Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 1103
DRI Dietary Reference Intakes Calcium Vitamin D
Summary Tables
Dietary Reference Intakes
Estimated Average Requirements
Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes, Vitamins
Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes, Elements
Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes, Total Water and Macronutrients
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
Additional Macronutrient Recommendations
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, Vitamins
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, Elements
OCR for page 1104
DRI Dietary Reference Intakes Calcium Vitamin D
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Estimated Average Requirements
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Life Stage Group
Calcium (mg/d)
CHO (g/kg/d)
Protein (g/d)
Vit A (μg/d)a
Vit C (mg/d)
Vit D (μg/d)
Vit E (mg/d)b
Thiamin (mg/d)
Riboflavin (mg/d)
Niacin (mg/d)c
Infants
0–6 mo
6–12 mo
1.0
Children
1–3 y
500
100
0.87
210
13
10
5
0.4
0.4
5
4–8 y
800
100
0.76
275
22
10
6
0.5
0.5
6
Males
9–13 y
1,100
100
0.76
445
39
10
9
0.7
0.8
9
14–18 y
1,100
100
0.73
630
63
10
12
1.0
1.1
12
19–30 y
800
100
0.66
625
75
10
12
1.0
1.1
12
31–50 y
800
100
0.66
625
75
10
12
1.0
1.1
12
51–70 y
800
100
0.66
625
75
10
12
1.0
1.1
12
> 70 y
1,000
100
0.66
625
75
10
12
1.0
1.1
12
Females
9–13 y
1,100
100
0.76
420
39
10
9
0.7
0.8
9
14–18 y
1,100
100
0.71
485
56
10
12
0.9
0.9
11
19–30 y
800
100
0.66
500
60
10
12
0.9
0.9
11
31–50 y
800
100
0.66
500
60
10
12
0.9
0.9
11
51–70 y
1,000
100
0.66
500
60
10
12
0.9
0.9
11
> 70 y
1,000
100
0.66
500
60
10
12
0.9
0.9
11
Pregnancy
14–18 y
1,000
135
0.88
530
66
10
12
1.2
1.2
14
19–30 y
800
135
0.88
550
70
10
12
1.2
1.2
14
31–50 y
800
135
0.88
550
70
10
12
1.2
1.2
14
Lactation
14–18 y
1,000
160
1.05
885
96
10
16
1.2
1.3
13
19–30 y
800
160
1.05
900
100
10
16
1.2
1.3
13
31–50 y
800
160
1.05
900
100
10
16
1.2
1.3
13
NOTE: An Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirements of half of the healthy individuals in a group. EARs have not been established for vitamin K, pantothenic acid, biotin, choline, chromium, fluoride, manganese, or other nutrients not yet evaluated via the DRI process.
aAs retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE = 1 μg retinol, 12 μg β-carotene, 24 μg α-carotene, or 24 μg β-cryptoxanthin. The RAE for dietary provitamin A carotenoids is two-fold greater than retinol equivalents (RE), whereas the RAE for preformed vitamin A is the same as RE.
bAs α-tocopherol. α-tocopherol includes RRR-α-tocopherol, the only form of α-tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2R-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (RRR-, RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-α-tocopherol) that occur in fortified foods and supplements. It does not include the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (SRR-, SSR-, SRS-, and SSS-α-tocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements.
