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Index*
A
Academic careers
(see also Faculty)
case study, 184-185
educational attainment of RNs in, 25
first degree at entry into the profession and, 183-186
incentives for, 187, 188
RN workforce, 24, 388
salary disparities, 13, 186-187
Academy of Medical-Surgical Nurses, 325, 364
Access to care, 27
regulatory barriers, 99, 102, 106, 107, 463
technology and, 64
Accountable care organizations (ACOs), 9, 30, 95, 131, 132, 148, 255-256, 277, 375-376, 380-381, 389-390, 391, 396, 559
Accreditation Commission for Midwifery Education, 325, 328 n.3, 340 n.11, 341 n.13, 362, 364
Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, 201
Acute care
(see also Hospitals), 37
Agile Team Model, 414-415
practice transformation, 29-30
quality of, 27, 300, 485
recommendations, 416-417
technology and, 30, 415-417
workforce, 386-387, 388-389
Acute Care Forum on the Future of Nursing
highlights, 316-318
interdisciplinary collaboration, 301
key themes, 317
safety and quality of care, 300
site visits and solutions session, 317-318
technology, 300
testimony questions, 300-301
Admissions, inpatient
assessments by APRNs, 10, 278, 444, 473
care management programs and, 27, 377, 378, 379-380, 390, 395-396
graduation of nurses coordinated with, 264
to hospice or skilled nursing facility, 274, 278, 444, 473
palliative care models and, 425
readmissions, 27, 66, 70, 71, 379-380, 395-396, 416, 421
telehealth services and, 416, 421
Advanced dental hygiene practitioner, 107, 110
*
Pages 375-642 are not printed in this report but can be found on the CD-ROM in the back of this book.
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Advanced Practice Nursing Consensus Work Group, 327
Advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs)
(see also Certified registered nurse anesthetists;
Certified nurse midwives;
Clinical nurse specialists;
Consensus model for APRN regulation;
Nurse practitioners)
ACA and, 22-23
and access to care, 27-28, 98, 107, 108-109, 249, 463, 490
accountable care organizations, 132
case studies, 107, 108-109
certification, 98, 328
chronic disease management, 86, 121, 124, 332, 418-420, 452
competencies, 97, 197
costs of education, 168, 169
earnings, 43
economic value of, 486
education and training, 41-42, 43, 44, 98, 124, 144, 164, 168, 169, 194, 195, 196-197, 203, 328, 445-446, 470-471
funding for, 124, 470-471
growing use of, 98
hospital privileges and medical staff membership, 473
insurance company policies, 9, 10, 71, 117
interprofessional collaboration, 98, 131, 203, 226-227
licensure, 100, 101-103, 327-328
opposition to independent practice, 107-108, 457-460
patient satisfaction, 114
practice transformation, 10, 97, 98-103, 106, 108-109, 112, 142, 144, 145, 248
primary care, 10, 22-23, 55, 59, 88, 95, 132
production rates, 490
public awareness of, 112, 455
recommendations, 9-11
regulatory barriers, 5, 10, 59, 96, 97, 99, 102, 103, 108, 144, 248, 444, 446-451
reimbursement/payment policies, 9, 10, 71, 102-103, 104, 115, 446, 449, 471-472
residencies, 124
safety and quality of care, 92, 98-99, 111, 144, 490
scope of practice, 10, 23, 26, 43, 44, 55, 59, 70-71, 97-98, 101, 106, 112, 142, 248, 443, 473
specialties, 23, 26, 41-42, 88 n.2, 97-98, 327, 328, 329
visibility in surveys and coding, assessment, or benchmark schema, 469-470
workforce size, 23, 26, 327, 390
Affordable Care Act (ACA)
access to primary care, 22, 49, 54, 86, 88, 96, 108, 136, 257, 269
accountable care organizations, 131, 132, 148
Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation, 131
clinical training for APRNs, 124
community health centers, 131, 133
coordination of care, 65, 148
demonstration projects and pilot programs, 71, 239, 491
education funding, 491
faculty incentives, 187, 188
home visitation programs, 75
insurance coverage for uninsured Americans, 1-2, 21, 49, 257, 269, 272
medical/health homes, 131, 132, 148
National Center for Workforce Analysis, 9, 256, 262
National Health Care Workforce Commission, 9, 255, 256, 262, 265
NMHCs, 131, 136
nursing-related provisions, 22, 34
reimbursement rates for nurses, 10, 278
research priorities, 274
and scope-of-practice regulations, 29, 96, 106
structural changes in health care, 85, 86, 213
transitional care, 71, 148
workforce monitoring, 265
African Americans, 55, 56, 57, 68, 128, 129, 130, 138, 184, 199, 208, 228-229, 231, 232, 247, 429, 585, 631
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 238, 239, 392, 394
Aging population, 48, 66
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AIDS (see HIV/AIDS)
Alabama, 157, 356, 357, 358, 359
Alaska, 157
Alliance for APRN Credentialing, 341, 343 n.14, 344 n.17
Alper, Robyn, 176
Ambulatory care, 3, 23, 24, 25, 38, 43, 91, 119, 204, 205, 331, 382, 383, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 393, 471, 486, 490, 537
American Academy of Family Physicians, 110-111, 134, 455 n.8, 557
American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 424
American Academy of Nurse Practitioners (AANP), 325, 336, 358, 359, 362
American Academy of Nurse Practitioners Certification Program, 325, 344 n.17, 358, 359, 361, 362, 366
American Academy of Nursing, 245
American Academy of Pediatrics, 134, 457, 458
American Assembly for Men in Nursing, 209
American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN), 121, 123, 135, 170, 171-172, 182, 188, 194-195, 198 n.15, 200, 206, 224, 245, 287, 325, 343-344, 358, 359, 361, 364, 366, 496, 507, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 519, 528, 532, 533, 544, 552, 561
American of Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine, 206
American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, 206
American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN), 325, 358, 359
American Association of Critical-Care Nurses Certification Corporation, 325, 344 n.17
American Association of Legal Nurse Consultants, 325
American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, 325, 358, 359, 361, 362, 364, 366
American Association of Retired Persons (AARP), 106, 251, 286
American Board of Internal Medicine Foundation, 557
American Board of Nursing Specialties (ABNS), 325, 328 n.4, 337 n.6, 340 n.10, 358, 362, 364
Accreditation Council, 359
American College of Nurse-Midwives (ACNM), 325, 344 n.17, 358, 359, 361, 362, 364
Division of Accreditation, 364
American College of Nurse Practitioners, 325, 358, 362, 364
American College of Physicians, 557
American Dental Association, 107, 110, 206
American Holistic Nurses Association, 325, 358, 364
American Immigration Council, 630
American Indians/Alaska Natives, 128, 129, 208
American Medical Association (AMA), 105, 110, 455 n.8, 457, 458 n.7
American Midwifery Certification Board, 197, 325, 358, 359
American Nurses Association (ANA), 27, 109, 171, 208, 245, 325, 329, 338, 344, 354, 358, 361, 362, 364, 366, 371
American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC), 196, 325, 336, 344, 358, 359, 362, 364, 366
Magnet Recognition Program, 171, 244
American Organization of Nurse Executives (AONE), 171-172, 235, 245, 358, 359, 361, 362, 364, 366, 485, 528, 531, 586
American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 325, 358, 362, 364, 366
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), 133, 137, 375, 472
American Society of Anesthesiologists, 110, 457, 458
Anesthetists/anesthesiology (see Certified registered nurse anesthetists)
Arizona, 120, 157, 211, 599, 603, 614
