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I
List of Responses to Request for Information
The responses received by the Decadal Survey in Solar and Space Physics in response to its
request for information (RFI) sent in September 2010 to the solar and space physics community (see
Appendix H) are listed below. The full-text versions of the RFI responses are included in the compact
disk that contains this report.
Ali, Nancy A., et al., Recommendations for Education/Public Outreach (E/PO) Programs: A White Paper
Submitted for Consideration to the NRC Decadal Survey in Solar and Space Physics
To address Education/Public Outreach (E/PO) as a major contributing factor to workforce
development in solar and space physics as well as in creating a scientifically literate American
public.
Araujo-Pradere, Eduardo A., Research To Operations (R2O) Activities, a Natural Conclusion of Research
To detail transitions of academic models to operations, which require an organizational structure
and a clear financial commitment that barely existing today.
Ayres, Thomas R., et al., Ground-Based Solar Physics in the Era of Space Astronomy
To provide a synopsis of a 2009 report commissioned by AURA in advance of the Astro2010 Decadal
Survey concerning the future of ground-based solar physics.
Bach, Bernhard, et al., The Use of a Z-pinch Facility as a Platform for Laboratory Solar Physics
To explore the utilization of Z-pinch facilities to create and investigate the physics of high-energy-
density (HED) plasmas.
Bailey, Scott M., et al., A Mission to Study the Coupling of Atmospheric Regions by Precipitating
Energetic
To understand the atmospheric response to energetic particles, specifically the coupling of
atmospheric regions, as the particle energy is redistributed via dynamical, chemical, and radiative
processes.
Baker, Joseph B. H., et al., The Importance of Distributed Measurements of the Ionospheric Electric Field
for Advancement of Geospace System Science and Improved Space Weather Situational Awareness
To explain the value of networks of ionospheric radars to the space physics community for providing
spatially distributed electric field measurements and should be further developed.
Bala, Ramkumar, Space Weather Forecasting through Association
To advocate for stronger community participation.
Balch, Christoper C., The Next Step in Heliospheric Modeling - Increasing the Interplanetary Observing
Network
To deploy an enhanced interplanetary observing network, consisting of up to 1000 CubeSats, and to
use known technologies and modeling techniques to make order of magnitude improvements in the
accuracy of physics based models for the solar wind and interplanetary CMEs.
Bandler, Simon R., et al., High Spectral Resolution, High Cadence, Imaging X-ray Microcalorimeters for
Solar Physics
To describe a solar-optimized X-ray microcalorimeter, which provides high-resolution spectra at
arcsecond scales to enable a wide range of studies such as the detection of microheating in active
regions, ion-resolved velocity flows, and the presence of non-thermal electrons in hot plasmas.
Bellan, Paul M., Using Laboratory Experiments to Study Solar Corona Physics
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To recommend that the next decade of heliospheric research include advanced laboratory plasma
experiments designed to tackle specific, outstanding coronal issues.
Bernasconi, Pietro N., et al., Solar MAgnetized Regions Tomograph (SMART) Mission
To present a mission to map the solar vector magnetic fields at high spatial resolution at several
heights in the solar atmosphere from the photosphere to the chromosphere across the magnetic
transition region.
Bhattacharjee, Amitava, et al., Advanced Computational Capabilities for Exploration in Heliophysical
Science (ACCEHS) --A Virtual Space Mission
To recommend that NASA, perhaps in partnership with NSF and other agencies, lead by establishing
a new peer-reviewed program in which critical-mass groups of heliophysicists, computational
scientists, and applied mathematicians can be brought together to address transformational science
quest.
Bishop, Rebecca L., et al., Understanding Tropospheric Influences on the
Mesosphere/Thermosphere/Ionosphere Region
To present specific science goals and observational platforms required to perform investigations into
tropospheric and thermospheric/ionospheric coupling.
Bishop, Rebecca L., et al., The International Space Station: Platform for Future Upper Atmospheric
Investigations
To present potential upper atmospheric investigations, sensors, and customers utilizing ISS facilities.
Bookbinder, Jay, et al., The Solar Spectroscopy Explorer Mission
To present the Solar Spectroscopy Explorer (SSE), a small strategic mission built around an X-ray
microcalorimeter and a high spatial resolution EUV imager.
Bortnik, Jacob, et al., MMAP: A Magnetic-field Mapping Mission Concept
To outline a novel mission that aims to observationally map the geomagnetic field from GEO to the
ionosphere in near-real time, using the recently described link between pulsating aurora and chorus
waves.