OCR for page 1105
DRI Dietary Reference Intakes Calcium Vitamin D
Vit B6 (mg/d)
Folate (μg/d)d
Vit B12 (μg/d)
Copper (μg/d)
Iodine (μg/d)
Iron (mg/d)
Magnesium (mg/d)
Molybdenum (μg/d)
Phosphorus (mg/d)
Selenium (μg/d)
Zinc (mg/d)
6.9
2.5
0.4
120
0.7
260
65
3.0
65
13
380
17
2.5
0.5
160
1.0
340
65
4.1
110
17
405
23
4.0
0.8
250
1.5
540
73
5.9
200
26
1,055
35
7.0
1.1
330
2.0
685
95
7.7
340
33
1,055
45
8.5
1.1
320
2.0
700
95
6
330
34
580
45
9.4
1.1
320
2.0
700
95
6
350
34
580
45
9.4
1.4
320
2.0
700
95
6
350
34
580
45
9.4
1.4
320
2.0
700
95
6
350
34
580
45
9.4
0.8
250
1.5
540
73
5.7
200
26
1,055
35
7.0
1.0
330
2.0
685
95
7.9
300
33
1,055
45
7.3
1.1
320
2.0
700
95
8.1
255
34
580
45
6.8
1.1
320
2.0
700
95
8.1
265
34
580
45
6.8
1.3
320
2.0
700
95
5
265
34
580
45
6.8
1.3
320
2.0
700
95
5
265
34
580
45
6.8
1.6
520
2.2
785
160
23
335
40
1,055
49
10.5
1.6
520
2.2
800
160
22
290
40
580
49
9.5
1.6
520
2.2
800
160
22
300
40
580
49
9.5
1.7
450
2.4
985
209
7
300
35
1,055
59
10.9
1.7
450
2.4
1,000
209
6.5
255
36
580
59
10.4
1.7
450
2.4
1,000
209
6.5
265
36
580
59
10.4
cAs niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan.
dAs dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 μg food folate = 0.6 μg of folic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 μg of a supplement taken on an empty stomach.
SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011). These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu.
OCR for page 1106
DRI Dietary Reference Intakes Calcium Vitamin D
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes, Vitamins
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Life Stage Group
Vitamin A (μg/d)a
Vitamin C (mg/d)
Vitamin D (μg/d)b,c
Vitamin E (mg/d)d
Vitamin K (μg/d)
Thiamin (mg/d)
Infants
0–6 mo
400*
40*
10*
4*
2.0*
0.2*
6–12 mo
500*
50*
10*
5*
2.5*
0.3*
Children
1–3 y
300
15
15
6
30*
0.5
4–8 y
400
25
15
7
55*
0.6
Males
9–13 y
600
45
15
11
60*
0.9
14–18 y
900
75
15
15
75*
1.2
19–30 y
900
90
15
15
120*
1.2
31–50 y
900
90
15
15
120*
1.2
51–70 y
900
90
15
15
120*
1.2
> 70 y
900
90
20
15
120*
1.2
Females
9–13 y
600
45
15
11
60*
0.9
14–18 y
700
65
15
15
75*
1.0
19–30 y
700
75
15
15
90*
1.1
31–50 y
700
75
15
15
90*
1.1
51–70 y
700
75
15
15
90*
1.1
> 70 y
700
75
20
15
90*
1.1
Pregnancy
14–18 y
750
80
15
15
75*
1.4
19–30 y
770
85
15
15
90*
1.4
31–50 y
770
85
15
15
90*
1.4
Lactation
14–18 y
1,200
115
15
19
75*
1.4
19–30 y
1,300
120
15
19
90*
1.4
31–50 y
1,300
120
15
19
90*
1.4
NOTE: This table (taken from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu) presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). An RDA is the average daily dietary intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97–98 percent) healthy individuals in a group. It is calculated from an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR). If sufficient scientific evidence is not available to establish an EAR, and thus calculate an RDA, an AI is usually developed. For healthy breast-fed infants, an AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover the needs of all healthy individuals in the groups, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
aAs retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE = 1 μg retinol, 12 μg β-carotene, 24 μg α-carotene, or 24 μg β-cryptoxanthin. The RAE for dietary provitamin A carotenoids is two-fold greater than retinol equivalents (REs), whereas the RAE for preformed vitamin A is the same as RE.
bAs cholecalciferol. 1 μg cholecalciferol = 40 IU vitamin D.
cUnder the assumption of minimal sunlight.
dAs α-tocopherol. α-tocopherol includes RRR-α-tocopherol, the only form of α-tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2R-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (RRR-, RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-α-tocopherol) that occur in fortified foods and supplements. It does not include the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (SRR-, SSR-, SRS-, and SSS-α-tocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements.
eAs niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan; 0–6 months = preformed niacin (not NE).
fAs dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 μg food folate = 0.6 μg of folic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 μg of a supplement taken on an empty stomach.
