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Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011)
Food and Nutrition Board (FNB)

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. "Summary." Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2011.

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DRI Dietary Reference Intakes Calcium Vitamin D

BOX S-2

Potential Indicators of Health Outcomes for Nutrient Adequacy for Calcium and Vitamin D

Cancer/neoplasms

  • All cancers

  • Breast cancer

  • Colorectal cancer/colon polyps

  • Prostate cancer

Cardiovascular diseases and hypertension

Diabetes (type 2) and metabolic syndrome (obesity)

Falls

Immune responses

  • Asthma

  • Autoimmune disease

    • Diabetes (type 1)

    • Inflammatory bowel and Crohn’s disease

    • Multiple sclerosis

    • Rheumatoid arthritis

    • Systemic lupus erythematosus

  • Infectious diseases

    • Tuberculosis

    • Influenza/upper respiratory infections

Neuropsychological functioning

  • Autism

  • Cognitive function

  • Depression

Physical performance*

Preeclampsia of pregnancy and other non-skeletal reproductive outcomes

Skeletal health (commonly bone health)

  • Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, as intermediate

  • Parathyroid hormone, as intermediate

  • Calcium absorption

  • Calcium balance

  • Bone mineral content/bone mineral density

  • Fracture risk

  • Rickets/osteomalacia

  

*In the discussions related to review of potential indicators, physical performance is considered together with falls.
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Front Matter (R1-R16)
Summary (1-14)
1 Introduction (15-34)
2 Overview of Calcium (35-74)
3 Overview of Vitamin D (75-124)
4 Review of Potential Indicators of Adequacy and Selection of Indicators: Calcium and Vitamin D (125-344)
5 Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy: Calcium and Vitamin D (345-402)
6 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels: Calcium and Vitamin D (403-456)
7 Dietary Intake Assessment (457-478)
8 Implications and Special Concerns (479-512)
9 Information Gaps and Research Needs (513-522)
Appendix A: Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Glossary (523-536)
Appendix B: Issues and Interests Identified by Study Sponsors (537-538)
Appendix C: Methods and Results from the AHRQ-Ottawa Evidence-Based Report on Effectiveness and Safety of Vitamin D in Relation to Bone Health (539-724)
Appendix D: Methods and Results from the AHRQ-Tufts Evidence-Based Report on Vitamin D and Calcium (725-1012)
Appendix E: Literature Search Strategy (1013-1018)
Appendix F: Evidence Maps (1019-1024)
Appendix G: Cases Studies of Vitamin D Toxicity (1025-1034)
Appendix H: Estimated Intakes of Calcium and Vitamin D from National Surveys (1035-1044)
Appendix I: Proportion of the Population Above and Below 40 nmol/L Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Cumulative Distribution of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations: United States and Canada (1045-1058)
Appendix J: Workshop Agenda and Open Session Agendas (1059-1064)
Appendix K: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members (1065-1074)
Index (1075-1102)
Summary Tables: Dietary Reference Intakes (1103-1116)