 110, 126

progressive in HIV, 1

severe and advanced, 6

Immunofluorescence assay, 112, 128

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels, 129

Immunologic reserve, 46

Impairments. See Listing of Impairments

Indicators of disease progression, 4550

CD4 count, 4749

HIV-1 viral load, 4950

mortality rates for patients with HIV infection, 48

progression of untreated HIV infection demonstrated by CD4 count and viral load, 46

Indinavir, 79

Information

“accepted medical source,” 13

credible sources of, x

from medical records and SSA disability forms, 106

Initial allowances, and benefit amounts, 17

Initial decisions, 21

Institute of Medicine (IOM), xii, 1, 16, 141

Insulin resistance, 90

Integrase inhibitors, 36

Intellectual ability, loss of previously acquired or delay of, 94

Intelligence tests, 29

Interleukin-6 levels, 34

International Classification of Disorders (ICD-10), 28

Introductory Text, 11, 101103

definitions in, 111112, 126127

general principles in, 102103

making user friendly, 103

maximizing the utility of the HIV Infection Listings, 101103

reflecting changes in the Listings in, 102

simplifying language in, xi, 102

technical overview to, 103

Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), 45, 7071, 82

involving the pulmonary parenchyma, 5556

Limitations

“extreme,” 19

“marked,” 19, 119120

Lipid profiles, HIV-induced changes in, 78, 89

Lipoatrophy and lipohypertrophy, 7172, 89

Listing of Impairments (the Listings), ix, 45, 8, 20

based on age-specific CD4 criteria, 9293

functionally equaling, 19

guidance on implementing, 12

history and purpose, 20

meeting or medically equaling, 5, 18

need to cross-index, 103

proposed disabling CD4 count ranges for children, 93

setting severity standard of, 20

structure of, 20

Literature review on employment capability and HIV, 166183

disability, 166167

employment, 168177

functional capacity, 178181

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. HIV and Disability: Updating the Social Security Listings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12941.
×

methods, 163164

quality of life, 182183

search strategy, 164

severity of impairment, 182183

Loperamide, 66

Lopinavir-ritonavir, 79

Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia/pulmonary lymphoid hyperplasia (LIP/PLH) complex, 9596, 139, 151

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 56, 58, 72

Malaise, 9, 111

Malignancies.

See also Cancers

not otherwise specified, 8283

Malignant neoplasms. See Cancers

Malignant Neoplastic Diseases Listings, 71

Malnutrition. See Wasting syndrome;

Weight loss

Management of HIV/AIDS, 3639.

See also Medication adherence

death certificates in which HIV disease was underlying cause, 38

estimated numbers of U.S. AIDS case reports, 38

replication cycle of HIV with stages to initiate treatment, 37

treatment side effects, 3839

Maximizing the utility of the HIV Infection Listings, 1213, 101108

acceptable sources of information, 106107

information from medical records and SSA disability forms, 106

reevaluating the Listings, 103105

research on functional assessment and return to work, 108

training of disability examiners and medical consultants, 107108

use of data, 105

Medical reports, obtaining, 22, 110111

Medical sources.

See also Acceptable sources of information

acceptable medical sources, 2223

“other medical sources,” 23

Medical-vocational factors, considering, 26

Medically determinable impairment (MDI), 3n, 16n

Medication adherence, x, 2, 28, 39, 65

challenges in, 9192

Memory tests, 29

Mental domain, of functional assessment, 27, 121

Mesalamine, 66

Methods, 2930, 163164.

See also individual tests and measures used

preliminary analysis and results, 164

search strategy, 164

Morbidity, measures predictive of, 45

Mortality

improving patient longevity, 101

measures predictive of, 45

Mortality rates, 1

declining, 33

with and without therapy, 4748

Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, data from, 29, 80

Multicentric Castleman’s disease (MCD), 7, 55, 59

Narcotics, for pain management, 67

“Narrative” of patient, 28

National Association for Disability Examiners, 105

National Institutes of Health, 105

Nephropathy, HIV-associated, chronic kidney disease including, 7980

Neurocognitive domain, of functional assessment, 27

Neurocognitive impairment, related to unemployment, 41

Neurological manifestations of HIV infection, 1011, 9091, 94, 138, 151

Non-AIDS-defining cancers, 82

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 56, 82

Nonadherence. See Medication adherence

Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 36, 83

“Nonspecific therapy,” 66

North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (NA ACCORD), data from, 29, 65

Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM), 2324

Nucleoside analogues, 36

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 79, 81, 88

Nutrition for Healthy Living Cohort, 66

Occupational Performance History Interview (OPHI-II), 28

Opportunistic diseases and infections, ixxi, 1, 8, 45, 6365, 88, 145146

Oropharyngeal cancer, 83

Osteoporosis, 7273

an increasing problem for the HIV-infected, 8

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. HIV and Disability: Updating the Social Security Listings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12941.
×