OCR for page 1107
DRI Dietary Reference Intakes Calcium Vitamin D
Riboflavin (mg/d)
Niacin (mg/d)e
Vitamin B6 (mg/d)
Folate (μg/d)f
Vitamin B12 (μg/d)
Pantothenic Acid (mg/d)
Biotin (μg/d)
Choline (mg/d)g
0.3*
2*
0.1*
65*
0.4*
1.7*
5*
125*
0.4*
4*
0.3*
80*
0.5*
1.8*
6*
150*
0.5
6
0.5
150
0.9
2*
8*
200*
0.6
8
0.6
200
1.2
3*
12*
250*
0.9
12
1.0
300
1.8
4*
20*
375*
1.3
16
1.3
400
2.4
5*
25*
550*
1.3
16
1.3
400
2.4
5*
30*
550*
1.3
16
1.3
400
2.4
5*
30*
550*
1.3
16
1.7
400
2.4h
5*
30*
550*
1.3
16
1.7
400
2.4h
5*
30*
550*
0.9
12
1.0
300
1.8
4*
20*
375*
1.0
14
1.2
400i
2.4
5*
25*
400*
1.1
14
1.3
400i
2.4
5*
30*
425*
1.1
14
1.3
400i
2.4
5*
30*
425*
1.1
14
1.5
400
2.4h
5*
30*
425*
1.1
14
1.5
400
2.4h
5*
30*
425*
1.4
18
1.9
600j
2.6
6*
30*
450*
1.4
18
1.9
600j
2.6
6*
30*
450*
1.4
18
1.9
600j
2.6
6*
30*
450*
1.6
17
2.0
500
2.8
7*
35*
550*
1.6
17
2.0
500
2.8
7*
35*
550*
1.6
17
2.0
500
2.8
7*
35*
550*
gAlthough AIs have been set for choline, there are few data to assess whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the choline requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at some of these stages.
hBecause 10 to 30 percent of older people may malabsorb food-bound B12, it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with B12 or a supplement containing B12.
iIn view of evidence linking folate intake with neural tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 μg from supplements or fortified foods in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet.
jIt is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 μg from supplements or fortified food until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care, which ordinarily occurs after the end of the periconceptional period—the critical time for formation of the neural tube.
SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011). These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu.