Arkansas
Aging Initiative, 226-227
practice regulations, 157
State Board of Nursing, 325, 355, 356, 357, 359
Armenia, 575
Ascension Health, 211
Asian or Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, 128, 129
Association of Academic Health Centers, 169, 394, 462-463, 552, 560
Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), 203, 206, 287
Association of Schools of Public Health, 206
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Association of Teachers of Preventive Medicine, 560
Associate’s degree in nursing
advantages, 489
barriers to program admission, 166
BSN graduates relative to, 505-506
case studies, 180-181, 232
costs, 168, 370-371, 489
data needs, 482, 508
earnings, 43, 171, 172
education/preparation, 40, 43, 44, 165, 166, 168, 177, 232, 247, 369, 370-371, 553, 578, 579
employment settings, 25
ethnic minorities, 207, 208, 232
faculty, 187, 188, 371
foreign programs, 578-579
geographic differences, 178
and leadership positions, 247
licensure exam, 372, 488-489
physician opinions of, 171
practice regulations, 371
qualified applicants not accepted, 182
recommendations, 508
roles and responsibilities, 43
state preferences for investment in, 488-489, 506
statistics, 167, 171, 178, 182, 186, 372
transition to higher degree programs, 7, 12, 39, 40, 44, 130, 166, 173, 174-175, 177, 183-186, 187, 208, 281, 488-489, 506, 507
Association of Faculties of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners, 325, 344 n.17, 362, 364, 366
Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric, and Neonatal Nurses, 325, 358, 359, 362, 364, 365
Austin, Mary, 69
Australia, 190, 192, 573, 590, 598, 603, 607, 628
Ayers, Lisa, 62-63
B
Baby Boom generation, 48, 125, 259, 387, 424
Baccalaureate degree (see Bachelor’s of science in nursing;
Undergraduate education)
Bachelor’s of science in nursing (BSN;
see also Undergraduate education)
accelerated, second-degree program, 44, 165, 168, 233, 369, 371, 406, 484, 507, 523
ADN graduates relative to, 505-506
ADN transition to, 7, 12, 39, 40, 44, 130, 166, 171, 173, 174-175, 177, 183-186, 187, 208, 281, 406, 487, 488, 506, 507
applications for admission, 31, 193
barriers to meeting educational needs, 166, 179-193
capacity building for, 176-178, 180-181, 196, 210-211, 482, 484, 538, 539
case studies and profiles, 60-63, 73-74, 174-176, 180-181, 184-185, 192-193, 204-205, 232-233
community college programs, 173, 174, 175-176, 177-178, 180-181, 371, 406, 482, 489, 492, 505, 519, 538, 539-540
community health curriculum, 122
costs, 168, 371
data needs, 482
Diploma nursing program transition, 12, 44, 166, 171, 173, 187, 281, 370, 518, 597
earnings, 43, 171, 172, 187
economic value to institutions, 485-486
education/preparation, 40-41, 43, 44, 165, 369, 371, 512, 524, 608, 612
employment settings, 25, 171, 175
faculty, 173, 179, 182-188, 210, 211, 371, 440, 480, 484, 486, 487-488, 489
foreign requirements and programs, 489, 567, 568-569, 571, 572, 576, 579, 583, 584-585, 590, 591, 592, 595, 596, 599, 600, 608, 610, 612, 615, 617, 618, 620, 628
funding for programs, 12, 175-176, 281, 482, 484-489, 492
gender diversity, 507
geographic differences, 178
internship/residency, 122, 123-124, 148, 513, 559
leadership training, 224
licensure exam, 372
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as minimum requirement to practice, 169-178, 287, 371, 409-410, 412, 435, 479, 485, 524, 553, 568-569
minorities, 130, 207, 208, 232-233, 585
need for, 169-178
nursing school capacity, 487
physician opinions of, 171
prerequisites, 524
qualified applicants not accepted, 130, 182, 193, 487, 537
and quality and outcomes of care, 169-170, 406, 485-486, 505-506, 512, 538
recommendations, 12, 13, 281-282, 412, 481, 482, 484, 508, 524, 559
roles and responsibilities, 41, 43, 67, 170
school nurses, 435
shortage-related impacts, 485, 486-489
standardizing education, 489
statistics, 166-167, 178, 186, 196, 372
titles of nurses from other countries, 577
transition to higher degree programs, 7, 12, 13, 39, 40-41, 43, 44, 123-124, 130, 170, 173-176, 177, 181, 185-186, 204-205, 208, 281, 282, 480, 484, 487, 488-489, 506-507, 518, 523, 524, 538, 597
trends, 166-167, 196
workforce goal and plans for achieving it, 172-177, 212, 412
Basin, Basilia, 174-175
Becnel, Tina, 74
Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 51
Benner, Patricia, 287
Bessent, Hattie, 208
Best on Board, 243
Beverly, Claudia J., 225
Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan Foundation, 204
Board of Certification for Emergency Nursing, 358, 359, 364
Bologna Process, 569, 572-573
Boston College, 88
Brazil, 577
Breakthrough to Nursing initiative, 232
Bronx Community College, 247
Brown, Gordon, 287
Bureau of Indian Affairs, 103
Bureau of Primary Health Care, 430
Burke, Sheila, 246-247
Bush Administration, 133, 247
C
Caceres, Billy, 233
California
nurse workforce, 61, 211, 382, 383, 583, 590, 596, 599, 610, 612
nursing education, 176, 181, 265
On Lok program, 65
scope-of-practice regulation, 111, 157
California Medical Association, 111
California Society of Anesthesiologists, 111
Cameroons, 573
Campaign for Nursing’s Future, 125
Campbell, Margaret, 425
Canada, 203, 485, 553, 568, 569 n.5, 572, 574, 575, 577, 580, 582, 590, 599-603, 607, 608-609
Care in the Community Forum
highlights, 124, 318-320
key themes, 318-319
site visits and solutions session, 319-320
testimony questions, 302-303
Care management models
(see also Health coaches)
accountable care organizations, 9, 30, 95, 131, 132, 148, 255-256, 277, 375-376, 380-381, 389-390, 391, 396, 559
impact of health care reform, 376-381
information technology and, 378, 381, 382, 384-386
patient-centered medical homes, 94, 117, 132, 134-135, 248, 377-379, 381, 511
payment policy and, 378, 380, 386, 389, 392
recommendations, 391-396
successful features of programs, 377
transitional care, 24, 27, 37, 66, 67, 70-71, 86, 94, 121, 124, 132, 148, 199, 276-277, 375, 378, 380, 381, 388, 389, 390, 393, 395-396, 541, 545, 557, 559
Caribbean, 614-618
Caribbean Community and Common Market, 628
Capps, Lois, 247
Carmona, Richard, 247
Carnegie, Elizabeth, 228-229
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Carnegie Foundation, 121, 164-165, 287, 386, 395, 480, 484, 512, 517, 523, 536, 537, 538, 541, 542, 544, 545, 546, 551
Carondelet Health Network, 120, 211
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 120, 146-147
Center for Collaborative Intervention Research, 184
Center for the Health Professions, 199
Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation, 11, 131, 279, 379, 392, 462
Center to Advance Palliative Care, 424, 425
Center to Champion Nursing in America, 176, 251, 286
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 418
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 12, 27, 105, 111, 238, 246, 247, 279, 280
(see also Medicare)
Care Transitions Project, 379-380
education funding, 124, 471, 490-491
National Provider Indicator data, 262
recommendations for, 9, 10
reimbursement system, 115
and scope-of-practice restrictions, 5, 9, 111, 145
technology development incentives, 137
testing payment and service delivery models, 131
Centura Health At Home, 420-421
Certification programs, evaluation criteria and APRNs, 349-353
Certified nurse midwives, 23, 327
(see also Advanced practice registered nurses)
and access to care, 116, 506
case study, 56-58
certification, 196, 197, 333
complexity of services, 88, 90
and cost containment, 28, 97, 443
