Index
2 Micron All Sky Survey, 143, 145, 146 n.10
A
AAG (see Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Grants Program)
Access to Large Telescopes for Astronomical Instruction and Research Committee, 88, 176, 177
ACTA (see Atmospheric Ęerenkov Telescope Array)
Adaptive optics, 5, 23, 25, 38, 88, 111, 145, 151, 158, 165, 170, 171, 172, 177, 194, 196, 201, 202, 227, 228, 230, 231, 236, 263
Advanced Gamma-ray Imaging System, 24-25, 97, 233, 251
Advanced LIGO, 18, 39, 66, 75, 76, 98, 99
Advanced Technologies and Instrumentation program, 5, 25, 92, 146, 151, 152, 157-158, 171, 176, 226, 236, 239
recommended augmentation, 5, 236
Advanced Technology Solar Telescope, 34, 64, 147, 171, 172, 181, 182, 188, 202, 203, 231, 240, 263
AGIS (see Advanced Gamma-ray Imaging System)
Air Force Office of Scientific Research, 180
Allen Telescope Array, 92, 93, 96, 169, 251
ALMA (see Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array)
ALTAIR (see Access to Large Telescopes for Astronomical Instruction and Research)
American Astronomical Society (AAS), 30, 104, 112, 116-117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 125, 126, 128, 129 n.22, 186
American Physical Society, 30, 116, 120, 125
Apache Point Observatory, 89, 165
ARCADE (Absolute Radiometer for Cosmology, Astrophysics, and Diffuse Emission), 222
Arecibo, 85, 93, 169, 180, 262
ARISE (Advanced Radio Interferometry between Space and Earth), 16
Arizona Radio Observatory, 93
ASPERA (Astroparticle ERAnet), 86
Astronomers and astrophysicists
contributions of, 4
minority representation, 30, 125-128
postdoctoral fellows, 122, 141, 152
public policy role, 28-29, 115-116
publication statistics, 82-83, 119-120
training and career development, 29-30, 103-104, 109, 114, 116, 124-125, 128, 133-134, 141, 149, 151-152, 157, 165
Astronomy and Astrophysics Advisory Committee, 100, 101, 102, 135, 143, 153
Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium, 16 n.2, 26, 81, 87, 95, 96, 174, 175, 176, 185, 198, 214
Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Grants Program, 5, 25-26, 133, 140, 142, 152, 236, 239
recommended augmentation, 5, 236
Astronomy and Physics Research and Analysis grants program, 32, 133, 155-156, 157, 162, 217, 220-221
Astrophysics Theory Program, 5, 21, 133, 140, 141, 142, 219, 222, 238
recommended augmentation, 5, 219
ATA (see Allen Telescope Array)
Atacama Cosmology Telescope, 153
Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array
budget/funding, 93, 94, 179, 180, 188, 231, 240
capabilities and planned observations, 37, 50, 53, 76, 82, 181, 188, 189, 191, 192, 194, 196, 201, 202, 203, 204, 228, 234
complementary programs/instruments, 3, 4, 23, 25, 92, 132, 177, 189, 190, 201, 202, 204, 228, 234, 235
completion, 93, 169, 172, 188, 234
data archive, 143
extended configuration, 170
laboratory astrophysics and, 160, 161
next generation, 95
partnerships, 81, 82-83, 93, 169
return on investment, 229
scientific promise/productivity, 33, 234
upgrades/enhancements, 170, 180, 251
ATI (see Advanced Technologies and Instrumentation)
Atmospheric Ęerenkov Telescope Array, 3-4, 7, 24-25, 59, 93-94, 97, 190, 198, 200, 201, 203, 204, 232-234, 239-240, 241, 251, 263
ATP (see Astrophysics Theory Program)
ATST (see Advanced Technology Solar Telescope)
B
Balloon programs, 22, 59, 99-100, 150, 156, 167, 175, 196-197, 217, 221, 222
Baryon Oscillations Spectroscopic Survey, 165
Big bang, 1, 10, 13, 48, 52, 57, 59, 69, 72, 74, 104, 110, 111, 137, 197-198
Big Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey, 227, 261-262
Big Bear Solar Observatory, 180
BigBOSS (see Big Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey)
Black holes
accretion, 8, 59, 138, 190-191
discovery, 79
dormant, 63
energy emissions, 42, 43, 51, 53, 58, 59, 62, 75, 149-150, 192, 200
environmental impacts, 59
event horizon, 13, 59, 75, 200
formation and evolution, 11, 13, 18, 42, 52-53, 58, 191, 192, 205, 261-262
galactic nuclei, 1, 7, 11, 13, 42, 43, 52-53, 57-59, 62, 63, 74-75, 107, 117, 118, 137, 190-191, 192, 198, 209, 228
gamma-ray astronomy, 51, 59, 75, 149-150, 198
gravitational waves, 3, 13, 39, 42, 43, 45, 53, 74-75, 98, 136, 191, 199, 200, 262
infrared astronomy, 53, 62, 190-191, 192, 205
mergers and collisions, 2, 8, 11, 13, 18, 39, 42, 43, 45, 53, 74-75, 98, 136, 191, 192, 199, 200, 209, 228, 240, 262
neutron star collapse, 66
origin/first, 2, 11, 48, 49-50, 52-53, 190
and public engagement in science, 104, 113
pulsars and, 262
quasars, 11, 49-50, 79, 190, 203, 261
spectroscopic analysis, 53
supermassive, 35, 42, 43, 52-53, 57-58, 59, 62, 63, 75, 246
supernovae and, 11, 13, 60, 66
UV astronomy, 63
X-ray astronomy, 13, 19, 49-50, 53, 59, 62, 63, 75, 192, 198, 200
Blanco Telescope, 165, 169, 170
BLISS (Background-Limited Infrared-Submillimeter Spectrograph), 218
C
CANGAROO (Collaboration of Australia and Nippon (Japan) for a Gamma Ray Observatory in the Outback), 97
CARMA (see Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy)
CATE (see Cost appraisal and technical evaluation)
CCAT
