NEW RESEARCH DIRECTIONS FOR THE NATIONAL GEOSPATIAL-INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
WORKSHOP REPORT
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency under Award No. HM1582-09-C0014. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations contained in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute their endorsement by the U.S. government.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
COMMITTEE ON NEW RESEARCH DIRECTIONS FOR THE NATIONAL GEOSPATIAL-INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
KEITH C. CLARKE, Chair,
University of California, Santa Barbara
LUC E. ANSELIN,
Arizona State University, Tempe
ANNETTE J. KRYGIEL, Independent Consultant,
Great Falls, Virginia
CAROLYN J. MERRY,
Ohio State University, Columbus
SCOTT A. SANDGATHE,
University of Washington, Seattle
MANI SRIVASTAVA,
University of California, Los Angeles
JAMES J. THOMAS,
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
National Research Council Staff
ANNE M. LINN, Study Director
LEA A. SHANLEY, Postdoctoral Fellow
JASON R. ORTEGO, Research Associate
ERIC J. EDKIN, Senior Program Assistant
MAPPING SCIENCE COMMITTEE
KEITH C. CLARKE, Chair,
University of California, Santa Barbara
LUC E. ANSELIN,
Arizona State University, Tempe
CECILIA R. ARAGON,
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
BUDHENDRA L. BHADURI,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
SUSAN CARSON LAMBERT,
Renewable Energy Strategies, LLC, Frankfort, Kentucky
LEWIS A. LAPINE,
South Carolina Geodetic Survey, Columbia
CAROLYN J. MERRY,
Ohio State University, Columbus
JAYANT SHARMA,
Oracle Spatial, Nashua, New Hampshire
DANIEL Z. SUI,
Ohio State University, Columbus
MICHAEL F. WORBOYS,
University of Maine, Orono
MAY YUAN,
University of Oklahoma, Norman
National Research Council Staff
ANNE M. LINN, Study Director
LEA A. SHANLEY, Postdoctoral Fellow
ERIC J. EDKIN, Senior Program Assistant
BOARD ON EARTH SCIENCES AND RESOURCES
CORALE BRIERLEY, Chair,
Brierley Consultancy, LLC, Denver, Colorado
KEITH C. CLARKE,
University of California, Santa Barbara
DAVID J. COWEN,
University of South Carolina, Columbia
WILLIAM E. DIETRICH,
University of California, Berkeley
ROGER M. DOWNS,
Pennsylvania State University, University Park
JEFF DOZIER,
University of California, Santa Barbara
KATHERINE H. FREEMAN,
Pennsylvania State University, University Park
WILLIAM L. GRAF,
University of South Carolina, Calcott
RUSSELL J. HEMLEY,
Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C.
MURRAY W. HITZMAN,
Colorado School of Mines, Golden
EDWARD KAVAZANJIAN, JR.,
Arizona State University, Tempe
LOUISE H. KELLOGG,
University of California, Davis
ROBERT McMASTER,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
CLAUDIA INÉS MORA,
Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
BRIJ M. MOUDGIL,
University of Florida, Gainesville
CLAYTON R. NICHOLS,
Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (retired), Sandpoint
JOAQUIN RUIZ,
University of Arizona, Tucson
PETER M. SHEARER,
University of California, San Diego
REGINAL SPILLER,
Allied Energy, Houston, Texas
RUSSELL STANDS-OVER-BULL,
Anadarko Petroleum Corporation, Billings, Montana
TERRY C. WALLACE, JR.,
Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
HERMAN B. ZIMMERMAN,
National Science Foundation (retired), Portland, Oregon
National Research Council Staff
ANTHONY R. de SOUZA, Director
ELIZABETH A. EIDE, Senior Program Officer
DAVID A. FEARY, Senior Program Officer
ANNE M. LINN, Senior Program Officer
SAMMANTHA L. MAGSINO, Program Officer
MARK D. LANGE, Associate Program Officer
LEA A. SHANLEY, Postdoctoral Fellow
JENNIFER T. ESTEP, Administrative and Financial Associate
NICHOLAS D. ROGERS, Financial and Research Associate
JASON R. ORTEGO, Research Associate
COURTNEY R. GIBBS, Program Associate
ERIC J. EDKIN, Senior Program Assistant
TONYA E. FONG YEE, Senior Program Assistant
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In response to a request from the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), the National Research Council (NRC) organized a workshop to discuss new research directions for NGA. The workshop was held on May 17–19, 2010, in Washington, D.C., and engaged a group of approximately 30 researchers. Most of these individuals wrote white papers for the workshop, gave presentations, and/or served as rapporteurs for the working group sessions, and the committee is grateful for their contributions. In particular, the committee would like to thank the individuals who wrote white papers on five core areas traditionally supported by NGA: Dean Merchant, Russell Congalton, Robert McMaster, Lewis Lapine, and Luc Anselin. Their papers explained how the core areas have evolved to the present.
The committee also thanks the individuals who presented the state-of-the-art in 10 topics discussed in the workshop: Kathleen Carley, Melba Crawford, Dave Ebert, Clive Fraser, Robert McMaster, Haesun Park, Antonio Sanfillipo, Cyrus Shahabi, Dru Smith, and May Yuan. Finally, the workshop would not have been successful without the important contributions of those who attended the event. Discussions of future research directions were informative, professional, and conducted in a cooperative spirit among, in large part, individuals who do not often have the opportunity to collaborate.
This workshop report was prepared by an ad hoc committee and NRC staff following the workshop. It represents the discussions of workshop participants as interpreted by an ad hoc committee.
This workshop report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards of objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
Peggy Agouris, George Mason University
Kate Beard-Tisdale, University of Maine, Orono
Andrew Campbell, Dartmouth College
Huan Liu, Arizona State University
Chris Rizos, University of New South Wales, Australia
Amitabh Varshney, University of Maryland
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse nor did they see the final draft of the workshop report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Robert B. Herrmann, private consultant. Appointed by the National Research Council he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.