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Agenda Item 1.12: 3738 GHz
to protect the primary services in the band 37‐38 GHz from interference resulting from aeronautical
mobile service operations, taking into account the results of ITU R studies, in accordance with Resolution
754 (WRC 07).
The primary concern is the continued protection of the 36‐37 GHz EESS (passive) allocation used by
microwave radiometers from the U.S. Air Force, Navy, NOAA, and NASA, which have been making space‐
borne observations near 37 GHz since Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer was launch in
1978. The passive EESS sensors shown in Table 1.12 are currently on orbit, measuring at frequencies
either in or directly adjacent to the 37‐38 GHz band. In addition to the current sensors, two missions
currently in development will operate in this frequency band: NASA’s Global Precipitation
Measurement’s (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) and the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) Microwave
Imager Sounder (MIS).
Based upon scientific requirements expected to be achieved in 2008‐2013, to protect EESS satellite
observations from interference, ITU‐R RS.1029 (2003) recommended a maximum interference level in
the 36.0‐37.0 GHz band of ‐246 dBW/Hz, with this interference level not to be exceeded for more than
0.1% of the sensor viewing area or measurement time. In the specific part of the band from 36.43‐36.5
GHz, ITU Radio Regulations Footnote 5.149 states that “administrations are urged to take all practicable
steps to protect the radio astronomy service from harmful interference. Emissions from spaceborne or
airborne stations can be particularly serious sources of interference to the radio astronomy service.”
Table 1.12‐1: EESS Passive Sensors using the Spectrum between 36 and 38 GHz
Sensor Satellites Agencies Minimum Maximum
Frequency Frequency
(GHz) (GHz)
SSMIS DMSP F16 U. S. Air Force 36.25 37.75
SSM/I DMSP F13 and F15 U.S. Air Force 36.5 37.5
WindSat Coriolis U.S. Navy 36.0 38.0
AMSR‐E25 EOS Aqua NASA and JAXA 36.0 37.0
GMI GPM NASA 36.0 37.0
MIS JPSS DoD 36.0 37.0
TMI TRMM NASA 36 38
This band is needed to distinguish between water vapor content and liquid cloud content and also
constitutes an essential part of measurements of ocean wind speed, snow cover depth on land, as well
as sea ice type, age and temperature. Measurement of these geophysical parameters is critically
important to weather prediction, climate monitoring and understanding changes in the global water
25
AMSR‐2 on GCOM‐W1, set for launch in early 2012, is a follow‐on to AMSR‐E and is planned to operate at a
center frequency of 36.5 GHz. SOURCE:
http://sharaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/AMSR/AMSR2_RA/documents/GCOM_RA1_E.pdf; last accessed on June 18, 2010.
23
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cycle. Performing such passive microwave measurements at a suite of frequencies is essential to
separate the effect of water vapor, clouds, and/or precipitation from changes in the radiance of the
land, ocean or ice below. The suite of frequencies most often used for this includes a subset of 18.7,
19.35, 22.2, 23.8, 31.4, 36.5, 37.0, 85.5 and 89 GHz.26
Conclusion: The primary concern is the continued protection of the 36‐37 GHz EESS (passive) allocation
used by current and future microwave radiometers from the U.S. Air Force, Navy, NOAA, and NASA,
which have been making space‐borne observations near 37 GHz since Scanning Multichannel Microwave
Radiometer was launch in 1978. Based upon scientific requirements expected to be achieved in 2008‐
2013, to protect EESS satellite observations from interference, ITU‐R RS.1029 (2003) recommended a
maximum interference level in the 36.0‐37.0 GHz band of ‐246 dBW/Hz, with this interference level not
to be exceeded for more than 0.1% of the sensor viewing area or measurement time.
26
National Research Council, Spectrum Management for Science in the 21st Century, The National Academies
Press, Washington, D.C., 2010, p. 29.
24
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Agenda Item 1.13: 22GHz
Agenda item 1.13 is to consider the results of ITU‐R studies in accordance with Resolution 551 (WRC‐07)
and decide on the spectrum usage of the 21.4‐22 GHz band for broadcasting‐satellite service (BSS) and
the associated feeder‐link bands in Regions 1 and 3.
Recommendation: Satellite transmissions in the 21.4‐22.0 GHz band should have low enough out of
band emissions to avoid interference in the 22.21‐22.5 GHz RAS band based on Recommendation ITU‐R
RA.769.
RAS
The primary concern for Radio Astronomy is that direct broadcast satellites in the 21.4‐22.0 GHz band
could result in out of band emissions from the satellites spilling into the 22.21‐22.5 GHz RAS band.