complementary technology, 4, 25, 196, 202, 234
cost appraisal and technical evaluation, 6, 25, 234, 238, 251
design/capabilities, 190, 234, 235
laboratory astrophysics demands, 160
operational time frame, 25
recommendation, 6, 25, 234-235
science objectives, 6, 25, 190, 192, 196, 201, 202, 203, 204
Ęerenkov Telescope Array, 7, 24, 25, 97, 233
Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, 89, 165
Chandra X-ray Observatory Center, 20, 59, 61, 62, 63, 71-72, 80, 81, 132-133, 140, 166, 215
CIP (see Community Instrumentation Programs)
Climate research, 28-29, 34, 114-115
CMB (see Cosmic microwave background)
COBE (see Cosmic Background Explorer)
Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy, 54, 92, 93, 169, 251
Community Instrumentation Programs, 152
Compact objects
(see also Black holes; Neutron stars)
binary systems, 18
general relativity around, 74-76
Computer technology, high-performance, 111, 132, 136, 141-142
Core research program
augmentation, 4
Explorer and suborbital programs, 149-151
individual investigator grants, 4, 25-26, 132-135, 140, 173, 201, 219, 222, 236
laboratory astrophysics, 159-162
medium-scale activities, 148-154
recommended additions and augmentations, 219-222
technology development, 154-159
workforce development, 148-149
Cornell-Caltech Atacama Telescope (see CCAT)
COROT (Convection, Rotation and Planetary Transits), 40
Cosmic acceleration, 13, 16, 47, 48, 49, 60, 68, 70-71, 137-138, 196, 197, 200, 205, 206, 223, 227, 247, 261-262
Cosmic Background Explorer, 17-18, 80, 149
Cosmic microwave background
defined, 48
gravitational wave astronomy, 70-71, 197-198, 200, 217, 262-263
inflation studies, 2, 3, 7, 13, 20-21, 18, 37, 40, 69, 70-71, 197-198, 200, 217, 237, 262-263
neutrino mass measurement, 74, 204
polar programs, 99
polarization studies, 13, 69-70, 101, 155, 159, 197-198, 217, 263
radio astronomy, 52
standard cosmological model, 135, 196-197
suborbital programs, 5, 22, 222
technology development, 92, 156, 174, 198, 217, 238, 262-263
temperature fluctuations, 18, 40, 47, 69, 149
universe age and content mapping, 37, 47-48, 135, 208
Cosmic paleontology, 11, 43, 46, 52, 137, 201, 247
Cosmic rays, 61, 66, 67, 72, 75, 80, 98, 123, 159, 164, 173, 202, 203, 222
Cosmic Vision program, 83, 86, 97, 207, 212
Cosmological constant, 70, 71, 197
Cost appraisal and technical evaluation
(see also individual projects), 6-8, 186-187, 195, 224, 250, 253-259
CSO (see Caltech Submillimeter Observatory)
CTA (see Ęerenkov Telescope Array)
CTIO (see Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory)
D
Dark energy, 35, 79, 98, 101, 173, 199, 246
Baryon Oscillations Spectroscopic Survey, 165
content of the universe, 49, 197
and cosmic acceleration, 13, 16, 47, 49, 70, 196, 197, 200
cosmological constant and, 71, 197
Dark Energy Camera, 100, 158, 165
Dark Energy Survey, 81
JDEM, 17, 97, 159, 174, 188 n.7, 206-207, 257, 258, 259
LSST survey, 3, 6, 22, 174, 197, 200, 223
theoretical investigations, 200
WFIRST, 3, 8, 16, 17, 197, 200, 205-206, 207, 208
Dark matter
composition of the universe, 13, 48, 49; 71, 72, 73, 138, 190, 197
DOE experiments, 165, 173, 188 n.7, 240
galactic halos, 51, 52, 58, 59, 62, 69, 72, 203
gamma-ray astronomy, 24, 72, 200, 204, 233
gravitational lensing, 52, 71, 73, 135
detection of particles, 7, 72, 135, 165, 200
nature of, 71-72, 204, 246, 247
neutrinos, 74
particle astrophysics, 13, 72, 98, 111, 136, 232-233
simulations, 138
spectroscopic studies, 228
suborbital programs, 222
theoretical challenges, 71-72, 137, 138
X-ray astronomy, 71-72, 73, 203
Data and software
(see also Simulations)
ALFA HI archive, 145
ALMA archive, 143
analysis and simulations, 45-46
core research programs, 142-148
FIRST archive, 145
ground-based projects, 31
LSST potential, 22, 143, 201, 203, 206
NVSS archive, 145
proposal opportunities, 133
reduction and analysis software, 148
virtual observatories, 142, 145-146
WFIRST potential, 201
DataNet program (Sustainable Digital Data Preservation and Access Network Partners), 147
Decadal survey implementation advisory committee, 15, 19, 20, 102, 195, 198, 213, 214, 216-217, 237-238
Department of Defense, 131
Department of Energy (DOE)
astrophysics research, 98, 99, 133, 163-165
budget/costs/funding, 5, 14, 26, 98, 133, 140, 164, 188, 225, 233, 240, 241, 253, 256
dark energy/matter experiments, 81, 97, 98, 100, 158, 159, 164-165, 170, 173, 174, 188 n.7, 206-207, 240, 257, 258, 259
data handling and curation, 31, 141, 143, 146, 147
Fusion Energy Sciences program, 165
interagency collaborations, 22-23, 26, 81, 97, 100, 101, 147, 159, 165, 174, 185, 188, 206-207, 223, 225, 233, 257, 258, 259
international collaborations, 22, 97, 164, 165, 233
laboratory astrophysics, 31-32, 159, 161, 162, 162, 165, 220-221, 266
LSST, 23, 24, 158, 159, 174, 175, 223, 225, 240
Major Item of Equipment funds, 22, 225
national laboratories, 161, 162, 164
National Nuclear Security Administration, 31, 162, 165
nuclear weapons mission, 158
Office of High Energy Physics, 80, 98-99, 100, 140, 163, 164, 240
