The following HTML text is provided to enhance online
readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML.
Please use the page image
as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy.
Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing: Summary of a Workshop
Frederick R. Anderson, Jr., Partner, McKenna, Long & Aldridge LLP
Barbara E. Bierer, Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Senior Vice President, Research, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
August 31, 2009
7:30
Breakfast
8:00-10:40
Session 1: Overview of Research on DTC Genetic Testingand Its Trajectory
Direct-to-consumer genetic testing represents a $730 million global market, with projected growth of 20 percent annually. While many direct-to-consumer genetic tests assess risk for illnesses with strong genetic heritability and raise concerns over adequate counseling and appropriate outlets for such information, still other genetic tests to guide risk management for diseases with much smaller genetic components, or no clear genetic basis at all, have rapidly emerged and present new dilemmas for consumers and health care providers alike. With the costs of genetic analyses falling rapidly and entrepreneurs finding more and more creative uses for
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole. Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 71
Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing: Summary of a Workshop
Appendix F
Workshop Agenda
Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing: A Cross-Academies Workshop
The National Academies
Washington, DC
August 31-September 1, 2009
Moderators:
Frederick R. Anderson, Jr., Partner, McKenna, Long & Aldridge LLP
Barbara E. Bierer, Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Senior Vice President, Research, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
August 31, 2009
7:30
Breakfast
8:00-10:40
Session 1: Overview of Research on DTC Genetic Testing and Its Trajectory
Direct-to-consumer genetic testing represents a $730 million global market, with projected growth of 20 percent annually. While many direct-to-consumer genetic tests assess risk for illnesses with strong genetic heritability and raise concerns over adequate counseling and appropriate outlets for such information, still other genetic tests to guide risk management for diseases with much smaller genetic components, or no clear genetic basis at all, have rapidly emerged and present new dilemmas for consumers and health care providers alike. With the costs of genetic analyses falling rapidly and entrepreneurs finding more and more creative uses for
OCR for page 72
Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing: Summary of a Workshop
these technologies and the test results they produce, the future of genetic testing is being ushered in with both the hope that its tremendous promise will be realized and concern over the accompanying cultural, professional, and regulatory challenges to be faced.
Issues to Address: Direct-to-consumer genetic tests have uncertain analytical and clinical validity, and questionable clinical utility. What exactly can one tell based on these tests? What can’t one tell? This will have implications for the testing companies’ claims. What types of genetic testing will become available over the next five to ten years? What will the future market look like?
8:00
Introduction to the Scope of the Workshop
David Korn, Vice Provost for Research, Harvard University
8:20
Drivers of Innovation: The Human Genome Project, Microarrays, the HapMap and the $1,000 Genome
Alan Guttmacher, Acting Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health
8:40
Discussion
9:00
Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing: History and Scientific Foundation
Muin Khoury, Director, Office of Public Health Genomics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
9:20
Discussion
9:40
Evolution of Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing: Present and Future Markets
OCR for page 73
Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing: Summary of a Workshop
K. David Becker, Chief Scientific Officer, Pathway Genomics Corporation
10:00
Discussion
10:20
Break
10:40-12:45
Session 2: The regulatory Framework
With the implementation of the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act (CLIA) predating major advances in genetics and the FDA only able to regulate genetic test kits, the vast majority of lab-derived genetic testing operates with sparse regulatory oversight relative to other laboratory tests of comparable capacity to explain and predict health and disease. In addition, no claims by direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies have been challenged by the FTC to date. As the technology advances at a dizzying clip and consumer interest continues to grow, the lagging federal, state, professional and consumer regulatory entities will need to consider how best to ensure valid tests and accurate advertising without stymieing innovations that promise what could be the next medical paradigm shift—or is this just more unregulated hype?
Issues to Address: Differentiating regulatory issues for DTC testing vs. genetic testing generally. DTC-specific regulatory issues include examining whether oversight of advertising/claims is adequate. Are the claims verifiable? Spell out the roles of various agencies in oversight, state, and federal roles. What is the impact of regulatory uncertainty on DTC companies? What are the codes of professional conduct for informed consent, analysis, and disclosure? Is it possible to create safeguards without hindering rapid technological advances? If testing procedures aren’t “approved” can they be quality assured?
OCR for page 74
Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing: Summary of a Workshop
10:40
Existing oversight of genetic testing in the U.S. and U.K.