Bortnik, Jacob, The Critical Role of Theory and Modeling in the Dynamic Variability of the Radiation
Belts and Ring Current
To highlight the critical role that was played by theoretical and modeling projects in the preceding
decade, and to urge the decadal committee to support further modeling efforts dealing with wave-
particle interactions in controlling the structure and dynamics of the radiation belts.
Brown, Benjamin P, et al., An Experimental Plasma Dynamo Program for Investigations of Fundamental
Processes in Heliophysics
To advocate for community-scale laboratory plasma experiments which offer unique opportunities to
probe heliophysically relevant phenomena.
Brown, Michael R., et al., Intermediate-Scale MHD Wind Tunnel
To propose an intermediate scale MHD wind tunnel for turbulence studies in order to illuminate
MHD turbulence processes such as observed in the solar wind.
Budzien, Scott A., et al., Evolved Tiny Ionospheric Photometer (ETIP): A Sensor for Ionospheric
Specification
To address the requirements for space weather sensors, and includes adequate flexibility for
accommodation on a range of future flight opportunities, including microsatellite constellations.
Budzien, Scott A., et al., The Volumetric Imaging System for the Ionosphere (VISION)
To describe a mission for volumetric characterization of the ionosphere using optical tomography.
Budzien, Scott A., et al., Heterogeneous Measurements for Advances in Space Science and Space
Weather Forecasting
To emphasize that space weather forecasting with new, full-physics models requires heterogeneous
datasets with complementary characteristics--not merely a higher volume of any single data type.
Burch, James L., et al., Magnetospheric Causes of Saturn's Pulsar-Like Behavior
To propose a three-spacecraft mission to identify the cause of Saturn's periodicity.
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Burger, Matthew H., et al., Understanding Mercury's Space Environment-Magnetosphere-Exosphere
System: A Unified Strategy for Observational, Theoretical, and Laboratory Research
To maximize the scientific return from these missions by recommending a strong program to combine
ground-based and spacecraft observations, laboratory measurements, and numerical modeling.
Burkepile, Joan R, et al., The Importance of Ground-Based Observations of the Solar Corona
To use a new K-coronagraph that will provide dramatically better data of the very low corona.
Carpenter, Kenneth G., et al., Stellar Imager (SI): Developing and Testing a Predictive Dynamo Model
for the Sun by Imaging Other Stars
To resolve surface magnetic activity and subsurface structure and flows of a population of Sun-like
stars, in order to accelerate the development and validation of a predictive dynamo model for the Sun
and enable accurate long-term forecasting of solar/stellar magnetic activity.
Cassak, Paul, et al., The Development of a Quantitative, Predictive Understanding of Solar Wind-
Magnetospheric Coupling
To propose a multi-pronged and interdisciplinary effort to understand observationally and
theoretically what controls solar wind-magnetospheric coupling and how to predict it.
Chakrabarti, Supriya, et al., Domestication of Scientific Satellites
To use a flexible and scalable satellite system design in order to fill the wide gap between CUBESATs
and Small Explorer missions, and make space accessible to the new generation of explorers.
Chandran, Benjamin D. G., et al., Theoretical Research on Solar Wind Turbulence
To describe several areas in which future research on theory of solar wind turbulence holds
particular promise and offers brief policy recommendations.
Chau, Jorge L, et al., An Ionospheric Modification Facility for the Magnetic Equator
To propose the deployment of an ionospheric modification facility, also called ionospheric heater,
near the geomagnetic equator.
Chi, Peter J., et al., A National Ground Magnetometer Program for Heliophysics Research
To recommend the establishment of a national ground magnetometer program to help coordinate,
maintain, and enhance the magnetometer networks in North America.
Chollet, Eileen E., et al., Career Development for Postdoctoral and Early Career Scientists
To discuss some career development issues early career scientists face and recommends some
community changes that will help the field retain young talent.
Christe, Steven D, et al., The Focusing Optics X-ray Solar Imager (FOXSI)
To learn how and where electrons are accelerated, along which field lines they travel away from the
acceleration site, where they are stopped, and how some electrons escape into interplanetary space
using the Focusing Optics X-ray Solar Imager (FOXSI).
Christian, Eric R., et al., Heliophysics Instrument and Technology Development Program (HITDP)
To describe a Heliophysics Instrument and Technology Development Program (HITDP), to re-
invigorate hardware development, provide a pathway for new technology to be infused into missions,
develop the next generation of instrument scientists, and ensure a healthy science mission program.
Christensen, Andrew B, et al., The International Space Station as a Space Physics Observation Platform
To demonstrate that the Exposed Facility on the JEM module is suitable for sitting optical
instrumentation and conducting scientific experiments.