Office of Nuclear Physics, 80
Office of Science, 14, 31, 98, 102, 162
particle astrophysics projects, 98, 99, 140, 163-165, 185, 188
public-private partnerships, 22, 164, 174
recommendations for, 15, 29, 31, 102, 116, 142, 147, 162, 237
technology development, 23, 24, 99, 100, 158-159, 174, 175, 223, 240, 251
theoretical and computational networks, 26, 31, 140, 141, 142, 162, 240
training and career development, 165
DSIAC (see Decadal survey implementation advisory committee)
Dunn Solar Telescope, 169, 172, 181
Dust
chemical reactions on grain surfaces, 159 n.25, 161
interference in planet detection, 216
molecular clouds enshrouded in, 56, 78
nebulae, 106
organic molecules on, 76
stellar disks, 38, 54, 194, 196
E
EHT (Event Horizon Telescope), 251
Einstein’s theory of gravity (see General relativity)
EJSM (Europa Jupiter System Mission), 97, 212
Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey Telescope, 16 n.2, 198 n.13
Epoch of inflation, 3, 13, 20-21, 37, 48, 49, 69, 197-198, 200, 217, 263
Epoch of recombination, 48
Epoch of reionization, 10-11, 36, 49, 50, 92, 189, 190, 192, 198, 201, 227, 246, 247, 262
ESA (see European Space Agency)
ESM (Electromagnetic Spectrum Management), 152
Euclid, see European Space Agency
Europa Jupiter System Mission, 97, 212
European Extremely Large Telescope, 83, 84, 94, 95-96, 229, 231
European Southern Observatory, 82, 83, 88, 94, 229, 231
European Space Agency (ESA)
COROT, 40
Cosmic Vision program, 83, 86, 97, 207, 212
Euclid M-class proposal, 17, 97, 207
Herschel and Planck telescopes, 83
IXO partnership, 8, 19, 93-94, 97, 214, 215, 258
JDEM partnership, 174, 257, 258
LISA partnership, 8, 18-19, 93, 97, 212, 213, 214, 257, 258
EVLA (see Expanded Very Large Array)
EXIST (see Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey Telescope)
Exoplanet astronomy
discoveries, 12
gravitational microlensing, 15, 192-193, 196
gravitational waves, 12, 192-193, 204
infrared surveys, 3, 8, 12, 16, 17, 41, 192-193, 194, 195-196, 205, 207, 208, 215-216, 228
radial velocity surveys, 12, 20, 38, 40, 192, 193, 195 n.10, 196, 227, 263
radio surveys, 12
UV survey, 5
New Worlds Technology Development Program, 3, 7, 20, 215-217, 237
Exoplanets
(see also Exoplanet astronomy)
atmospheric composition, 12, 41
discovery, 2, 10, 12, 36, 37-39, 40-41, 191
census of Earth-like planets, 191-192, 196, 217
Kepler mission, 12, 16, 37, 40, 81, 133, 166, 168, 192, 193, 195, 196, 205, 215, 259
molecular signatures, 12, 39, 41, 67-68, 77, 296
New Worlds Technology Development Program, 3, 7, 20, 215-217, 237
science objectives, 2, 36, 57, 189, 191-195, 196
stellar characteristics, 196, 202, 247
technology development, 20, 195
Expanded Very Large Array, 50, 53, 82, 85, 93, 96, 169, 172, 179, 251
Explorer program
budget/costs/funding, 8, 17, 18
Galaxy Evolution Explorer, 18, 63, 150, 166, 168, 208, 219, 221
MIDEX missions, 8, 17-18, 37, 47, 69, 80, 99, 133, 149-150, 166, 168, 208, 210, 221
Missions of Opportunity, 8, 18, 150, 208, 209, 210, 217
recommendation, 8, 18, 208-209
Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager, 18
see also GEMS
Swift mission, 17, 18, 37, 80, 133, 149-150, 166, 168, 210
WISE, 17, 18, 150, 166, 168, 210
WMAP, 17-18, 47, 69, 80, 99, 149, 168, 208, 210, 221
F
FASR (see Frequency Agile Solar Radiotelescope)
Federal Funding of Astronomical Research (FFAR) report, 113, 119, 120
Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, 43, 59, 72, 80, 81, 97, 99, 100, 132-133, 140, 159, 164-165, 166
FIRST (Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-one Centimeters), 145
Frequency Agile Solar Radiotelescope, 34, 175, 181, 182, 202, 227, 251, 262
FUSE (Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer), 168, 219
G
GAIA (Graphical Astronomy and Image Analysis), 44
Galaxies
baryon cycling, 57, 137, 205-206, 247
black holes/nuclei, 1, 7, 11, 13, 42, 43, 52-53, 57-59, 62, 63, 74-75, 107, 117, 118, 137, 190-191, 192, 198, 209, 228
chemistry, 57, 61, 76, 77, 204
clusters, 47, 52, 71, 73, 74, 117, 118, 120, 197, 198, 200, 213-214, 234, 246
dark energy and, 197
dark matter, 51, 52-53, 58, 59, 62, 69, 71, 72, 73, 137, 190, 203
distribution mapping, 47, 52, 69, 197, 200, 261
earliest, 5, 10, 11, 49, 50, 137, 177, 189, 192, 228
formation and evolution, 3, 5, 6, 8, 11, 16, 18, 21, 35, 39, 42, 45, 49, 51, 52, 58, 59, 72, 74-75, 137, 150, 189, 190-191, 192, 198, 201, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 218, 220, 227, 234, 246, 247, 261-262
gamma-ray surveys, 164
gas distributions and exchanges, 73, 190, 192, 203, 228, 246
gravitational lensing, 73, 197, 200, 205
mass-energy-chemical cycles, 57, 247
mergers, 11, 39, 42, 51, 57, 58, 191, 192, 209
millimeter and submillimeter imaging surveys, 25, 190, 192
neutron stars, 75
OIR surveys, 3, 8, 16, 18, 177, 190-191, 192, 197, 202, 203, 205, 206, 227, 228
origins, 10, 46-47, 48, 51-52, 200
properties, 58-59, 61, 71, 76, 203, 228, 246
radio astronomy, 44
simulations and mathematical modeling, 45, 137, 141 n.7, 191
supernovae and, 60, 61, 62, 63