demand for, 506
earnings, 43, 188
education and training, 43, 44, 196, 333, 340 n.11, 509
foreign perspective, 572
licensure, 332, 333, 338
malpractice insurance, 58
as Medicaid primary care case managers, 471
opposition to independent practice, 111
primary care, 381-382
public awareness of, 455
regulations, 96, 108, 248, 328, 330, 331, 332, 333, 338
reimbursement rates/policies, 58, 104, 116
safety and quality of care, 28, 56-58, 97, 443, 533
scope-of-practice, 26, 41-42, 43, 96, 112, 116, 248, 331
support for expanded scope of practice, 112
workforce size and distribution, 26, 257, 381-382
Certified nursing assistants (CNAs), 38, 75, 591
Certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs), 23, 88 n.2, 327
(see also Advanced practice registered nurses)
certification, 196, 197, 336
earnings, 43, 188
education and training, 43, 44, 196, 197, 339, 509
licensure, 101, 330, 332, 333, 336
Medicare/Medicaid regulations, 109, 111, 471
opposition to independent practice, 457, 458
practice settings, 41
public awareness of, 455
regulations, 96, 101, 108, 109, 111, 327, 328, 330, 332, 333, 335, 444, 448, 454
reimbursement for services, 471
safety and quality of care, 97, 533
scope-of-practice, 26, 41, 43, 96, 108, 109, 111, 443, 444, 448, 454, 455
specialty area, 335
workforce size, 26
CGFNS International
creation, 582 n.8
Credentials Evaluation Service, 640
Credentials Verification Service, 640
description of, 640
joint CGFNS/Excelsior College study, 587
Qualifying Exam®, 574, 618
survey/study data, 566-567, 568, 582, 583, 584, 585, 589
Validity Studies, 574
VisaScreen Program, 590, 596, 599, 603, 607-608, 612, 613, 618, 624, 631, 640
Changemaker program, 130
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Charge to committee, 2, 3
Chater, Shirley, 247
Chief nursing officers (CNOs), 8, 52, 69, 133, 134, 235-238, 251, 410
Children’s Health Fund, 419
Children’s Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, 424
Children’s Memorial Hospital, Chicago, 230
China, 566, 575, 578, 607, 610-612, 620, 621-622
Chow, Marilyn, 91
Christopher, Mary Ann, 236-237
Christus St. Michael Health System, 226
Chronic disease management
(see also Home health;
Hospice;
Palliative care;
Transitional care)
access to care, 27, 483
accountable care organizations and, 132
APRNs and, 86, 121, 124, 332, 418-420, 452
challenges, 47-48
community health services, 237, 246, 272, 318, 319, 389, 418-420, 450
continuity of care, 402
coordination of care, 66, 87, 94, 97, 483, 484, 486, 556, 557
costs of, 248
education of nurses for, 170, 175, 200, 213, 395, 485, 540, 543
guided care, 94-95
information technology and, 415-416, 420-421
intensive primary care, 419
medical/health homes, 133, 377-379
models, 376-381, 418-422, 452
nurse-managed health centers, 139, 420
patient-centered care, 86
recommendations, 421
residency programs, 121, 124, 545
self-management, 95, 428-429
team approach, 97, 206, 378, 428-429, 521, 554, 557
transitional care, 276-277, 380, 389, 395-396
VA services, 91
Cigna, 93
City University of New York, 176
Clinical nurse leaders (CNLs), 44, 72, 135, 180
Clinical nurse specialists (CNSs), 23, 88 n.2
and access to care, 506
certification, 196, 197, 333, 334, 339
demand for, 506
earnings, 43, 188
education and training, 43, 44, 196, 197, 339, 509, 518, 558
licensure, 332, 333, 338, 339
regulations, 96, 108, 327, 328, 330, 331, 332, 333, 338, 444
safety and quality of care, 443, 533
scope-of-practice, 26, 41, 43, 96, 112, 331, 443, 444
specialty areas, 41, 335
workforce size and distribution, 26, 533
Clinton Administration, 247
Clostridium difficile, 70
Coleman’s Care Transitions Model, 380
Collaboration (see Interprofessional collaboration)
Colleagues in Caring, 401
Colorado, 75, 141, 157, 359, 420, 430, 463
Columbia, 575, 577
Columbia University, 532
Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE), 12, 13-14, 203, 281, 282, 325, 328 n.3, 341 n.13, 344 n.17, 359, 362, 364, 366, 509, 510, 513
Commonwealth Fund, 251
Commonwealth Secretariat, 634
Community and public health care
(see also Care in the Community Forum; Primary care)
access to care, 28, 30, 64
case study, 62-63
chronic disease management, 237, 246, 272, 318, 319, 389, 418-420, 450
competencies needed to practice, 6, 39
defined, 59
economic value of nurses, 62-63, 64
education, 25, 40
essential community providers, 473
evidence-based models, 438
foreign-educated nurses, 576
growth in, 381-382
home visitation programs, 73-75, 438-439
leadership, 234-235
need for, 59, 62-64
nurses, 6, 25, 40, 28, 30, 39, 55, 59, 62-63, 64, 234-235
practice settings, 23, 24, 39, 59
principles for change, 59, 62-64
safety and quality of care, 6, 64
telehealth services, 64
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VA programs, 64
workforce and infrastructure, 24, 59, 62-64, 119, 382
Community and public health settings, 3, 23, 24, 38, 64, 122, 131, 133, 257, 319, 382, 430, 490
Community Care of North Carolina, 379
Community Health Center, Inc., 124
Community college programs
ADNs, 40, 44, 166, 232, 247, 370-371, 553, 578, 579
attrition/completion rates, 212
BSNs, 173, 177-178, 180-181, 371, 482, 489, 492, 505, 519, 538, 539-540
cost of education, 370-371
curriculum standardization, 406, 407, 479, 539-543
Diploma programs, 44
funding for nursing education, 489, 491, 492
importance of, 538
international affiliations with, 579
internship/residency, 122
interprofessional collaboration barriers, 522
length of programs, 523
LPNs, 39, 44
recommendations, 538, 539-540
RNs, 23, 39, 44, 166
university partnerships with, 173, 174-175, 406, 479, 505, 519, 536, 538, 539-540
Community Health Accreditation Program, 12, 280
Community health centers, 133
Como Convivir Con Su Artritis (How to Live With Your Arthritis), 428-429
Compensation/reimbursement policies, 22
ACA and, 10, 278
APRNs, 9, 10, 71, 115
bundled payments, 116
CNMs, 58, 104, 116
CRNAs, 471
fee-for-service, 10, 92, 103, 115, 116, 278, 465
global payments, 116
Medicaid, 471
NPs, 102-103, 104, 110 n.17, 115, 116-117, 389, 431, 464, 465, 471
primary care, 10, 117
state variation in, 4, 102-103
Competencies
clinical performance, 14
community and public health, 6
geriatrics, 6
for leadership roles, 6, 8, 223-224, 226-227
policy related, 6
traditional, 24
Competency-based education
assessing competencies, 32, 201-202
career transition program, 204-205
continuing education, 13-14, 32, 202, 204-205
core competencies, 31, 200-201
evaluation of programs, 14
interprofessional education, 7, 13, 14, 31, 32, 203, 206
lifelong learning and continuing competence, 13-14, 31, 202-206
recommendations, 13-14
Congress, recommendations to, 9-10, 278
Congressional Budget Office, 92, 377
Congressional Nursing Caucus, 247
Connecticut, 157
Connecticut Hospice, 423
Consensus model for APRN regulation
accreditation of education programs, 339-340
APRN Consensus Group, 341, 343-345
APRN Joint Dialogue Group, 327, 341, 345-346, 361
certification, 340, 349-353
certified nurse-midwife, 327, 328, 330, 331, 332, 333, 338, 340 n.11
certified nurse practitioner, 328-329, 330, 332, 333-334, 335, 336, 338, 339
certified registered nurse anesthetist, 327, 328, 330, 332, 333, 335, 336, 339
clinical nurse specialist, 327, 328, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 338, 339
communication strategies, 341
definition of APRN, 329-332
education requirements, 106, 334-335, 340-341
endorsing organizations, 325-326
essential elements, 329, 346