OCR for page 1108
DRI Dietary Reference Intakes Calcium Vitamin D
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes, Elements
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Life Stage Group
Calcium (mg/d)
Chromium (μg/d)
Copper (μg/d)
Fluoride (mg/d)
Iodine (μg/d)
Iron (mg/d)
Magnesium (mg/d)
Manganese (mg/d)
Infants
0–6 mo
200*
0.2*
200*
0.01*
110*
0.27*
30*
0.003*
6–12 mo
260*
5.5*
220*
0.5*
130*
11
75*
0.6*
Children
1–3 y
700
11*
340
0.7*
90
7
80
1.2*
4–8 y
1,000
15*
440
1*
90
10
130
1.5*
Males
9–13 y
1,300
25*
700
2*
120
8
240
1.9*
14–18 y
1,300
35*
890
3*
150
11
410
2.2*
19–30 y
1,000
35*
900
4*
150
8
400
2.3*
31–50 y
1,000
35*
900
4*
150
8
420
2.3*
51–70 y
1,000
30*
900
4*
150
8
420
2.3*
> 70 y
1,200
30*
900
4*
150
8
420
2.3*
Females
9–13 y
1,300
21*
700
2*
120
8
240
1.6*
14–18 y
1,300
24*
890
3*
150
15
360
1.6*
19–30 y
1,000
25*
900
3*
150
18
310
1.8*
31–50 y
1,000
25*
900
3*
150
18
320
1.8*
51–70 y
1,200
20*
900
3*
150
8
320
1.8*
> 70 y
1,200
20*
900
3*
150
8
320
1.8*
Pregnancy
14–18 y
1,300
29*
1,000
3*
220
27
400
2.0*
19–30 y
1,000
30*
1,000
3*
220
27
350
2.0*
31–50 y
1,000
30*
1,000
3*
220
27
360
2.0*
Lactation
14–18 y
1,300
44*
1,300
3*
290
10
360
2.6*
19–30 y
1,000
45*
1,300
3*
290
9
310
2.6*
31–50 y
1,000
45*
1,300
3*
290
9
320
2.6*
NOTE: This table (taken from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu) presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). An RDA is the average daily dietary intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97–98 percent) healthy individuals in a group. It is calculated from an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR). If sufficient scientific evidence is not available to establish an EAR, and thus calculate an RDA, an AI is usually developed. For healthy breast-fed infants, an AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover the needs of all healthy individuals in the groups, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
OCR for page 1109
DRI Dietary Reference Intakes Calcium Vitamin D
Molybdenum (μg/d)
Phosphorus (mg/d)
Selenium (μg/d)
Zinc (mg/d)
Potassium (g/d)
Sodium (g/d)
Chloride (g/d)
2*
100*
15*
2*
0.4*
0.12*
0.18*
3*
275*
20*
3
0.7*
0.37*
0.57*
17
460
20
3
3.0*
1.0*
1.5*
22
500
30
5
3.8*
1.2*
1.9*
34
1,250
40
8
4.5*
1.5*
2.3*
43
1,250
55
11
4.7*
1.5*
2.3*
45
700
55
11
4.7*
1.5*
2.3*
45
700
55
11
4.7*
1.5*
2.3*
45
700
55
11
4.7*
1.3*
2.0*
45
700
55
11
4.7*
1.2*
1.8*
34
1,250
40
8
4.5*
1.5*
2.3*
43
1,250
55
9
4.7*
1.5*
2.3*
45
700
55
8
4.7*
1.5*
2.3*
45
700
55
8
4.7*
1.5*
2.3*
45
700
55
8
4.7*
1.3*
2.0*
45
700
55
8
4.7*
1.2*
1.8*
50
1,250
60
12
4.7*
1.5*
2.3*
50
700
60
11
4.7*
1.5*
2.3*
50
700
60
11
4.7*
1.5*
2.3*
50
1,250
70
13
5.1*
1.5*
2.3*
50
700
70
12
5.1*
1.5*
2.3*
50
700
70
12
5.1*
1.5*
2.3*
SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011). These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu.