X-ray astronomy, 42, 62, 74, 191, 213-214
Galaxy Evolution Explorer, 18, 63, 133, 150, 166, 168, 208, 219, 221
GALEX (see Galaxy Evolution Explorer)
Gamma-ray astronomy and astrophysics
ACTA, 3-4, 7, 24-25, 59, 93-94, 97, 190, 198, 200, 201, 203, 204, 232-234, 239-240, 241, 251, 263
all-sky maps, 164, 227, 241, 263
black holes, 51, 59, 75, 149-150, 198
burst events, 18, 37, 44-45, 75, 141 n.7, 149, 200, 223
Ęerenkov Telescope Array, 7, 24, 25, 97, 233
dark matter, 24, 72, 200, 204, 233
FGST, 43, 59, 72, 80, 81, 97, 99, 100, 132-133, 140, 159, 164-165, 166
HAWC experiment, 227, 241, 263
suborbital programs, 150
VERITAS, 59, 81, 97, 159, 164, 169, 232, 233
very high energy, 3-4, 24, 67, 198, 227, 232-234, 241, 249, 263
Gemini Observatory, 132
dark energy surveys, 5, 170, 177
data archives, 145
exoplanet survey, 38
funding, 5, 26, 92, 171, 176, 177, 178, 239
instrumentation, 170, 171, 176, 177, 194
international collaboration, 26, 33, 81, 83, 89, 170, 178, 236
management, 26, 33, 88, 90, 170, 176, 177, 178, 179, 236
recommended augmentation, 5, 33, 179, 236, 239
GEMS (Gravity and Extreme Magnetism SMEX), 167, 168, 210
General relativity, 8, 12, 18, 35, 37, 39, 70, 74-76, 195-196, 197, 198, 199
Giant Magellan Telescope, 7, 23, 24, 94, 229-231
Giant Segmented Mirror Telescope
complementary technology, 3, 23, 95, 190, 191, 200, 202, 203, 204, 228, 229
cost/funding, 6, 7, 24, 92, 153, 175, 176, 227, 229, 231-232, 239-240, 251
design/capabilities, 23, 201, 204, 228, 230
management, 178
operational timescale, 231, 239
partnerships, 23-24, 94-95, 229, 231, 232
recommendation, 6, 23-24, 228-232
technology development, 227, 231
GMT (see Giant Magellan Telescope)
GONG (Global Oscillation Network Group), 169
Grand Telescopio Canarias, 82
Gravitational lensing, 16, 52, 71, 73, 135, 197-198, 200, 223, 262
Gravitational microlensing, 12, 16, 103, 135, 192-193, 196, 205, 207, 208
Gravitational wave astronomy, 263
Advanced LIGO, 18, 39, 66, 75, 76, 98, 99
black hole mergers and, 3, 13, 39, 42, 43, 45, 53, 74-75, 98, 136, 191, 199, 200, 262
bursts of radiation, 191, 192, 200
CMB research, 70-71, 197-198, 200, 217, 262-263
detection, 13, 20, 39, 199, 227, 251
discovery potential of, 35, 36, 39, 42-43, 45, 74-75, 201, 247
ground-based observatories, 18, 39, 227, 251, 262
inflationary, 20-21, 69-70, 197-198, 200, 217, 262-263
neutron star mergers, 45, 75, 199
radio astronomy, 41
simulations, 136
space-based observatories, 2, 53, 80
(see also Laser Interferometer Space Antenna)
spectrum, 39
supernovae, 39, 66, 76, 136, 197
X-ray astronomy, 41
Great Observatories, 141, 144, 166
Green Bank Solar Radio Burst Spectrometer, 181
Green Bank Telescope, 78, 85, 93, 96, 169, 179, 180 n.12, 251
GSMT (see Giant Segmented Mirror Telescope)
H
HAWC (see High Altitude Water erenkov)
HEASARC (High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center), 146
HEGRA (High Energy Gamma Ray Astronomy), 97
HEPAP (see High Energy Physics Advisory Panel)
HERA (see Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array)
Herschel telescope, 22, 81, 83, 161, 165, 166, 220
HESS (High Energy Stereoscopic System), 97, 232
HET (Hobby-Eberly Telescope), 89
High Altitude Observatory, 99, 180-181
High Altitude Water Ęerenkov experiment, 227, 241, 263
High Energy Physics Advisory Panel, 99, 100, 163, 188, 240
HST, see Hubble Space Telescope
Hubble Space Telescope, 12, 21, 41, 51, 54, 56, 62, 63, 66, 71-72, 73, 80, 81, 104, 105, 113, 132-133, 140, 143, 144, 145, 165, 166, 167, 168, 190, 200, 219, 220, 227, 228, 263
Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array, 94, 96, 189, 192, 227, 247, 251, 262
I
Inflation
CMB studies, 2, 3, 7, 13, 20-21, 18, 37, 40, 69, 70-71, 197-198, 200, 217, 237, 262-263
epoch of, 3, 13, 20-21, 37, 49, 69, 197-198, 200, 217, 263
gravitational wave astronomy, 20-21, 69-70, 197-198, 200, 217, 262-263
Inflation Probe Technology Development program, 3, 7, 20-21, 217-218, 237
Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, 105, 146
Infrared Telescope Facility, 89, 167, 169
Instrumentation
(see also Technology development)
adaptive optics, 5, 25, 171, 236
ATI program, 5, 25, 92, 146, 151, 152, 157-158, 171, 176, 226, 236, 239
Community Instrumentation Programs, 252
funding/costs, 88, 90, 95, 152, 153, 157, 171, 172, 173, 176, 177, 236, 239, 251
medium-scale, 15, 153, 176, 251
Mid-Scale Innovations Program augmentation, 151, 153, 176, 225-226, 263
MRI, 6, 92, 151, 153, 157, 171, 176, 225, 227
open access to privately owned telescopes, 26, 33, 88, 90, 92, 152, 153, 176, 177, 178, 194, 231, 239, 251
recommendations, 4, 5, 34, 153, 156, 182, 236
ReSTAR, 88, 171, 176, 177, 178
solar telescope, 263
training, 116, 125, 126, 149, 150-151, 153, 225
TSIP, 26, 33, 90, 92, 152, 153, 171, 176, 177, 178, 194, 231, 236, 239, 251
Interagency collaborations
DOE, 22-23, 26, 81, 97, 100, 101, 147, 159, 165, 174, 185, 188, 206-207, 223, 225, 233, 257, 258, 259
NASA, 5, 8, 16-17, 97, 99-100, 101, 135, 147, 159, 165, 174, 185, 205, 206-207, 220-221, 257, 258, 259