PACTG 219C cohort, 89

Pain management, 9, 67

Part A of the Listings, 20, 109

Part B of the Listings, 20, 124125

Pathogenesis of HIV, 34

Pathways to disability allowances, defining, xi

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (2010), 2, 30

Pediatric Spectrum of Disease Cohort, 88

Perinatal HIV

in growing children and adolescents, complications of, 8789

through breastfeeding, 87

Peripheral neuropathy, 6667

Pharmacodynamics, individual, 104

Physical domain, of functional assessment, 2728, 111

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), 45, 47, 105

reclassified, 24

Polyomavirus JC, 56

Predictors, of response to treatment, x, 63

Primary central nervous system lymphomas, 56, 82

Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), 57, 82

Profile of mood states, 28

Progression of untreated HIV infection, demonstrated by CD4 count, 46

Progressive motor dysfunction, 94

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), 5758

Protease inhibitors (PIs), 36, 79, 81, 143

Psychotropic medications, for HIV-infected youth, 91

Pubertal delay, 88

Public assistance, 15

Public comments, on revising and updating the Listings, 24

QDD (Quick Disability Determination), 17n

Rationale for listing recommendations for pediatric patients, 9296

HIV-associated comorbidities currently with Listings, 95

HIV-associated comorbidities currently without Listings, 95

imminently fatal or severely disabling HIV-associated conditions, 9394

Listings based on age-specific CD4 criteria, 9293

lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia/pulmonary lymphoid hyperplasia complex, 9596

Reconsideration, requesting, 21

Reevaluating the Listings, 103105

potential areas for future revisions, 104

revision process, 104105

Renal disease, end-stage, 7980

Replication cycle of HIV, with stages to initiate treatment, 37

Residual functional capacity (RFC), 19

Resistance

transmitted, 104

in treating patients with HIV infection, 3738

Resistance mutations, 88, 104

Return-to-work patterns, for people with HIV/AIDS, 40

Revising the HIV Infection Listing, 512, 2324

concepts specific to children, 1012

imminently fatal or severely disabling HIV-associated conditions, 7

low CD4 count, 67

other severe HIV-associated conditions, 710

Revision process, 104105

Rifampin, 148

Rituximab, 55

Ryan White Care Act, 3031

Scope of the report, 3031

Self-care activities, ability to perform, 120

Self-measurement scales, 28

occupational competence, 28

occupational identity, 28

occupational setting, 28

Sequential evaluation process, five-step, 4, 1720

Severe HIV-associated conditions, 710

HIV-associated conditions with Listings elsewhere, 910

HIV-associated conditions without Listings elsewhere, 89

Side effects of treatment, 3839

Social functioning, maintenance of, 9, 66, 120

Social Security Administration (SSA), ixx, 15, 102, 141

cross-referencing procedure within, 77, 8384

data from, 29

disability evaluation process, 25, 4, 18

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. HIV and Disability: Updating the Social Security Listings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12941.
×

maximizing the utility of the Listings, 1213

number of initial allowances and benefit amounts, 17

responsibilities of field office staff, 21

review by appeals council, 21

Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI), 2, 16, 20

Social stigma, 70

Stages to initiate treatment, replication cycle of HIV with, 37

Statement of work, 3, 31

Stavudine (d4T), 71, 147

Steroid treatment, 55

Structure, of the Listing of Impairments, 20

Structured treatment interruption (STI), 117118, 134

Sublisting 14.08

allowances by, 25

comparison of current Listing to suggested revisions, 149150

most and least used, 26

Sublisting 114.08

allowances by, 25

comparison of current Listing to suggested revisions, 152153

Substantial gainful activity (SGA), 2n, 16n, 20

Supplemental Security Income (SSI), 2, 16

Survival and prognosis, 8892

adherence and behavioral challenges, 9192

complications of perinatal HIV in growing children and adolescents, 8889

growth complications, 89

metabolic complications, 8990

neurologic complications, 9091

prolonged despite HIV infection, ixx

Swiss HIV Cohort Study, 72, 81

Symptoms, consideration of, 118, 134135

T-cells. See CD4 cell count

Tasks, completing in a timely manner, 9, 120

TERI (TERminal Illness) cases, 17n

Therapy, advances in, 15

Thymidine nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 71

Training of disability examiners and medical consultants, 107108

Transbronchial biopsy, 56

Transitioning, of youth to adult care providers, 92

Transmission of HIV, mother-to-child, 15

Treatment

considering effects of, 132

minimal response to, xi

predictors of poor response to, x

side effects, 3839, 103104

stages to initiate, replication cycle of HIV with, 37

unpredictable nature of, 73, 116117, 132133

Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 46, 148

U.S. Military (DoD) HIV Natural History Study, data from, 29

Veterans Aging Cohort Study, data from, 29

Viral load (VL), 6, 12, 37, 4950, 128

progression of untreated HIV infection demonstrated by, 46

Viral resistance, development of, 39

Viremia, persistent, 65

Wasting syndrome, 9, 64, 6970, 74, 123, 144, 151

Weight loss.

See also Wasting syndrome

involuntary, 69, 115116, 139

Western blot assay, 112, 128

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, 28

Women, HIV infection manifestations specific to, 115

Women’s Interagency HIV Study, 81

Work

ability to, 15, 63

defining “gainful,” 2n, 16n

defining “substantial,” 2n, 16

improvements in capacity to return to, 3941

World Health Organization (WHO), 72

Zidovudine (ZDV), 36

Zung Depression Inventory, 28

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2010. HIV and Disability: Updating the Social Security Listings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12941.
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HIV and Disability: Updating the Social Security Listings Get This Book
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The Social Security Administration (SSA) uses a screening tool called the Listing of Impairments to identify claimants who are so severely impaired that they cannot work at all and thus qualify for disability benefits. In this report, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) makes several recommendations for improving SSA's capacity for determining disability benefits more accurately and quickly using the HIV Infection Listings.

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