OCR for page 1110
DRI Dietary Reference Intakes Calcium Vitamin D
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes, Total Water and Macronutrients
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Life Stage Group
Total Watera (L/d)
Carbohydrate (g/d)
Total Fiber (g/d)
Fat (g/d)
Linoleic Acid (g/d)
α-Linolenic Acid (g/d)
Proteinb (g/d)
Infants
0–6 mo
0.7*
60*
ND
31*
4.4*
0.5*
9.1*
6–12 mo
0.8*
95*
ND
30*
4.6*
0.5*
11.0
Children
1–3 y
1.3*
130
19*
NDc
7*
0.7*
13
4–8 y
1.7*
130
25*
ND
10*
0.9*
19
Males
9–13 y
2.4*
130
31*
ND
12*
1.2*
34
14–18 y
3.3*
130
38*
ND
16*
1.6*
52
19–30 y
3.7*
130
38*
ND
17*
1.6*
56
31–50 y
3.7*
130
38*
ND
17*
1.6*
56
51–70 y
3.7*
130
30*
ND
14*
1.6*
56
> 70 y
3.7*
130
30*
ND
14*
1.6*
56
Females
9–13 y
2.1*
130
26*
ND
10*
1.0*
34
14–18 y
2.3*
130
26*
ND
11*
1.1*
46
19–30 y
2.7*
130
25*
ND
12*
1.1*
46
31–50 y
2.7*
130
25*
ND
12*
1.1*
46
51–70 y
2.7*
130
21*
ND
11*
1.1*
46
> 70 y
2.7*
130
21*
ND
11*
1.1*
46
Pregnancy
14–18 y
3.0*
175
28*
ND
13*
1.4*
71
19–30 y
3.0*
175
28*
ND
13*
1.4*
71
31–50 y
3.0*
175
28*
ND
13*
1.4*
71
Lactation
14–18
3.8*
210
29*
ND
13*
1.3*
71
19–30 y
3.8*
210
29*
ND
13*
1.3*
71
31–50 y
3.8*
210
29*
ND
13*
1.3*
71
NOTE: This table (take from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu) presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AI) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). An RDA is the average daily dietary intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97–98 percent) healthy individuals in a group. It is calculated from an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR). If sufficient scientific evidence is not available to establish an EAR, and thus calculate an RDA, an AI is usually developed. For healthy breast-fed infants, an AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover the needs of all healthy individuals in the groups, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
aTotal water includes all water contained in food, beverages, and drinking water.
bBased on g protein per kg of body weight for the reference body weight, e.g., for adults 0.8 g/kg body weight for the reference body weight.
cNot determined.
SOURCE: Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005) and Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005). The report may be accessed via www.nap.edu.
OCR for page 1111
DRI Dietary Reference Intakes Calcium Vitamin D
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Macronutrient
Range (percent of energy)
Children, 1–3 y
Children, 4–18 y
Adults
Fat
30–40
25–35
20–35
n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acidsa (linoleic acid)
5–10
5–10
5–10
n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acidsa (α-linolenic acid)
0.6–1.2
0.6–1.2
0.6–1.2
Carbohydrate
45–65
45–65
45–65
Protein
5–20
10–30
10–35
aApproximately 10 percent of the total can come from longer-chain n-3 or n-6 fatty acids.
SOURCE: Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005). The report may be accessed via www.nap.edu.
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Additional Macronutrient Recommendations
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Macronutrient
Recommendation
Dietary cholesterol
As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet
Trans fatty acids
As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet
Saturated fatty acids
As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet
Added sugarsa
Limit to no more than 25% of total energy
aNot a recommended intake. A daily intake of added sugars that individuals should aim for to achieve a healthful diet was not set.
SOURCE: Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005). The report may be accessed via www.nap.edu.
OCR for page 1112
DRI Dietary Reference Intakes Calcium Vitamin D
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, Vitamins
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Life Stage Group
Vitamin A (μg/d)a
Vitamin C (mg/d)
Vitamin D (μg/d)
Vitamin E (mg/d)b,c
Vitamin K
Thiamin
Riboflavin
Infants
0–6 mo
600
NDe
25
ND
ND
ND
ND
6–12 mo
600
ND
38
ND
ND
ND
ND
Children
1−3 y
600
400
63
200
ND
ND
ND
4−8 y
900
650
75
300
ND
ND
ND
Males
9−13 y
1,700
1,200
100
600
ND
ND
ND
14−18 y
2,800
1,800
100
800
ND
ND
ND
19−30 y
3,000
2,000
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
31−50 y
3,000
2,000
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
51−70 y
3,000
2,000
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
> 70 y
3,000
2,000
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
Females
9−13 y
1,700
1,200
100
600
ND
ND
ND
14−18 y
2,800
1,800
100
800
ND
ND
ND
19−30 y
3,000
2,000
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
31−50 y
3,000
2,000
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
51−70 y
3,000
2,000
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
> 70 y
3,000
2,000
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
Pregnancy
14−18 y
2,800
1,800
100
800
ND
ND
ND
19−30 y
3,000
2,000
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
31−50 y
3,000
2,000
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
Lactation
14−18 y
2,800
1,800
100
800
ND
ND
ND
19−30 y
3,000
2,000
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
31−50 y
3,000
2,000
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
NOTE: A Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. Unless otherwise specified, the UL represents total intake from food, water, and supplements. Due to a lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and carotenoids. In the absence of a UL, extra caution may be warranted in consuming levels above recommended intakes. Members of the general population should be advised not to routinely exceed the UL. The UL is not meant to apply to individuals who are treated with the nutrient under medical supervision or to individuals with predisposing conditions that modify their sensitivity to the nutrient.