evidence-based models, 428-430
foundational requirements, 338-341
goals, 106
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grandfathering, 338
historical background, 342-346
implementation strategies, 338-342
invited organizations, 362-363
LACE structure and processes, 341-342
licensure, 338-339
NCSBN APRN Committee, 342-343, 355-357
NCSBN APRN Roundtable Organization, 358-360
overview, 328-329
participating organizations, 364-366
process example, 367
recommendations, 430-431
roles and population foci, 337
roundtable organization attendance lists, 358-360
specialties, 335-336, 354
timeline for implementation, 342
titling, 332, 334
underlying assumptions, 345-346
Work Group meetings, 366
Consortium for Children with Complex Medical Needs, 230
Continuity of care, 402
Convenient care clinics (see Retail/convenient care)
Cooper, Barbara Medoff, 143
Coordination of care
(see also Care management)
and access to care, 27, 30
acute care settings, 66
case studies, 68-71
chronic disease management, 66, 87, 94, 97, 483, 484, 486, 556, 557
education in, 556-559
innovations by nurses, 94
Medicare Coordinated Care Demonstration program, 66
Medicare Prescription Drug Act and, 377
nursing practice model and, 386
principles for change, 65-66
Staff Nurse Care Coordination model, 65-66
teamlet model, 558
Transitional Care Model, 66, 70-71, 276-277, 380, 557
Cost of nursing education, 168-169, 370-371
Council for Higher Education Accreditation, 328 n.3, 334, 337, 341
Council on Accreditation of Nurse Anesthesia Educational Programs, 325, 328 n.3, 340 n.11, 341 n.13, 344 n.17, 358, 359, 362, 364, 366
Council on Certification of Nurse Anesthetists, 359
Council on Recertification of Nurse Anesthetists, 359
Coyne, Patrick, 425
Critical care nurses, 39, 146, 425, 584, 587, 631
Curran, Connie, 243
Curriculum
community health, 122
coordination of care, 556-559
dedicated education units, 190, 192-193, 211, 410, 412, 513, 544
development, 7, 13, 190-191
global health, 567, 570
health policy, 412, 560, 559-562
innovations, 409-413
international models, 567, 569-570
interprofessional/transdisciplinary, 410, 555, 558, 559
for leadership development, 8, 11, 14, 241-244, 494-504
recommendations, 411-412
science and research as part of, 411, 412
standardization, 406, 407, 479, 489, 539-543, 569-570
technology-infused, 410, 411-412
D
Daines, Richard, 23
Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, 380
Data for workforce planning
gaps in, 8-9, 259-263
HRSA registered nurse sample survey, 15
infrastructure, 9, 14-15, 255, 256, 262, 265, 283
key message, 4, 8, 29, 33-34, 255
priorities, 9
recommendations, 14-15, 393-394, 283
standards, 15
state collection of, 14-15
Delaware, 157
Demographic challenges, 124-131
aging workforce, 125-127
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Denmark, 571, 573
Department of Defense, 392
Department of Education, 13, 281, 328 n.3, 334, 337, 341 n.13, 470, 491, 492
Department of Health and Human Services, 71, 131, 171, 247, 280, 392, 491
Department of Justice Antitrust Division, 10, 279
Department of Labor, 13, 14, 15, 282, 283, 284, 486, 582 n.8
Department of Veterans Affairs
analysis of workforce needs, 256
community care, 64, 91, 132-135
nursing practice transformation, 72, 91-92, 132-135
quality of care, 170
Dermatology Nurses Association, 325, 364
Dermatology Nursing Certification Board, 325
Detroit Receiving Hospital, 425
DeVry, 405
Diabetes, 47, 51, 65, 67, 68, 70, 92 n.6, 94, 112, 114, 134, 139, 184, 249, 376, 418, 420, 432
Diagnosis-related groups, 247
Diploma nursing programs
advantage, 370
data needs, 508
demographic characteristics, 178, 370
earnings, 43, 171, 172, 187
education/preparation time, 43, 44, 165, 369, 523, 572, 599, 615
employment settings, 25
faculty, 187
foreign-educated nurses in U.S., 583, 584-585, 608, 621
foreign programs, 571, 572, 573-574, 575, 576, 577, 578, 579-580, 590-591, 596, 597, 599-600, 604, 608, 610, 614-615, 618, 619, 620, 628
freestanding schools of nursing, 523
funding, 12, 124, 176, 280, 491, 520
hospital-based, 124, 166, 369, 491, 518, 522, 615
licensure exam, 372, 573-574, 608
LPNs, 166, 372
minorities, 208, 370
number of programs, 166-167
phasing out, 12, 175-176, 280
practice regulations, 574, 580
proportion of nurses, 503
recommendations, 12, 280, 281, 508
RNs, 23, 25, 39, 40, 166, 167, 171, 172, 173, 186, 370, 372, 518, 576, 584-585, 620
roles and responsibilities, 43
statistics, 167, 178, 186, 187, 208, 370, 372, 491, 518, 608, 620, 621
and transition to higher degree programs, 12, 44, 166, 171, 173, 187, 281, 370, 518, 597
Disaster services, 28, 235
Discharge nurses, 93-94
Diversity of population, 48
Doctoral degrees in nursing
accelerated programs, 265, 322, 405, 482, 484, 488, 489
and access to care, 195
barriers to meeting educational needs, 199, 518-519
clinical training, 197, 199
costs, 168
Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP), 7, 42, 43, 44, 168, 183, 188, 194-195, 196, 197, 411, 412, 480, 508-510, 511, 519-520, 532, 559
Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing (PhD), 7, 42, 43, 44, 130, 168, 183, 188, 194, 195, 196, 198, 265, 403, 411, 480, 484, 487-488, 489, 517-521, 532, 561-562
earnings, 43, 172, 186-187, 282, 529
education/preparation time, 41, 43, 44, 187, 194-195, 196, 197, 199, 509-510, 532, 599
employment settings, 25, 42, 185, 194
enrollments, 532
faculty, 13, 164, 170, 179, 183, 185, 188, 194, 195, 197, 265, 276, 282, 480, 484, 487-488, 489, 519, 520-521, 529
foreign-educated nurses, 568, 608, 621, 628
funding for programs, 13, 282, 481, 484, 520
health policy curricula, 560, 561-562
internships, 183
interprofessional collaboration, 555
need for, 164, 170, 212, 411
pathways/transition to, 7, 13, 44, 282, 480, 482, 484, 488, 489, 507, 509-510, 518
prerequisites, 409
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and quality and outcomes of care, 195
racial/ethnic diversity, 207, 208, 233, 276, 281
recommendations, 13, 281-282, 411, 412, 481, 482, 484, 511, 519-520, 559, 562
researchers, 164, 194, 195, 197-198, 276, 412, 517-518, 532
roles and responsibilities, 7, 43, 195, 196, 197
specialist preparation, 480, 508-509
statistics, 178, 186, 196
shortage-related impacts, 197-198
workforce size and distribution, 178, 186, 194, 195, 517-518
Dole, Robert, 246
Dominican Republic, 575
Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, 224
Drexel University, 138-139, 320
Duke Translational Nursing Institute, 532-533
Dumas, Rhetaugh, 247
Dworkin, Darren, 147
E
Eastern, Central and Southern African College of Nursing, 628
Eastern Europe, 572, 575, 578
Economic value of nurses
accounting practices and, 445
BSNs, 485-486
community and public health nurses, 62-63, 64, 75
patient-centered care, 54, 57
seamless, coordinated care, 65
Edge Runner program, 245
Education and training
(see also Competency-based education;
Curriculum;
Education Forum on the Future of Nursing;
Graduate nursing education;
Undergraduate nursing education;
International education models)
accreditation criteria, 470
capacity building, 7, 264-265
Carondolet Health Network, 211
challenges, 390, 484-484
chronic disease management, 170, 175, 200, 213, 395, 485, 540, 543
consortium programs, 7
cost-effectiveness, 485-486
diversity issues, 7, 12, 207-209
employment settings by, 23, 25
entrepreneurial professional development, 11
federal funding, 10, 13, 484, 490-491, 492
HEET program, 211-212