NSF, 5, 22-23, 25, 81, 89, 99-100, 147, 165, 188, 223, 225
International collaborations, 2, 4
Gemini, 26, 33, 81, 83, 89, 170, 178, 236
NASA, 5, 8, 18-19, 93, 94, 97, 155, 166, 212-213, 214-215, 218, 237-238, 240, 257, 258
NSF, 5, 6, 7, 25, 26, 33, 88, 89, 92, 93, 95, 165, 169, 170, 176-179, 232, 233, 236
International Traffic in Arms Regulations, 84, 175
International Virtual Observatory, 142
International X-ray Observatory
complementary technology, 20, 97, 215
cost/funding, 8, 19, 155, 214, 237, 238, 251, 257, 258, 259
design/configuration, 19, 213, 214
partnerships, 8, 19, 93-94, 97, 214
laboratory astrophysics demands, 22, 220
launch date and mission timeline, 19, 212, 214
science objectives, 3, 8, 19, 20, 190-191, 192, 196, 198, 200, 202, 213-214, 215
technical risk, 3, 8, 214, 215
technology development, 19, 155, 214, 215, 237-238
International Year of Astronomy, 108
Interstellar medium, 5, 21, 53, 66, 76, 77, 111, 117, 118, 120, 137, 203, 218, 220, 246
IRAM telescopes, 82
IRAS (Infrared Astronomy Satellite), 80
Isaac Newton Telescope, 107
IXO (see International X-ray Observatory)
J
James Webb Space Telescope, 3, 5, 17, 22, 23, 38, 41, 50, 53, 59, 81, 161, 165-166, 167, 168, 177, 187, 189, 190, 191, 192, 194, 196, 201, 202, 203, 204, 219, 220, 228, 229, 259
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 5, 8, 16 n.2, 19, 21, 81, 83, 84, 95, 97, 165, 167, 210, 214, 215, 218, 238
JAXA (see Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency)
JDEM (see Joint Dark Energy Mission)
Joint Dark Energy Mission, 97, 159, 174, 206-207, 257, 258, 259
Omega concept, 17
JWST (see James Webb Space Telescope)
K
Keck Observatory, 38, 89, 90, 167, 169, 200, 216, 229
Kepler mission, 12, 16, 37, 40, 81, 133, 166, 168, 192, 193, 195, 196, 205, 215, 259
Kitt Peak National Observatory, 87, 89, 170, 261
Kuiper belt, 6, 38, 43, 216 n.17
L
La Silla Observatory, 88
Laboratory astrophysics
CCAT, 160
DOE, 31-32, 159, 161, 162, 162, 165, 220-221, 266
recommended augmentation, 5, 32, 220-221
Large Binocular Telescope, 89, 216
Large Hadron Collider, 72, 204
Large Synoptic Survey Telescope
cost/funding, 6, 22-23, 92, 153, 176, 188 n.7, 223, 224-225, 227, 238, 239, 240, 251
database potential, 22, 143, 201, 203, 206
design/configuration, 22, 223-224
DOE and, 23, 24, 158, 159, 174, 175, 223, 225, 240
partnerships, 22, 84, 94, 223, 240
science objectives, 3, 6, 22, 188 n.7, 191, 197, 200, 201, 223
technology development, 23, 24, 158, 159, 174, 175, 223
Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory, 81, 99, 168-169, 199
Advanced LIGO, 18, 39, 66, 75, 76, 98, 99
Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
cost/funding, 8, 19, 168, 212-213, 238, 257, 258, 259
design/configuration, 209, 212
ESA partnership, 8, 18-19, 93, 97, 212, 214
launch date and mission timeline, 97, 209, 212-213, 214
Pathfinder mission, 8, 18-19, 155, 213
recommendation, 8, 209, 212-213
science objectives, 3, 8, 18, 75, 191, 192, 199, 200, 201, 209
technology development, 155, 214, 237-238
LISA (see Laser Interferometer Space Antenna)
LMT (Large Millimeter Telescope), 93
Long-duration balloon, 222
LSST (see Large Synoptic Survey Telescope)
M
Magellan Observatory, 89
MAGIC (Major Atmospheric Gamma-ray Imaging Ęerenkov Telescope), 97, 232
Magnetars, 76
Magnetic fields and magnetic activity, 57, 61, 63-64, 67, 75, 76, 137, 158 n.25, 160-161, 171-172, 181, 199, 203, 220, 247
Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction, 6, 22, 23, 24, 99, 153, 158, 171, 172, 188, 205, 225, 227, 231, 232, 239-240, 256, 263
Major Research Instrumentation Program, 6, 92, 151, 153, 157, 171, 176, 225, 227
MAST (Multimission Archive at STScI), 146
Mathematical and Physical Sciences Advisory Committee, 100
Mayall Telescope, 169, 170, 281
McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope, 169, 181
MeerKAT, 96
Meese Solar Observatory, 180
Microlensing Planet Finder, 205 n.14
Microsoft World Wide Telescope, 105
MIDEX missions (see Explorer program)
Mid-Scale Innovations Program
cosmic microwave background initiatives, 227, 262-263
cost/funding, 6, 7, 23, 151-153, 205, 226-227, 238, 261-263
exoplanet initiatives, 227, 263
FASR, 34, 175, 181, 182, 202, 227, 251, 262
HAWC experiment, 227, 241, 263
HERA, 94, 96, 189, 192, 227, 247, 251, 262
instrumentation, 151, 153, 225, 263
recommendation, 6, 23, 225-227, 234
Telescope System Instrument Program, 153
training grants, 151, 153, 225
University Radio Observatory program, 153
Milagro telescope, 97
Milky Way, 6, 11, 16, 18, 40, 44, 47, 50, 52, 53, 54, 57, 59, 62, 63, 66, 76, 164, 198, 201, 202, 228, 205, 206, 223
Minority University Research and Education Program, 127
Missions of Opportunity, 8, 18, 150, 208, 209, 210, 217
MMT Observatory, 89
MREFC (see Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction)
MRI (see Major Research Instrumentation Program)
Mount Wilson Observatory, 180
N
NANOGrav (see North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Astrophysics Division, 80, 98, 100, 133, 141, 167, 175, 187, 237-238
ATP, 5, 21, 133, 140, 141, 142, 168, 219, 222, 238
