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DRI Dietary Reference Intakes Calcium Vitamin D
Canadian surveys, 461 –462 , 499
estimates from national surveys, 10 –11 , 459 –460
food sources only, 470 , 474 , 475 , 476
summary, 477 –478
U.S. estimated, 468 –473
U.S. surveys, 458 –461
assumption of adequacy for calcium DRI, 347
asthma, 169 –170 , 181
BMC/BMD and, 95 , 175 , 271 , 274 –275 , 279 –280 , 386 –387 , 392 –393
cardiovascular disease, 148 , 149 , 152
Crohn’s disease, 172
diabetes, 155
excess, 88 –89 , 424 –449 , 481 , 486 , 517 –518 .
See also Adverse effects, vitamin D;
Indicators of adverse outcomes for excess intake
falls and physical performance, 157 –165 , 167 , 438
fractures, 390 , 438 –439 .
See also Bone, fracture, vitamin D supplementation
indigenous Canadian populations, 498 –499
intoxication, 6 , 10 , 88 –89 , 93 , 405 , 425 , 426 –430 , 443 , 518
during pregnancy, 169 , 182 , 279 –281
rheumatoid arthritis, 175
serum 25OHD. See Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, vitamin D and;
Sun exposure, relationship between serum 25OHD and vitamin D
from supplements. See Supplements, vitamin D
through the life stages, 8 –10 , 94 –96
tuberculosis, 178 , 179 , 494
Vitamin D interactions
calcium, 5 , 6 , 35 , 60 , 136 , 358 , 360 , 369 , 388 , 405 , 484 , 517
prescription drugs, 11 , 87 , 504 , 505
Vitamin D receptor (VDR)
in the brain, 184
cancer, 91 , 140 , 146 , 147
expressed in cells with rheumatoid lesions, 175
expressed in the duodenum, 38
expressed in the fetus, 252 –253
expressed in the prostate, 146 , 147
infants lacking, 254
lactation and, 91
muscle tissue, 157
regulation of expression by calcitriol, 38 , 90 , 91
rickets due to genetic absence of (VDDR II), 49 , 94 , 252 , 254 , 260 , 276
use of term, 140 n.1
Vitamin D response element (VDRE), 77 , 140
Vitamin D2
equivalence issues with vitamin D3 , 92 –93 , 97 , 519
fortified foods, 80
metabolism, 86 –87 , 92 –93
overview, 78
serum level as biomarker of total intake, 107 , 108
supplementation, 81
toxicity, 93 , 426
Vitamin D3
deprivation, and autism, 182
equivalence issues with vitamin D2 , 92 –93 , 97 , 519
fortified foods, 80
metabolism, 86 –87 , 92 –93
overview, 78
serum level, not used to estimate synthesis in the skin, 104
serum level as biomarker of total intake, 107 , 108
storage, 105
supplementation, 81 , 107
synthesis in the skin. See Vitamin D, synthesis in the skin
toxicity, 93 , 426
Vitamin E, 180 , 1104 , 1106 , 1112
Vitamin K, 1106 , 1112
Vitamins, 1106 –1107 , 1114 –1115
Vomiting (emesis), 407 , 409
W
Water, 36 , 411 , 417 , 1110
Weight, 140 , 153 , 192 –193 , 254 , 406 , 420 , 425 .
See also Growth rate
Weight loss or dieting, 39 , 106 , 172 , 518
West Indians, 245
What We Eat in America (WWEIA), 459 , 473