incentives for continuing, 12, 31, 173, 187, 212, 304, 305, 438, 440, 482, 484, 489, 492, 520, 524
interdisciplinary, 406
interprofessional care, 6, 7, 13, 14, 31, 32, 165, 198, 200, 201, 203, 206, 270, 276, 281, 282, 390, 396, 479, 480, 481, 482, 496, 508, 513, 517, 521-523, 539, 540-541, 545, 551, 552, 553-556, 558, 561, 563
interstate collaborations, 406-407
key message, 4, 6, 29, 30-32, 34, 163
for leadership roles and opportunities, 8, 12, 14
need for, 4, 6-7
partnerships for, 401-407, 412, 527-529, 537, 579
pathways, 6, 7, 12
policy priorities, 483-493
recommendations, 10, 12-14, 407, 411-412, 484, 508, 511, 513-514, 528-529, 559
research, 198, 276
and safety and quality of care, 568
service delivery models, 527-529
technology applications, 7, 12
transformational partnerships, 404-408
Veterans Affairs Nursing Academy, 210-211
Education Forum on the Future of Nursing
forum questions and discussions, 304-305
highlights of forum, 320-322
key themes, 320-321
site visits and solutions session, 321-322
testimony questions, 304-305
Egypt, 579
Electronic health records (EHRs), 94, 124, 134, 137, 140, 141, 142, 143, 381, 384, 385, 386, 402, 415, 419, 438, 472, 513, 558
11th Street Family Health Services, 138-139, 320
Emergency Nurses Association, 325, 358, 359, 362, 364
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National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN), 405-406
APRN Committee, 342-343, 345, 355-357, 361
APRN definition, 329
APRN Roundtable Organization, 350-360
competency assessment, 201, 202
and Consensus Model for APRN Regulation, 324, 325, 326, 327, 341, 342-343, 344 n.1, 345, 361, 362, 365, 366, 445
criteria for APRN certification programs, 340, 349-353
licensing exam, 17, 167-168, 372, 574, 596
Model Nursing Practice Act and Model
Nursing Administrative Rules, 10, 278
transition-to-practice model, 121, 513, 544
National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators, 27
National Gerontological Nursing Association, 326, 363
National Health Care Workforce Commission (NHWC), 9, 14, 255, 256, 262, 265, 283
National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization, 423, 424
National Institute of Mental Health, 247
National Institute of Nursing Research, 239, 429, 492, 520
National Institutes of Health, 239, 276, 392
National League for Nursing (NLN), 171-172, 179, 182, 188, 189-190, 198 n.1, 203, 224, 245, 326, 363, 365
National League for Nursing Accrediting
Commission (NLNAC), 12, 13-14, 224, 281, 282, 326, 328 n.1, 341 n.1, 358, 359, 361, 363, 365, 366, 513
National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties, 326, 343-344, 359, 361, 363, 365, 366, 509
National Quality Forum, 27, 392, 470, 557
National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses (NSSRN), 26, 30, 128, 178, 195 n.1, 369, 382, 487, 583, 584-586, 631
National Student Nurses Association, 230, 232, 233, 234
National Voluntary Consensus Standards for Nursing-Sensitive Care, 27
Naylor, Mary D., 66, 70-71, 90, 275-276, 277, 380, 557
Nebraska, 159
Nepal, 573, 577
Nevada, 159, 357
New Hampshire, 116, 159
New Jersey, 159, 166, 236-237, 265, 370, 419-420, 583
New Mexico, 159, 176, 603, 610, 618
New York, 62-63, 64, 75, 122, 143, 160, 176, 581, 583, 590, 596, 599, 603, 610, 614, 640
New York University, 233
New Zealand, 571, 598, 603, 628
Nigeria, 575, 579, 582, 612, 613, 614, 616, 621, 622
Nightingale, Florence, 87, 369, 401, 483
North American Free Trade Agreement, 581, 599, 623-624, 625
North Carolina, 105, 122, 160, 176, 355, 356, 358, 379, 506
North Dakota, 160, 355, 371, 420, 505
Northwest Colorado Visiting Nurse Association, 430
Northwest Health Foundation, 204
Nurse–Family Partnership (NFP), 28, 73-75, 438-439
Nurse Licensure Compact, 628
Nurse-managed health centers, 28, 64, 102, 117, 131, 133, 136, 138-139, 189, 249, 290, 382, 418-419, 420, 429-430, 471-472, 473
Nurse practitioners (NPs;
see also Advanced practice registered nurses)
and access to care, 106-107, 108-109, 375-376, 382, 430, 463
case studies and profiles, 60-61, 68-69, 108-109, 134-135, 226-227
certification/certified, 197, 328-329, 330, 332, 333-334, 335, 336, 338, 339, 508
complexity of services, 90
consumer designation as provider, 465
coordinating care, 66, 67, 68-69, 92-93, 378-379
and cost containment, 430, 464, 465, 508, 511
cost of education, 169
data needs and collection on, 9, 262, 508
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demand for, 381-382, 384, 508, 510
demographic characteristics, 127
earnings, 43, 186-187, 188
education and training, 43, 44, 98, 124, 130, 169, 196, 197, 342, 367, 403, 406, 480, 482, 506, 508, 509, 510, 511, 516
funding, 403, 510
as health coaches, 67, 465
interprofessional collaboration, 92-93, 97, 133, 134-135, 429, 508, 521
leadership roles, 92, 117, 134-135, 429
licensure, 338
Medicare/Medicaid regulations, 103, 104, 115, 471, 472-473
nurse-managed health centers, 102, 117
opposition to independent practice, 110-111, 113, 457
palliative care consultants, 425
in patient-centered medical homes, 102, 117, 134-135
primary care, 55, 59, 88, 91-93, 97, 98, 102, 108-109, 116-117, 134-135, 257, 287, 332, 336, 367, 375-376, 378-379, 381, 402, 419, 429, 430, 431, 433-434, 435, 471-382, 463, 465, 472-473, 482, 506, 508, 510, 511, 533
public awareness of, 112, 455
recommendations, 430, 431, 435, 480, 482, 508, 511
regulations, 5, 61, 96, 98-103, 116-117, 157-161, 328-329, 332, 333-334, 336, 338, 389, 419, 462, 463, 465, 472-473, 511
reimbursement rates/policies, 102, 104, 110 n.1, 115, 116-117, 389, 431, 464, 465, 471
researchers, 92
residency, 124
in retail-based health clinics, 112
safety and quality of care, 97, 428, 429, 510, 533
at school-based health centers, 59, 60-61, 130, 433-434, 435
scope-of-practice, 5, 26, 41, 43, 55, 96, 98-103, 116-117, 332, 430, 443, 449, 465, 472-473, 511
specialties, 41, 98, 197, 335, 336, 367, 508
support for expanded scope of practice, 112-114, 287, 457, 458, 462, 463, 464, 552
Veterans Administration, 91-92, 133
workforce size and distribution, 26, 88, 89, 91, 106-107, 257, 381, 466, 508, 533
Nurse Practitioners in Women’s Health, 326, 328 n.1, 341 n.1, 344 n.1, 358, 362, 363, 365, 366
Nursing Alliance for Quality Care, 240-241
Nursing assistants (NAs), 38, 43, 107, 146, 271, 591, 595
Nursing care providers
practice settings, 38
types, 38-44
workforce projections, 258-259
Nursing Education Loan Repayment Program, 529
Nursing Educational Xchange, 406
Nursing for Life, 204-205
Nursing home/extended care facilities, 23, 24, 25, 119, 425
Nursing practice
(see also Practice transformation)
continuum of care, 4, 23-24
Nursing Quality Research Initiative, 239
Nursing specialties, ANA criteria for recognition of, 354
(see also individual specialties)
O
Obama administration, 75, 91, 109, 247, 375, 382-383
Obesity, 40, 48, 61, 409
O’Brien, Ruth A., 75
Occupational/employee health nurses, 24, 28, 39, 119
Office of Personnel Management (OPM), 5, 10, 105, 145, 279, 472
Office of Technology Assessment, 97, 427
Ohio, 160, 166-167, 370
Oklahoma, 160
O’Neil, Edward, 199
On Lok program, 65, 558
Oncology nurses, 40, 184, 185, 333, 335, 339
Oncology Nursing Certification Corporation, 326, 358, 359, 363, 365, 366
Oncology Nursing Society, 326, 363, 365
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100,000 Lives Campaign, 67, 495-496
Oregon
education innovations, 173, 174-176, 190, 200, 406, 488, 505, 519, 537, 539-540
scope-of-practice regulations, 160
State Board of Nursing, 357