budget/costs/funding, 5, 8, 14, 19, 20, 22, 98, 109, 133-135, 140, 141, 167, 168, 175, 187, 212-213, 214, 218, 222, 237, 238, 251, 253, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259
core research program, 21-22, 131, 133
grant programs, 32, 132-133, 135, 140, 155-156, 157, 162, 201, 207, 217, 220-221
Heliophysics Division, 80, 182 n.16
interagency collaborations, 5, 8, 16-17, 97, 99-100, 101, 135, 147, 159, 165, 174, 185, 205, 206-207, 220-221, 257, 258, 259
international collaborations, 5, 8, 18-19, 93, 94, 97, 155, 166, 212-213, 214-215, 218, 237-238, 240, 257, 258
JDEM, 17, 97, 159, 174, 206-207, 257, 258, 259
laboratory astrophysics, 5, 32, 162, 220-221
Minority University Research and Education Program, 127
Planetary Exploration program, 140
public outreach and education, 105, 108, 109, 112
public-private partnerships, 88, 89, 90, 167, 169
recommendations for, 15, 19, 29, 31, 32, 34, 102, 116, 142, 147, 162, 174-175, 201, 218, 237-238
Science Mission Directorate, 168
Spitzer Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, 105
Suborbital Program, 5, 150-151, 167, 194, 221-222
technology development, 5, 20, 21-22, 112, 149, 154-157, 174, 214-217, 218, 219-220, 237-238
theory and computation networks, 5, 22, 31, 141-142, 201, 222, 237
training and career development, 114, 116, 127, 133-134, 149, 157
National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center, 93, 96, 169
National Center for Atmospheric Research, 99
National Optical Astronomy Observatory, 33, 87-88, 89, 90, 92, 95, 132, 170, 171, 176, 177, 178-179, 225
National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 73, 78, 85, 92, 93, 96, 122, 132, 169-170, 179, 180, 181
National Science Foundation (NSF)
AAG program, 5, 25-26, 133, 140, 142, 152, 162, 239
ARRA funding, 171
Astronomical Sciences (AST) Division, 24, 25, 32, 33-34, 60, 80, 93, 98, 99, 100-101, 109, 133, 134, 140, 141, 152, 153, 157-158, 161, 162, 165, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172-173, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 187, 188, 226, 227, 233, 238-240, 266
ATI program, 5, 25, 92, 146, 151, 152, 157-158, 171, 176, 226, 236, 239
Atmospheric and Geospace Sciences Division, 80, 93, 99, 168-169, 180, 181-182
balloon program, 99
budget/costs/funding, 5, 6, 7, 14, 22-23, 32, 92, 93, 96, 98, 134, 152, 161, 169-170, 176, 179-180, 181-182, 187-188, 238-240, 253, 262-263
Committee of Visitors, 101, 153
Community Instrumentation Programs, 152
core research program, 4, 21, 131, 235-237
data handling and curation, 31, 146, 147
Directorate for Education and Human Resources, 109
Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 98, 100, 101, 134, 152, 153, 226, 227
Geosciences Directorate, 99
grant programs, 5, 25-26, 29, 98, 99, 109, 133, 134-135, 140-141, 142, 151-153, 173, 201, 236, 239
instrumentation programs, 5, 26, 29, 33, 90, 92, 140-141, 149, 151-153, 170-171, 172-173, 176, 177, 178, 194, 225, 226, 231, 236, 239, 251
interagency collaborations, 5, 22-23, 25, 81, 89, 99-100, 147, 165, 188, 223, 225
international collaborations, 5, 6, 7, 25, 26, 33, 88, 89, 92, 93, 95, 165, 169, 170, 176-179, 232, 233, 236
laboratory astrophysics, 5, 32, 159, 161, 162
Materials Research Division, 153
Mathematical and Physical Sciences Advisory Committee, 100
MREFC programs, 6, 22, 23, 24, 99, 153, 158, 171, 172, 188, 205, 225, 227, 231, 232, 239-240, 256, 263
Office of CyberInfrastructure, 80, 141, 147
Office of Polar Programs, 80, 93, 98, 99, 169-170
Physics (PHY) programs, 25, 80, 98, 99, 100, 140, 141, 153, 159, 161, 165, 168, 188, 233
public outreach and education, 109, 112
public-private partnerships, 33, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 169-170, 176, 180, 232, 234
recommendations for, 6, 7, 15, 25, 31, 32, 33-34, 102, 116, 142, 147, 162, 173, 179, 182, 238-240
Science and Technology Centers, 152
senior reviews of facility support, 32, 87-88, 101, 153, 170, 173, 176, 177
solar astronomy, 34, 99, 168, 169, 171-172, 173, 175, 180-182
technology development, 5, 20, 100, 149, 152, 157-158, 175, 226, 236, 238-239, 251
TSIP, 5, 26, 29, 33, 90, 92, 140-141, 153, 171, 176, 177, 178, 194, 231, 236, 239, 251
training and career development, 109, 128, 141, 149, 151-152
National Solar Observatory, 34, 99, 172, 180, 181
National Virtual Observatory, 142, 145-146
Near-Earth objects, 3, 6, 18, 223
Near-Infrared Sky Surveyor, 205 n.14
Neutrinos, 35, 66, 68, 72-74, 80, 99, 137, 204, 246, 247
Neutron stars, 8, 11-12, 35, 39, 43, 45, 46, 60, 61, 66, 72, 75, 76, 79, 98, 199, 203, 204, 213, 222, 262
(see also Pulsars)
New Worlds Technology Development Program, 3, 7, 20, 215-217, 237
NICMOS (Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer), 41
NOAO (see National Optical Astronomy Observatory)
North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves, 227, 262
NRAO (see National Radio Astronomy Observatory)
NSO (see National Solar Observatory)
NuSTAR (Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array), 167, 210
