Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D

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Table of Contents
Front Matter R1-R16
Summary 1-14
1 Introduction 15-34
2 Overview of Calcium 35-74
3 Overview of Vitamin D 75-124
4 Review of Potential Indicators of Adequacy and Selection of Indicators: Calcium and Vitamin D 125-344
5 Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy: Calcium and Vitamin D 345-402
6 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels: Calcium and Vitamin D 403-456
7 Dietary Intake Assessment 457-478
8 Implications and Special Concerns 479-512
9 Information Gaps and Research Needs 513-522
Appendix A: Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Glossary 523-536
Appendix B: Issues and Interests Identified by Study Sponsors 537-538
Appendix C: Methods and Results from the AHRQ-Ottawa Evidence-Based Report on Effectiveness and Safety of Vitamin D in Relation to Bone Health 539-724
Appendix D: Methods and Results from the AHRQ-Tufts Evidence-Based Report on Vitamin D and Calcium 725-1012
Appendix E: Literature Search Strategy 1013-1018
Appendix F: Evidence Maps 1019-1024
Appendix G: Cases Studies of Vitamin D Toxicity 1025-1034
Appendix H: Estimated Intakes of Calcium and Vitamin D from National Surveys 1035-1044
Appendix I: Proportion of the Population Above and Below 40 nmol/L Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Cumulative Distribution of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations: United States and Canada 1045-1058
Appendix J: Workshop Agenda and Open Session Agendas 1059-1064
Appendix K: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members 1065-1074
Index 1075-1102
Summary Tables: Dietary Reference Intakes 1103-1116

TABLE F-8 Evidence Map for Bone Health

Indicator	Mechanistic Data	Animal Data	Observational Studies	Randomized Trials
Indicator	Mechanistic Data	Animal Data	Observational Studies	Primary Outcome	Secondary or Non–Pre-specified Outcomes^a
Calcium absorption
Calcium balance
BMD/BMC
Fracture risk
Osteomalacia/rickets
Intermediate	Mechanistic Data	Animal Data	Observational Studies	Randomized Trials
Intermediate	Mechanistic Data	Animal Data	Observational Studies	Primary Outcome	Secondary or Non–Pre-specified Outcomes^a
25OHD
PTH
NOTE: Data may reflect studies designed to study combined calcium and vitamin D administration, calcium alone, or vitamin D alone. = evidence is published; — = no available evidence. ^aSecondary outcomes often were not pre-specified by the investigators.

Table of Contents

Front Matter R1-R16

Summary 1-14

1 Introduction 15-34

2 Overview of Calcium 35-74

3 Overview of Vitamin D 75-124

4 Review of Potential Indicators of Adequacy and Selection of Indicators: Calcium and Vitamin D 125-344

5 Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy: Calcium and Vitamin D 345-402

6 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels: Calcium and Vitamin D 403-456

7 Dietary Intake Assessment 457-478

8 Implications and Special Concerns 479-512

9 Information Gaps and Research Needs 513-522

Appendix A: Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Glossary 523-536

Appendix B: Issues and Interests Identified by Study Sponsors 537-538

Appendix C: Methods and Results from the AHRQ-Ottawa Evidence-Based Report on Effectiveness and Safety of Vitamin D in Relation to Bone Health 539-724

Appendix D: Methods and Results from the AHRQ-Tufts Evidence-Based Report on Vitamin D and Calcium 725-1012

Appendix E: Literature Search Strategy 1013-1018

Appendix F: Evidence Maps 1019-1024

Appendix G: Cases Studies of Vitamin D Toxicity 1025-1034

Appendix H: Estimated Intakes of Calcium and Vitamin D from National Surveys 1035-1044

Appendix I: Proportion of the Population Above and Below 40 nmol/L Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Cumulative Distribution of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations: United States and Canada 1045-1058

Appendix J: Workshop Agenda and Open Session Agendas 1059-1064

Appendix K: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members 1065-1074

Index 1075-1102

Summary Tables: Dietary Reference Intakes 1103-1116