Oregon Consortium for Nursing Education, 173, 174-176, 200, 505, 537, 539-540
Oregon Health & Science University, 174-176
Orthopedic Nurses Certification Board, 326
Overton Brooks VA Medical Center, 134
Overton-McCoy, Amyleigh, 226-227
P
Pain management, 444, 448
Palliative care (see Hospice and palliative care)
Palliative Care Center of the Bluegrass, 425
Palliative Care Leadership Centers, 425
Pappas, Mary, 60
Partners Investing in Nursing’s Future, 204
Partnerships outside nursing, 250-251
Patient-centered care
access to care and, 51, 54
barriers to, 27-28
case studies, 51, 52-53, 56-58
committee vision, 2, 21, 22
core nursing practice, 39
economic value of, 54, 57
information technology and, 51, 54
models of, 11, 51, 52-53, 56-58
need for, 1, 50, 86
nurses and, 4, 6, 8, 26, 27-28, 29, 30, 54, 56-58
principles for change, 50, 51-54
Proclamation for Change, 30
and quality of care, 51
responsibility for achieving, 15
Transforming Care at the Bedside, 52-53, 120, 231, 416, 561
Patient-centered medical homes, 94, 117, 132, 134-135, 248, 377-379, 381, 449, 511
Patient examination and treatment, 101
Patient preferences, 51
Patient satisfaction, 53, 57, 93, 95, 98, 112, 113, 114, 203, 227, 231, 238, 425, 433, 465, 521, 554, 557
Patient self-management, 51, 378, 428-429
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (see Affordable Care Act)
Pauly, Mark, 239
Pediatric Nursing Certification Board, 326, 344 n.17, 358, 359, 363, 365, 366
Pelosi, Nancy, 247
Pennsylvania, 66, 160, 166-167, 370, 382, 383, 463, 610, 612
Chamber of Commerce, 250
Geisinger Health System, 91, 92-93, 95, 131, 380
Rx for PA, 112, 247, 248-249, 250
State Board of Nursing, 365
Perkins funds, 482, 491, 492
Perioperative/operating room nurses, 40, 631
Peru, 575, 577
Pew Health Professions Commissions, 551
Taskforce on Health Care Workforce Regulation, 461, 465
Philippines/Filipinos, 566, 568, 571, 573, 574, 575, 579, 581, 582, 585, 590-595, 596, 599, 603, 607, 608-609, 623
PhotoVoice, 231
Physical therapists, 110
Physician assistants (PAs), 9, 67, 88, 89, 90, 98, 104, 111, 112, 169, 248, 257, 259, 273, 381, 382, 462, 463, 464, 465, 508, 552, 560
Physician services, definition of, 472
Physicians
aging of workforce, 125
definition of, 472
Medicare reimbursement policies, 104
resistance to change, 110-111
RN programs for foreign physicians, 580-581
supply of, 125-126, 257, 594-595
Physicians Foundation, 552
Pileggi, Joanne, 146, 147
Poland, 573, 577, 603
Policy (see Health policy)
Practice transformation
(see also Health care delivery reforms)
and access to primary care, 29, 88-90
accountable care organizations, 9, 30, 95, 131, 132, 148, 255-256, 277, 375-376, 380-381, 389-390, 391, 396, 559
acute care, 29-30
aging workforce and, 4, 5, 125-127
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APRNs, 86, 88, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98-103, 106, 107, 108-109
barriers to, 4-5, 25-26, 95-131
care management models, 11, 376-381
case studies, 108-109, 134-135, 138-139, 146-147
community health centers, 133
demographic challenges, 5, 124-131
Department of Veterans Affairs, 91-92
examination and certification, 100
examples of redesigned roles, 91-95
fragmented health care system and, 5, 114-116
Geisinger Health System, 92-93
gender diversity, 4, 127-128
importance, 86-95
insurance company policies and, 116-117
Kaiser Permanente, 93-95
key message, 4, 29-30, 34, 85
medical/health homes, 132-133, 134-135
need for, 28-34
non-APRN nurses, 107
nurse-managed health centers, 133, 136, 138-139
opposition of professionals to, 4, 107, 110-114, 457-460
patient-centered medical homes, 94, 117, 132, 134-135, 248, 377-379, 381, 511
patient examination and treatment, 5, 101
patient satisfaction, 53, 57, 93, 95, 98, 112, 113, 114, 203, 227, 231, 238, 425, 433, 465, 521, 554, 557
prescriptive authority, 5, 101-102
racial and ethnic diversity, 4, 128-130
recommendations, 9-11, 278-280, 484
referrals and orders, 5, 100-101
regulatory barriers, 4, 5, 29, 96-107
research priority, 274
residency (transition-to-practice) programs, 5-6, 11-12, 120-124
and safety and quality of care, 3, 22, 24-25, 90, 92, 97
state licensure, 100-103
support for, 106, 112-114
technology and, 30, 93, 94, 136-137, 140-144
transitional care, 24, 27, 37, 66, 67, 70-71, 86, 94, 121, 124, 132, 148, 199, 276-277, 375, 378, 379-380, 381, 388, 389, 390, 393, 395-396, 541, 545, 557, 559
turnover rates and, 5, 117-120
value of nurses, 3, 115
Prenatal care, 28
(see also Certified nurse midwives)
Prescription for Pennsylvania, 112, 247, 248-249, 250
Prescriptive authority, 101-102
Prevention and health promotion, 37
Primary care services, 3, 37
(see also Community and public health)
ACA and, 22, 49, 54, 86, 88, 96, 108, 136, 257, 269
access to, 49, 55, 88-90, 99, 102, 108-109, 136
ACO model, 9, 30, 95, 131, 132, 148, 255-256, 277, 375-376, 380-381, 389-390, 391, 396, 559
capacity building, 381-382, 508-511
case studies, 60-61, 108-109
complexity of care, 88, 90
culturally relevant care, 54, 61
defined, 54, 472
education needs, 508-511
functions and hallmarks of, 54
guided care model, 94-95, 378
and health disparities, 55
impacts of health care reform, 375-376, 381-382
information technology and, 51, 54
intensive, for chronic disease management, 419
medical/health home model, 9, 30, 94, 95, 102, 103, 114, 117, 132-133, 134-135, 148, 248, 255, 277, 375, 377-379, 381, 389, 430, 449, 458, 464, 472, 486, 511, 559
nurses and, 27-28, 30, 55, 59, 60-61, 88-90, 108-109, 382, 486
patient centered, 51, 54, 94, 117, 132, 134-135, 248, 377-379, 381, 449, 511
and population health, 37, 55
principles for change, 54-55, 59
reimbursement rates, 10
school-based health centers, 28, 40, 60-61, 64, 235, 246, 432-436, 561
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settings for, 55
shortages of providers, 7, 54, 55, 88
team approach, 92-93
testimony questions, 302-303
workforce, 59, 61, 88, 108, 116, 194, 248, 256, 257-258, 262, 369, 382, 383, 389, 390, 463, 464, 490, 507, 508
Principles for change
community and public health care, 59, 62-64
interprofessional collaboration, 72, 76
patient-centered care, 51-54, 56-58
primary care services, 54-55, 59
role reconceptionalization for professionals, 66-67, 72
seamless, coordinated care, 65-66
Professional organizations, leadership roles, 239-241
Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE), 65, 66, 69, 558
Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, 192, 193
Psychiatric/mental health nurses, 40, 41, 97-98, 333, 576, 577, 580, 591, 593, 596-597, 599, 610, 621, 630
Public health
(see also Community and public health care)
education models, 439-440
infectious disease prevention and control, 439
infrastructure and workforce, 59, 62-64
leadership development, 440
movement, 37
nurses/nursing issues, 59, 62-63, 437-438
political influence of nurses, 441
recommendations, 440-441
spending, 50
workforce and infrastructure, 59
Public Health Management Corporation, 249
Public Policy Institute, 251
Q
Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) project, 496, 531
Quality Interagency Coordination Task Force, 392
Quality of care (see Safety and quality of care)
R
Racial and ethnic diversity, 122, 128-130, 207-209
Recommendations
available evidence and, 272-273
for Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 279
collaborative improvement efforts, 279
considerations informing, 270-277
for Congress, 9-10, 278
costs associated with, 273-274