NVSS (NRAO VLA Sky Survey), 145
O
Office of Management and Budget, 15, 29, 102, 116
Office of Naval Research, 180
Office of Science and Technology Policy, 15, 29, 100, 101, 102, 116
Open access to privately owned telescopes, 4, 26, 33, 88, 90, 92, 152, 153, 176, 177, 178, 194, 231, 239, 251
Optical and infrared (OIR) astronomy
(see also Large Synoptic Survey Telescope; Gemini Observatory; Giant Segmented Mirror Telescope)
dark energy, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 16, 17, 22, 170, 177, 197, 200, 205-206, 207, 208, 223
dark matter, 6, 22, 158, 223, 240
NOAO, 33, 87-88, 89, 90, 92, 95, 132, 170, 171, 176, 177, 178-179, 225
NSF, 33, 87-88, 89, 90, 92, 95, 100, 168, 169, 170, 173, 175, 176-179, 181, 185
telescope instrument development, 5, 23, 26, 33, 90, 92, 153, 171, 176, 177, 178, 194, 231, 236, 239, 251
Optical Society of America, 120
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 86
Owens Valley Solar Array, 181
P
Palomar Observatory, 89
Paranal Observatory, 88
Particle astrophysics, 5, 7, 13, 27, 66, 72, 97, 98, 99, 111, 135, 136, 140, 150, 163-165, 185, 188, 200, 232-233
Particle Astrophysics Scientific Assessment Group, 99, 164, 188
Pathfinder mission, 18-19, 155, 213
Planck telescope, 20, 81, 99, 165, 166, 198, 217
Plasma physics, 22, 48, 65, 75, 99, 115, 159, 160, 161, 181, 198, 220
PLATO (Planetary Transits and Oscillations of Stars), 207
(see also European Space Agency)
Program Prioritization Panels
charge to, 249
scientific scope, 250
summary of findings, 251
Public-private partnerships
ground-based OIR astronomy, 87-92
ground-based RMS astronomy, 92-93
NSF, 33, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 169-170, 176, 180, 232, 234
Pulsars, 12, 43, 61, 76, 145, 199, 203, 227, 232, 251, 262
Q
Quasars, 11, 49-50, 79, 190, 203, 261
QUIET, 153
R
Radio, millimeter, and submillimeter (RMS) astronomy
(see also Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array)
ARISE, 16 n.2
EVLA, 50, 53, 82, 85, 93, 96, 169, 172, 179, 251
galactic mergers, 42
Green Bank Telescope, 78, 85, 93, 96, 169, 179, 180 n.12, 251
instrumentation, 5
international collaborations, 28, 33-34, 82, 83, 94, 95-96, 143, 153, 175, 179, 180, 227
pulsars, 12, 43, 61, 76, 145, 199, 203, 227, 232, 251, 262
reionization epoch, 49
SKA, 28, 33-34, 82, 83, 94, 95-96, 143, 153, 175, 179, 180, 227
Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect, 52, 262
Renewing Small Telescopes for Astronomical Research, 88, 171, 176, 177, 178
Research Experiences for Undergraduates program, 128
ReSTAR (see Renewing Small Telescopes for Astronomical Research)
Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager, 18
RXTE (Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer), 166
S
SALT (South African Large Telescope), 89
SAMURAI (Science of AGNs and Masers with Unprecedented Resolution in Astronomical Imaging), 16 n.2
San Fernando Observatory, 180
Science Frontiers Panels
charge to, 245
scientific scope, 246
summary of findings, 247
SDO (see Solar Dynamics Observatory)
SETI Institute, 93
SIM (see Space Interferometry Mission)
SKA (see Square Kilometer Array)
Sloan Digital Sky Survey, 22, 47, 73, 99, 106 n.2, 143, 145, 147, 153
Sloan Lens ACS Survey, 73
SMA (Submillimeter Array), 54, 93, 160
SMEX missions, see Explorer program
Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 131 n.1, 231 n.23
Smithsonian Institution, 80, 89, 93, 131
SOAR (Southern Astrophysical Research) Telescope, 89, 169
SOFIA (Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy), 76, 167
SOHO (Solar and Heliospheric Observatory), 181
Solar astronomy and astrophysics
ATST, 34, 64, 147, 171, 172, 181, 182, 188, 202, 203, 231, 240, 263
climate research, 28-29, 34, 114-115
FASR, 34, 175, 181, 182, 202, 227, 251, 262
laboratory astrophysics, 160-161
magnetic fields, 64, 137, 160-161, 171-172, 181
SDO, 64, 65, 137, 146-147, 181
Solar Dynamics Observatory, 64, 65, 137, 146-147, 181
South Pole Telescope, 69, 93, 99, 169
Space Infrared telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics, 5, 21, 22, 155, 218, 237, 238
Space Interferometry Mission (SIM and SIMLite), 16 n.2, 174, 195 n.2
SPICA (see Space Infrared telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics)
Spitzer Space Telescope, 12, 41, 54, 62, 63, 66, 80, 81, 132-133, 140, 165, 166, 194, 200, 216 n.17, 218
Square Kilometer Array, 28, 33-34, 82, 83, 94, 95-96, 143, 153, 175, 179, 180, 227
Standard model of particle physics, 73-74
Stars
(see also Solar astronomy; Stellar)
binary, 43 n.3, 45, 60, 64-65, 199, 209, 232
chemical composition, 51, 59, 60, 61
compact binaries, 8
coolant deaths, 51
coolest, 18
dust-enshrouded, 54-55, 56, 67
exploding (see Supernovae)
magnetic field, 64
molecular analysis, 160
origin and evolution, 5, 11, 21, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53-56, 59-60, 137, 141 n.7, 160
pulsars, 12, 43, 61, 76, 145, 199, 203, 227, 232, 251, 262
radial velocity surveys, 12, 20, 38, 40, 192, 193, 195 n.10, 196, 227, 263
rotation, 64
seismology, 64
simulations, 64