aAs preformed vitamin A only.
bAs α-tocopherol; applies to any form of supplemental α-tocopherol.
cThe ULs for vitamin E, niacin, and folate apply to synthetic forms obtained from supplements, fortified foods, or a combination of the two.
OCR for page 1113
DRI Dietary Reference Intakes Calcium Vitamin D
Niacin (mg/d)c
Vitamin B6 (mg/d)
Folate (μg/d)c
Vitamin B12
Pantothenic Acid
Biotin
Choline (g/d)
Carotenoidsd
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
10
30
300
ND
ND
ND
1.0
ND
15
40
400
ND
ND
ND
1.0
ND
20
60
600
ND
ND
ND
2.0
ND
30
80
800
ND
ND
ND
3.0
ND
35
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
3.5
ND
35
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
3.5
ND
35
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
3.5
ND
35
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
3.5
ND
20
60
600
ND
ND
ND
2.0
ND
30
80
800
ND
ND
ND
3.0
ND
35
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
3.5
ND
35
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
3.5
ND
35
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
3.5
ND
35
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
3.5
ND
30
80
800
ND
ND
ND
3.0
ND
35
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
3.5
ND
35
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
3.5
ND
30
80
800
ND
ND
ND
3.0
ND
35
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
3.5
ND
35
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
3.5
ND
dβ-Carotene supplements are advised only to serve as a provitamin A source for individuals at risk of vitamin A deficiency.
eND = Not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects in this age group and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts. Source of intake should be from food only to prevent high levels of intake.
SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamine E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011). These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu.
OCR for page 1114
DRI Dietary Reference Intakes Calcium Vitamin D
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, Elements
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Life Stage Group
Arsenica
Boron (mg/d)
Calcium (mg/d)
Chromium
Copper (μg/d)
Fluoride (mg/d)
Iodine (μg/d)
Iron (mg/d)
Infants
0–6 mo
NDe
ND
1,000
ND
ND
0.7
ND
40
6–12 mo
ND
ND
1,500
ND
ND
0.9
ND
40
Children
1-3 y
ND
3
2,500
ND
1,000
1.3
200
40
4-8 y
ND
6
2,500
ND
3,000
2.2
300
40
Males
9-13 y
ND
11
3,000
ND
5,000
10
600
40
14-18 y
ND
17
3,000
ND
8,000
10
900
45
19-30 y
ND
20
2,500
ND
10,000
10
1,100
45
31-50 y
ND
20
2,500
ND
10,000
10
1,100
45
51-70 y
ND
20
2,000
ND
10,000
10
1,100
45
> 70 y
ND
20
2,000
ND
10,000
10
1,100
45
Females
9-13 y
ND
11
3,000
ND
5,000
10
600
40
14-18 y
ND
17
3,000
ND
8,000
10
900
45
19-30 y
ND
20
2,500
ND
10,000
10
1,100
45
31-50 y
ND
20
2,500
ND
10,000
10
1,100
45
51-70 y
ND
20
2,000
ND
10,000
10
1,100
45
> 70 y
ND
20
2,000
ND
10,000
10
1,100
45
Pregnancy
14-18 y
ND
17
3,000
ND
8,000
10
900
45
19-30 y
ND
20
2,500
ND
10,000
10
1,100
45
61-50 y
ND
20
2,500
ND
10,000
10
1,100
45
Lactation
14-18 y
ND
17
3,000
ND
8,000
10
900
45
19-30 y
ND
20
2,500
ND
10,000
10
1,100
45
31-50 y
ND
20
2,500
ND
10,000
10
1,100
45
NOTE: A Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. Unless otherwise specified, the UL represents total intake from food, water, and supplements. Due to a lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and carotenoids. In the absence of a UL, extra caution may be warranted in consuming levels above recommended intakes. Members of the general population should be advised not to routinely exceed the UL. The UL is not meant to apply to individuals who are treated with the nutrient under medical supervision or to individuals with predisposing conditions that modify their sensitivity to the nutrient.