data collection and analysis infrastructure, 14-15, 283-284
for Department of Justice Antitrust Division, 10, 279
education of nurses, 12-14, 281-282
faculty recruitment and retention, 13
for Federal Trade Commission, 10, 279
implementation of, 274-277
leadership opportunities for nurses, 11, 12, 14, 279-280, 282-283
for Office of Personnel Management, 279
residency programs, 280
scope and focus of report and, 271-272
scope of practice, 9-11, 278-280
for state legislatures, 10, 278
technology development, 11
workforce capacity building, 13, 281-282
Raise the Voice campaign, 245 n.13
RAND Corporation, 463-466
Raphael, Carol, 122
Rasmussen, Helen, 134, 135
Referrals and orders, 100-101
Registered nurses (RNs;
see also Advanced practice registered nurses;
degree programs and specialties)
and access to care, 27-28
acute care, 389-390
aging of, 125-127, 204-205, 369, 370, 387
career transition program, 204-205
earnings, 43, 386
education, 23, 25, 39, 40-42, 43, 44, 166, 186, 370, 491, 571-572
employment settings, 23, 24, 25, 30, 119, 386
foreign-educated, 577, 583
gender diversity, 370
licensure, 23, 39, 327
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physician-to-RN programs for foreign doctors, 580-581
primary care, 55, 94, 382, 383
racial/ethnic diversity, 128, 129, 370
residencies, 123-124
scope of practice, 39, 43, 94, 107
specialties, 39-40
workforce size, 59, 61, 258, 369, 382, 383, 387
Regulation of scope of practice
(see also Consensus model for APRN regulation;
Health care service delivery reforms;
Practice transformation)
and access to care, 99, 450
barriers to practice transformation, 4, 29, 96-107, 444, 446-451
continuing competence, 570-571
costs of dysfunctional system, 450-451
economic costs of, 451
examination and certification of patients, 100, 447, 473
examination and treatment of patients, 101, 448
expanding, 106-107, 108-109
federal reforms, 103-105
Federation of State Medical Boards guidelines, 459
historical context, 96-98, 451-452
impediments to removal of restrictive provisions, 451-460
and innovation in care delivery, 450
licensure, 100-103
medical practice acts and, 96-97, 451-453, 458-459
Medicare, 444
monitoring for anticompetitive effects, 5, 10-11, 105, 145, 279, 470
non-APRN nurses, 107
nurse practitioners, 5, 98-103, 157-161
prescriptive authority, 101-102, 448-449
opposition to change, 107, 110-114, 457-460
recommendations for legislatures, 10, 278
referrals and orders, 100, 448
state variation, 5, 98-103, 157-161, 444, 446-450, 453-454
and workforce shortages, 450
Rehabilitation nurses, 40
Reimbursement (see Compensation/reimbursement policies)
Rendell, Edward, 112, 248-249, 250
Rescue agents, 141
Researcher/scientist nurses
competencies, 6
education, 164, 194, 195, 197-198, 276, 412, 517-521, 532
leadership roles, 238-239
nursing education research, 198
nursing science research, 23, 198-199
recommendations, 519-521
shortages of, 7, 517-521
Research priorities
care management models, 11, 391-396
comparative effectiveness research, 484, 485
education, 276
interagency innovations research collaborative, 392
leadership, 11, 277
residencies, 274
scope of practice, 274
teamwork, 275
technology, 11, 275
value of reforms, 275
Residencies and internships (transition-to-practice) programs
accreditation standards, 121
barriers to practice transformation, 5-6, 31, 120-124
chronic disease management, 121, 124, 545
cost, 121
dedicated education units, 190, 192-193, 211, 410, 412, 513, 544
desired features, 545-546
evaluation of, 12, 123
funding, 12, 122, 124
Joint Commission recommendation, 5-6, 120-121
models, 543-546
need for, 513
outside acute care, 6, 121-123, 545
recommendations, 5-6, 11-12, 120-124
regulatory model, 121
in rural and critical access areas, 12
salary during, 124
success of, 6, 12, 123-124
and turnover rates, 6, 12, 120-121
UHC/AACN model, 121, 123, 544
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Resistance of professionals to change, 107, 110-114
Retail/convenient care clinics, 3, 23, 28, 59, 93, 102, 112, 113, 249, 402, 428, 430, 463, 464, 465, 470, 471, 490
Return to Care, 416
Rhode Island, 260, 356, 357, 358, 360
Rick, Catherine, 133, 134-135
Ridge, Tom, 250
Riverside Medical Center, 94
Riverside Proactive Health Management Program (RiPHM)™, 94
Robert J. Dole VA Medical Center, 135
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Colleagues in Caring, 401
Executive Nurse Fellows Program, 225, 243, 401-402
Health Policy Fellows Program, 243-244, 247
INQRI, 65-66, 90, 239
Investigator Awards Program, 243-244
Nursing Alliance for Quality Care, 240-241
Nursing for Life initiative, 204
Nursing Quality Research Initiative, 239
Nursing Research Network, 88, 112, 168, 171, 187-188, 259, 261, 272, 285, 286, 287-288, 289
partnership with IOM, 2, 22
Transforming Care at the Bedside initiative, 52-53, 120, 231, 416, 561
vision for health care, 22
Rockefeller Foundation, 286
Rush University, 360, 528
Russia, 575, 581, 599, 616
S
Safety and quality of care
ACOs and, 9, 30, 95, 131, 132, 148, 255-256, 277, 375-376, 380-381, 389-390, 391, 396, 559
CNMs, 28
Condition H, 52-53
continuous improvements in, 49, 67, 94
coordination of services and, 65
educational attainment and, 169-170, 406, 485-486, 505-506, 512, 538, 568
innovations in, 90
Inpatient Quality Indicators, 238
interprofessional collaboration and, 49, 72
leadership of nurses in, 238
medical errors, 52
Medicare’s fee-for-service, 93
National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators, 27
NPs, 92, 97, 428, 429, 510, 533
patient-centered care and, 51, 52-53, 57, 120, 231, 416, 561
performance measures, 26-27, 142, 194, 431, 470
physician type and length of preparation and, 111
practice transformation and, 3, 24-25, 86, 87, 90, 91, 92-93, 94, 95, 97, 111, 112, 113
Transforming Care at the Bedside, 52-53, 120, 231, 416, 561
Salaries, 25, 43, 171, 172, 186-187, 188, 265, 486
Sampson, Deborah, 88
Sandoval, Carolina, 60-61
Sanofi Pasteur, 61
Saudi Arabia, 574, 607
Saunders, Cicely, 423
Schenectady County Public Health Services, 62
School nurses and school-based health centers, 28, 40, 60-61, 64, 235, 246, 432-436, 561
Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 111
Scope of Practice Partnership, 110, 458 n.17
Selecky, Mary, 235
Sermo.com, 112
Service Employees International Union, 211
Sharp, Jamie, 192-193
Shinseki, Eric, 134
Sigma Theta Tau International, 634
Simulation Innovation Resource Center, 189-190
Singapore, 573, 598, 607, 626-627
Skilled nursing facilities/care, 10, 101, 204, 274, 278, 448, 473
Smith, Dorothy, 229
Smith Hughes Act, 372
Social Security Administration, 247
Society of Hospital Medicine, 557
South Carolina, 160, 629
South Dakota, 160, 360
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Southern Adventist University, 185
Spain, 571, 573
Specialties (see Nursing specialties;
individual specialties)
St. Kitts International School of Nursing, 405, 585, 629
St. Louis Community College, 232
St. Petersburg College (U.S.), 180
St. Petersburg University (Russia), 581
St. Vincent’s Nurse-Managed Health Center, 419
Staff Nurse Care Coordination model, 65-66
Stanford Self-Management Model, 428-429
Stange, Kevin, 88
State practice regulations (see Regulation of scope of practice;
individual states)
State University of New York (SUNY), 581
States
(see also individual states)
workforce data collection, 14-15
Statewide Nursing Consortiums Curriculums, 406
Steele, Glenn, 92