The power flux density (pfd) proposed for the BSS in the band 21.4‐22.0 GHz in Recommendation ITU‐R
BO.1776 is ‐165 dBW/m2/Hz. The limit specified in Recommendation ITU‐R RA.769 for interference with
radio astronomy continuum observations is ‐231 dBW/m2/Hz; thus, more than 6665 dB rejection of out
of band emissions are required to avoid interference in the passive band. For radio astronomy spectral
line observations, the recommended limit is ‐216 dBW/m2/Hz; thus, more than 5140 dB rejection of out
of band emissions are required within any 250 kHz bandwidth to avoid interference in the passive band.
In summary, satellite transmissions in the adjacent band need to have low enough out of band
emissions to avoid interference with radio astronomy based on Recommendation ITU‐R RA.769.
EESS
The primary concern for EESS is that the proximity of 21.4‐22.0 GHz to the 22.21‐22.5GHz 5band
increases the risk that out‐of‐band emissions will interfere with Earth observation of atmospheric water
vapor. To protect EESS satellite observations from interference, ITU‐R RS.1029 recommends a maximum
interference level in the 22.21‐22.5 GHz band of ‐249 dBW/Hz, with this interference level not to be
exceeded for more than 0.1% of the sensor viewing area or measurement time.
Microwave radiometers from the U.S. Air Force, Navy, DoD, NOAA, NASA and other federal agencies
have been making space‐borne observations near 22 GHz since the Nimbus E Microwave Spectrometer
was launched in 1972. EESS satellite sensors shown in Table 1.13‐1 are currently observing at
frequencies very close to the upper edge of the 21.4‐22.0 GHz band. In addition to the current sensors,
a number of microwave radiometers are planned for launch aboard future satellites, including the NASA
Global Precipitation Measurement’s (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) and the JPSS Microwave Imager
Sounder (MIS) and Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS).
Table 1.13‐1: EESS Passive Sensors using the Spectrum between 22 and23 GHz
Sensor Satellites Agencies Minimum Maximum
(currently on orbit) Frequency Frequency
(GHz) (GHz)
SSMIS DMSP F16 U. S. Air Force 22.04 22.44
SSM/I DMSP F13 and F15 U.S. Air Force 22.11 22.36
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Performing such passive microwave measurements at a suite of frequencies is essential to separate the
effect of water vapor from those of clouds, precipitation or changes in the radiance of the land, ocean or
ice below. Scientifically, global water vapor profiles are essential to the numerical weather prediction of
rainfall and drought, and help constrain such predictions in general. Two different types of microwave
observations are used, those in transparent bands within which the water vapor absorption stands out
(1) against the colder ocean background (ocean partially reflects the extremely cold cosmic background
radiation), or (2) against that of cold, low‐emissivity land. No profile information is usually retrieved,
only an estimate of the column integrated abundance. The suite of frequencies most often used for this
includes a subset of 18.7, 19.35, 22.2, 23.8, 31.4, 36.5, 37.0, 85.5 and 89 GHz.27
Additionally, passive microwave observations of water vapor are important because weather radars
measure only the reflectivity of water/ice droplets in the atmosphere. Extraction of useful information
from radar reflectivity measurements relies greatly on knowledge of the droplets’ size distribution,
which requires complex and costly multiband radar measurements to directly measure. Passive
microwave instruments, on the other hand, directly measure the total quantity of liquid water as well as
water vapor and other variables. Such radiometers can herald impending weather events by measuring
the presence of water vapor in advance of cloud formation, and then detect the formation of liquid
water droplets well in advance of detection by rain radars. Moreover, when used in conjunction with
weather radars, passive radiometers provide a high degree of precision in the measurement of the path‐
or area‐averaged quantities being observed that serve to calibrate the radar’s signal. In this manner the
radiometer is able to facilitate the radar’s capability to provide high resolution measurements.28
Passive measurements from EESS satellites near the water vapor absorption line at 22.2 GHz are
essential not only for measuring atmospheric water vapor but also for reducing error in other
geophysical parameters due to the presence of water vapor, especially in moist atmospheres. For
example, the accuracy in measuring sea surface wind speed, sea surface temperature, liquid cloud water
or precipitation would significantly degrade if the 22 GHz water vapor channel was not present or
unusable due to RFI contamination.
‐
27
National Research Council, Spectrum Management for Science in the 21st Century, The National Academies
Press, Washington, D.C., 2010, p. 29.
28
National Research Council, Spectrum Management for Science in the 21st Century, The National Academies
Press, Washington, D.C., 2010, pp. 24‐25.
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