aAlthough the UL was not determined for arsenic, there is no justification for adding arsenic to food or supplements.
bThe ULs for magnesium represent intake from a pharmacological agent only and do not include intake from food and water.
cAlthough silicon has not been shown to cause adverse effects in humans, there is no justification for adding silicon to supplements.
OCR for page 1115
DRI Dietary Reference Intakes Calcium Vitamin D
Magnesium (mg/d)b
Manganese (mg/d)
Molybdenum (μg/d)
Nickel (mg/d)
Phosphorus (g/d)
Selenium (μg/d)
Siliconc
Vanadium (mg/d)d
Zinc (mg/d)
Sodium (g/d)
Chloride (g/d)
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
45
ND
ND
4
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
60
ND
ND
5
ND
ND
65
2
300
0.2
3
90
ND
ND
7
1.5
2.3
110
3
600
0.3
3
150
ND
ND
12
1.9
2.9
350
6
1,100
0.6
4
280
ND
ND
23
2.2
3.4
350
9
1,700
1.0
4
400
ND
ND
34
2.3
3.6
350
11
2,000
1.0
4
400
ND
1.8
40
2.3
3.6
350
11
2,000
1.0
4
400
ND
1.8
40
2.3
3.6
350
11
2,000
1.0
4
400
ND
1.8
40
2.3
3.6
350
11
2,000
1.0
3
400
ND
1.8
40
2.3
3.6
350
6
1,100
0.6
4
280
ND
ND
23
2.2
3.4
350
9
1,700
1.0
4
400
ND
ND
34
2.3
3.6
350
11
2,000
1.0
4
400
ND
1.8
40
2.3
3.6
350
11
2,000
1.0
4
400
ND
1.8
40
2.3
3.6
350
11
2,000
1.0
4
400
ND
1.8
40
2.3
3.6
350
11
2,000
1.0
3
400
ND
1.8
40
2.3
3.6
350
9
1,700
1.0
3.5
400
ND
ND
34
2.3
3.6
350
11
2,000
1.0
3.5
400
ND
ND
40
2.3
3.6
350
11
2,000
1.0
3.5
400
ND
ND
40
2.3
3.6
350
9
1,700
1.0
4
400
ND
ND
34
2.3
3.6
350
11
2,000
1.0
4
400
ND
ND
40
2.3
3.6
350
11
2,000
1.0
4
400
ND
ND
40
2.3
3.6
dAlthough vanadium in food has not been shown to cause adverse effects in humans, there is no justification for adding vanadium to food, and vanadium supplements should be used with caution. The UL is based on adverse effects in laboratory animals, and this data could be used to set a UL for adults but not children and adolescents.
eND = Not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects in this age group and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts. Source of intake should be from food only to prevent high levels of intake.
SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011). These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu.
OCR for page 1116
DRI Dietary Reference Intakes Calcium Vitamin D
This page intentionally left blank.