Strumpf, Neville, 229
Student nurses and leadership, 229-234
Sub-Saharan Africa, 612-614
(see also specific countries)
Sullivan Commission on Diversity in the Healthcare Workforce, 207
Sullivan-Marx, Eileen M., 68, 69
SUTTP Alliance (Stepping Up to the Plate for Managing Transitions in Care), 557
T
Taiwan, 573, 578
Tanner, Christine A., 175-176
Tavenner, Marilyn, 246
Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006, 379
Teamwork (see Interprofessional collaboration)
Technology (see Health information technology)
Telehealth services, 64, 136-137, 227, 236, 237, 276, 402, 420-421, 451, 631
TelEmergency, 144
Tennessee, 160, 356, 357, 360
Texas, 161, 226, 256, 262, 264-265, 355, 356, 358, 360, 365, 583, 590, 596, 599, 612, 618
Texas Nurse Practitioners, 108
Texas Nurses Association, 365
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 418
Texas Woman’s University, 265, 321
Thailand, 573
Third-party payers, 10
Tibbetts, Jackie, 204, 205
TIGER (Technology Informatics Guiding Education Reform) Initiative, 143
Torregrossa, Ann S., 248, 249
Torres, Colette S., 135
Trans-Tasman Mutual Recognition Agreement, 628
Transformacion Para Salud Program, 418-419
Transforming Care at the Bedside, 52-53, 120, 231, 416, 561
Transition to practice (see Residencies)
Transitional care, 24, 27, 37, 66, 67, 70-71, 86, 94, 121, 124, 132, 148, 199, 276-277, 375, 378, 380, 381, 388, 389, 390, 393, 395-396, 541, 545, 557, 559
Transitional Care Model (TCM), 66, 70-71, 276-277, 380, 557
Tri-Council for Nursing, 171-172
Trilateral Initiative for North American Nursing, 625-626
Tuning Project, 569
Turnover rates, 5, 6, 27, 53, 86, 96, 117-120, 121, 123, 223, 235, 237, 270, 288
U
Ukraine, 568, 575, 577, 580, 629
Uncles, Lisa Betina, 58
Undergraduate nursing education
(see also Associate’s degree;
Bachelor’s of science;
Community college programs;
Diploma nursing programs;
Faculty)
application trends, 31
barriers to meeting needs, 31, 179-193, 486-489
case studies, 174-176, 180-181, 192-193
clinical placement opportunities, 31-32, 189-190
costs, 168-169, 370-371
curriculum development, 7, 13, 190-191
degree distribution, 166-167
funding for, 12, 13, 484
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goals and implementation plan for, 7, 172-177
licensed practical nurses, 7
licensing exam, 167-168
international differences, 579
off shore schools, 405, 585-586
and outcomes of patients, 169-178
overview of current education, 165-169
partnerships, 405
pathways, 7, 12, 165-166, 369-373
rationale for all-BSN workforce, 168-179
recommendations, 12-13, 524-525
standardization of curriculum, 406, 407, 479, 539-540, 569-570
transition to higher degree programs, 7, 30, 32, 505-507
United Arab Emirates, 574
United Kingdom, 203, 566, 568, 569 n.5, 571, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576, 579-580, 582, 590, 594, 596, 603-607, 613, 630
Universities, community college partnerships with, 173, 174-175, 479, 505, 519, 536, 538, 539-540
University of Hawaii, 406
University HealthSystem Consortium (UHC), 121, 123, 513, 544
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 224, 225
University of California, San Francisco, 199, 406
University of Colorado, Denver, 75
University of Florida, 229, 528
University of Houston, 264
University of Kansas School of Nursing, 27
University of Louisville, 128, 130
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 237, 419-420
University of Michigan, 88
University of Mississippi, 144
University of Missouri, St. Louis, 232
University of Pennsylvania
Center for Biobehavioral Research, 143
New-Courtland Center for Transitions and Health, 71
School of Nursing, 69, 143, 319
University of Phoenix, 405
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 51, 52-53
University of Portland, 190, 192-193
University of South Florida, 180, 181
University of Texas, 265, 321, 419
University of Virginia, 185
University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 231
Urban Institute, 177, 506
U.S. Army, Navy, and Air Force, 171
U.S. Nurse Licensure Examinations, 165 n.2, 167, 574
U.S. Public Health Service, 171
Utah, 161, 355, 356, 357, 358, 363, 365, 378, 433
V
Value of nurses, 25, 28, 115
(see also Economic value)
Vermont, 61, 161, 590, 596
Board of Nursing, 356, 357, 359, 360, 433
Veterans Affairs Nursing Academy, 183, 210-211
Veterans Health Administration, 392
Versant, 6, 121, 123
Vietnam, 572
Virginia, 161, 246, 355, 356
Virginia Commonwealth University, 425
Visiting Nurse Association of Central Jersey, 236-237
Visiting Nurse Service of New York, 64, 122, 143
Voices of Meningitis Campaign, 61
W
Wakefield, Mary, 247
Wald, Florence, 423
Wald, Lillian, 64
Warner, Joanne, 192
Washington state, 96, 161, 181, 235, 452
Washington State Board for Community and Technical Colleges, 211
Washington State Hospital Association, 211
Wehrwein, Terrie, 204
WellPoint, 93
Wenzel, Jennifer, 184-185
West Virginia, 161
Western Governors University, 200, 405
Wharton Fellows Program in Management for Nurse Executives, 242
Wilensky, Gail, 115
Wiley, Elizabeth, 462
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Wisconsin, 122, 161, 439-440
Wisconsin Center for Nursing, 122
Workforce
(see also Foreign-educated nurses)
acute care, 29, 388-389
aging, 4, 25, 59, 125-127, 259, 486
assessing demand, 263
capacity building, 9, 12, 25, 386-396
demand for nurses, 376-386, 486, 568
faculty shortages, 7, 31, 170, 173, 179, 181, 182-188, 189, 193, 212, 265, 276, 288, 404, 411, 438, 486, 487, 488, 489, 507, 508, 516, 517, 529, 537, 544, 572
foreign-educated nurses, 259, 566, 583-586
gaps in data, 8-9, 33-34, 259-263, 583
gender diversity, 4, 7, 12, 25, 127-128, 209
geographic distribution, 12, 583-586
global perspective, 566, 567
Gulf Coast Health Services Steering Committee initiatives, 264-265
health care reform and, 375-386
infrastructure for data collection, 14-15, 29, 262
key message, 4, 8, 29, 33-34, 255
leadership shortages, 401, 437
modeling, 393-394
nursing projections, 15, 258-259
nursing segment of, 2, 23, 24
physician shortages, 102, 107, 108, 490, 508
by practice setting, 24, 30
planning and policymaking, 29, 388-389, 390-391, 484, 491-492, 567, 583
primary care, 59, 61, 88, 108, 116, 194, 248, 256, 257-258, 262, 369, 382, 383, 389, 390, 463, 464, 490, 507, 508
public health, 437-438, 438
racial and ethnic diversity, 4, 7, 12, 25, 128-130, 207-209
recession-related layoffs and attrition, 59, 259
recommendations, 391-396
research coordination on, 15, 391-392
researcher/scientist nurses, 517-521
shortages of nurses, 7, 25, 107, 118-119, 166, 171, 175, 176, 177, 195, 199, 209, 211, 235, 256, 258, 259, 264, 290, 370, 372, 387, 388, 390, 401, 404, 405, 437, 438, 484, 485, 507, 508, 516, 567
skill mixes, 9, 15, 283, 284, 376, 382, 384, 385, 389, 391, 392-393, 394-395, 537, 567, 568, 570, 571, 589
turnover rates, 5, 6, 27, 53, 86, 96, 117-120, 121, 123, 223, 235, 237, 270, 288
Workplace wellness programs, 382
World Health Assembly, 572, 634
World Health Organization (WHO)
Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel, 634
definition of health workers, 566 n.2
Task Force on Global Standards in Nursing and Midwifery Education, 572
World Health Report, 566, 570
Wortock, Jean, 180, 181
Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society, 326, 363, 363, 365
Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing Certification Board, 326, 359, 365, 366
Wyoming, 161
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