Andrea Ferreira-Gonzalez, Professor of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University and Director, The Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System
Timothy Aitman, Professor of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Division of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London
11:20
Discussion
11:55
Monitoring direct-to-consumer genetic testing
Gregory Kutz, Managing Director, Forensic Audits and Special Investigations, Government Accountability Office
Sandra Soo-Jin Lee, Senior Research Scholar, Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics
12:30
Discussion
1:00
Lunch
1:45-3:20
Session 3: Shared Genes and Emerging Issues in Privacy
Genetic information has implications for the health and well-being of others beyond the individual whose DNA was sequenced, simultaneously suggesting the need to protect the sequenced individual from unethical treatment based on undesirable sequence and the potential responsibility to inform those (blood relatives, perhaps others) with a stake in the individual’s genetics. The danger of untoward consequences of public genetic data is only further enhanced by the popular notion—correct in some cases but overly simplistic in many others—that genes are a biological “blueprint” by which attributes
OCR for page 75
Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing: Summary of a Workshop
from shoe size to temperament are determined. While the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act forbids unequal treatment based on one’s genetics in many circumstances, it seems naïve to suppose that exposing one’s genetic frailties wouldn’t pose considerable social risk.
Issues to Address: How to balance the desire for self-awareness among consumers that is driving this market against the need to protect privacy? What are the risks and benefits for family members of users of these tests? For public figures? For the legal system? Who owns an individual’s genomic data? Discrimination issues and the effectiveness of GINA. Social networks based on direct-to-consumer genetic testing results.
1:40
Existing Structures for Privacy and Nondiscrimination Protections: Beyond the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act
Susannah Baruch, Policy Director, Generations Ahead and Policy Analyst, Genetics and Public Policy Center, Johns Hopkins University
2:00
Discussion
2:20
Genetic Identity and Community
Scott Woodward, Director, Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation
2:40
Discussion
3:00
Break
3:20-4:30
Session 4: DTC Genetic Testing Companies and Research
Direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies have already taken steps to use the rich data their customers provide them in research to improve their products,
OCR for page 76
Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing: Summary of a Workshop
to offer new services, and even to benefit the broader research community. It stands to reason that protections for consumers-turned-research-subjects should be equivalent to those for human participants in academic genetics research, but no systematized mechanism for ensuring these protections currently exists. In addition, who should the results of the research benefit? Who owns this information and, by taking on a research role that could serve the public good, do direct-to-consumer testing companies assume an ethical responsibility to ensure that the public benefits?
Issues to Address: Who retains ownership of genetic information when companies use their testing data for research? (IP) Who should have access to the results? Who should be allowed to benefit from the advances as a result of this research? Will genetic information and the research it spurs become a private commodity?
3:20
Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing Companies as Research Entities: Disclosure, Intellectual Property, and Shared Advances
Elissa Levin, Director, Genetic Counseling Program, Navigenics, Inc.
3:40
Discussion
4:30
Adjourn
Dinner
September 1, 2009
7:30
Breakfast
OCR for page 77
Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing: Summary of a Workshop
8:15
The FDA and the Regulation of Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing
Courtney Harper, Acting Director of the Division of Chemistry and Toxicology Devices, Office of In Vitro Diagnostic Device Evaluation and Safety, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
8:40
Q&A
9:00-12:00
Sessions 5: The Impact of DTC Genetic Tests on the Medical System
If the medical system is no longer required to mediate genetic testing, how will the system cope with losing oversight (and reimbursement) of these services while retaining the full responsibility of caring for patients the services affect?
Issues to Address: Can we model the cost to the medical system of DTC genetic testing? Reimbursement and DTC genetic testing—are insurance companies involved? Do they have a role? How can providers navigate DTC testing and results for patients in the clinic? How do consumers react to DTC testing information, and what is the impact on their health behavior?
9:00
What Are the Costs and Benefits to the Health Care System?
Kathryn Phillips, Professor of Health Economics and Health Services Research, University of California, San Francisco
9:20
Discussion
OCR for page 78
Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing: Summary of a Workshop
9:40
Knowledge of DTC Genetic Testing Among the Public and Health Professionals Public Understanding
Katrina Goddard, Senior Investigator, Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research
10:00
Understanding Among Health Professionals
Joseph McInerney, Executive Director, National Coalition for Health Professional Education in Genetics
10:20
Discussion
10:40
Cooperation or Competition—How Do Health Care and DTC Genetic Testing Coexist?
Patricia Ganz, Professor of Health Services, School of Public Health and Professor of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
11:00
Discussion
11:20
The Impact of Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing on Public Health
Harvey Fineberg, President, Institute of Medicine
11:40
Summary Discussion
12:00
Lunch / Adjourn