theoretical research, 137, 141 n.7
white dwarf, 3, 44, 46, 60, 61, 64-65, 139
STEREO (Solar-Terrestrial Relations Observatory), 181
Suborbital programs, 4, 5, 20, 22, 150-151, 157, 167, 174, 175, 208, 209, 216, 217, 222, 262
recommended augmentation, 5, 221-222
Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect, 52, 262
Supernovae
and black holes, 11, 13, 60, 66
and cosmic evolution, 45, 57, 61, 67, 70, 203
dark energy measurements, 16, 70, 223
discoveries by amateurs, 103, 104
gamma-ray astronomy, 44, 67, 206
gravitational lensing, 197
gravitational wave detection, 39, 66, 76, 136, 197
heavy element ejection, 58, 60-61, 63
and neutron stars, 61, 66, 72, 203
process and galactic effects, 58, 60-61, 63
simulations, 66, 136-139, 141 n.7
theoretical challenges, 137, 139
Type Ia (white dwarf), 44, 57, 60-61, 64-66, 139, 203, 247
wide-field sky surveys, 66
Swift mission, 17, 18, 37, 80, 133, 149-150, 166, 169, 210
T
Technology development (see Inflation Probe Technology Development program)
Technology development, intermediate, recommended augmentation, 5, 220
Telescope System Instrument Program, 5, 26, 33, 85, 90, 92, 153, 171, 176, 177, 178, 194, 231, 236, 239, 251
recommended augmentation, 5, 236
Theoretical research
ATP, 5, 21, 133, 140, 141, 142, 219, 222, 238
black holes, 13, 35, 39, 46, 53, 74-75, 198, 199, 200, 240
challenges for next decade, 137-139
computational astrophysics, 5, 136, 140-142
dark energy, 200
dark matter, 3, 46, 71-72, 137, 138
DOE, 26, 31, 140, 141, 142, 162, 240
general relativity, 8, 12, 18, 37, 70, 74-76, 195-196, 197, 198, 199
particle physics, 72-74, 135-136
planet formation, 139
standard cosmological model, 135, 196-197
Theory and Computation Networks, 5, 22, 26, 30-31, 142, 222, 237, 240
recommended augmentation, 5, 222
THINGS survey, 73
Thirty Meter Telescope, 6, 23, 24, 94, 229-231
Time-domain astronomy, 2, 35, 36, 43-45, 52, 203, 225, 247, 262
Time-variable phenomena, 2, 6, 22, 143, 223
TMT (see Thirty Meter Telescope)
TRACE (Transition Region and Coronal Explorer), 181
Training and career development
America COMPETES Act and, 113-114
core research program, 148-149
DOE, 165
family friendly policies, 122, 128-129
instrumentation, 116, 125, 126, 148-149, 150-151, 153, 225
mentoring, 125, 126, 127, 128, 142
NASA, 114, 116, 127, 133-134, 149, 157
NSF, 109, 128, 141, 149, 151-152
TSIP (see Telescope System Instrument Program)
U
UHURU observatory, 80
Ultralong-duration balloon program, 222, 251
Ultraviolet astronomy, 5, 21, 49, 52, 63, 65, 80, 117, 118, 119, 150, 155, 156, 161, 166, 181, 190, 195, 203, 219, 220, 238
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), 108
Universe
universe age and content mapping, 37, 47-48, 135, 208
acceleration (see Cosmic acceleration) chemistry, 76-78
dark matter content, 13, 48, 49; 71, 72, 73, 138, 190, 197
epoch of inflation, 3, 13, 20-21, 37, 48, 49, 69, 197-198, 200, 217, 263
epoch of recombination, 48
epoch of reionization, 10-11, 36, 49, 50, 92, 189, 190, 192, 198, 201, 227, 246, 247, 262
hot, 2
most distant object detected, 18
priority objectives, 2
V
VERITAS (Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System), 59, 81, 97, 159, 164, 169, 232, 233
VLA (Very Large Array), 54, 73, 143, 181
VLBA (Very Long Baseline Array), 85, 93, 96, 169, 180
VLBI Space Observatory Programme, 16 n.2
VLT (Very Large Telescope), 82-83, 84, 88, 90
W
Water, 12, 20, 39, 43, 68, 110, 191, 215
WFIRST (see Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope)
Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer, 17, 18, 150, 166, 168, 169, 210
Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope
complementary technology, 17, 197, 208, 223
cost/funding, 8, 17, 168, 207, 238, 240, 241, 251, 257
dark energy survey, 3, 8, 16, 17, 197, 200, 205-206, 207, 208
database potential, 201
Euclid and, 207
general investigator program, 207
gravitational microlensing, 192-193, 196
guest investigator program, 16, 17, 206, 207
launch date and mission timeline, 8, 17, 207, 208, 237
partnership opportunities, 17, 93-94, 207-208, 237
recommendation, 3, 8, 16, 205-208
science objectives, 3, 8, 16, 17, 158, 190-191, 192-193, 195-196, 197, 200, 205-206, 207, 208, 215-216, 223, 240
technical risks and challenges, 8, 17, 207
technology development/design, 17, 158, 206-207
Wilcox Solar Observatory, 180
Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe, 17-18, 47, 69, 80, 99, 149, 168, 208, 210, 221
WISE (see Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer)
WIYN (Wisconsin, Indiana, Yale, and NOAO) Observatory, 89, 169
WMAP (see Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe)
(see also Astronomers; Training and career development)
X
XEUS (X-ray Evolving Universe Spectroscopy), 97, 214
X-ray astronomy
(see also Chandra; International X-ray Observatory)
black holes, 13, 19, 49-50, 53, 59, 62, 63, 75, 192, 198, 200
galaxies, 42, 62, 74, 191, 213-214
gravitational waves, 41
transition-edge sensors, 214
stars, 64
suborbital, 150
technology development, 112-113, 156
X-ray Multi-mirror Mission-Newton