Chu, Xinzhao, et al., Space Lidar Mission to Study Middle and Upper Atmosphere Dynamics and
Chemistry
To make high-resolution temperature, wind, and Na density measurements in the MLT region, and to
study the upper atmosphere chemistry, structure and dynamics, especially the impact of gravity waves
using a space Na Doppler lidar mission.
Chu, Xinzhao, et al., Whole Atmosphere LIDAR for Whole Atmosphere Study
To profile wind and temperature through the whole atmosphere from ground to 120 km with
superlative accuracy and with whole atmosphere lidar.
Chua, Damien H., et al., Geospace Dynamics Imager: A Mission Concept for Heliospheric and
Magnetospheric Imaging and Space Weather Forecasting
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To provide the first direct, global images of the solar wind-magnetosphere system with the Geospace
Dynamics Imager.
Chutjian, Ara, et al., Laboratory Solar Physics from Molecular to Highly-Charged Ions: Meeting Future
Space Observations of the Solar Plasma and Solar Wind
To describe an addition to the JPL facility to provide a compact storage ring with the new, required
measurement capabilities.
Cirtain, Jonathan W., et al., The High-Latitude Solar-C International Collaboration: Observing the Polar
Regions of the Sun and Heliosphere
To fly a focused suite of instruments designed to study the solar interior flows (by helioseismology),
surface magnetic fields, transition region, and extended corona from an orbit inclined at least 40
degrees to the ecliptic plane.
Clarke, John T, et al., White Paper on Comparative Planetary Exospheres
To observe planetary and satellite exospheres by enhanced ground-based and new earth-orbiting
telescopic instruments.
Claudepierre, Seth G., et al., A CubeSat Constellation to Study Magnetospheric Ultra-Low Frequency
Pulsations
To address the need for a mission to constrain the azimuthal mode number spectrum of
magnetospheric ultra-low frequency (ULF) pulsations.
CoBabe-Ammann, Emily, et al., The Importance of Student Instrument Programs in the Workforce
Development in Solar and Space Physics
To detail how student instrument programs attract, retain and move students through the higher
education pipeline into graduate studies and the scientific and engineering workforce.
Codrescu, Mihail, Data Assimilation for the Thermosphere and Ionosphere
To develop global data assimilation schemes using coupled thermosphere ionosphere models and
large amounts of diverse data.
Cohen, Christina M.S., et al., Protecting Science Mission Investment: Balancing the Funding Profile for
Data Analysis Programs
To address the necessary balance between data analysis funds and support for guest investigator
programs.
Colgate, Stirling A., Experiments to Demonstrate Solar and Astrophysical Dynamos
To explain how experiments shown that turbulence leads primarily to enhanced resistive diffusion
and not a dynamo.
Conde, Mark G., Constructively Growing the Sounding Rocket Program: A Technology Development
Line of Sounding Rocket Launches
To propose that a competitive line of sounding rocket launches be added to the existing scientifically-
competed program.
Cooper, John F., et al., Space Weathering Impact on Solar System Surfaces and Mission Science
To understand how surfaces and atmospheres directly exposed to space environments of planetary
magnetospheres, the heliosphere, and the local interstellar environment are eroded and chemically
modified.
Coster, Anthea J., et al., Investigations of Global Space Weather with GPS
To improve the global distribution of ionospheric sensors.
Cranmer, Steven R., et al., Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectroscopy: A Key Capability for Understanding
the Physics of Solar Wind Acceleration
To describe how UV coronagraph spectroscopy enables measurements of the collisionless processes
responsible for producing the solar wind.
Davila, Joseph M, et al., The International Space Weather Initiative (ISWI)
To detail the deployment of 100 new instruments in Africa and around the world, including GPS,
magnetometers, particle detectors, H-alpha telescopes, and radio spectrographs.
Davila, Joseph M., Understanding Magnetic Storage, Reconnection, and CME Initiation
To trace magnetic fields with high resolution coronagraph.
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dela Beaujardiere, Odile, et al., Global scintillation prediction
To propose a systems-approach mission to predict scintillations from UHF to L-band at all latitudes.
dela Beaujardiere, Odile, et al., Long-Term Changes in the Ionosphere/Magnetosphere System and
Reliable Platform for Innovations in Space Sensors
To accommodate instruments on DWSS that provide the observations required for long-term trends in
the magnetosphere ionosphere system as well as provide a reliable “home” for flight opportunity to
test new instruments.
Denig, William F., et al., On the Utility of Operational Satellite Data to Solar & Space Physics Research
To recommend increased interaction between the operational and research communities is
recommended.
Desai, Mihir I., et al., Particle Acceleration and Transport in the Heliosphere (PATH)
To determine the mechanisms responsible for the acceleration and propagation of SEPs through the
inner heliosphere.
Donovan, Eric, The Great Geospace Observatory and Simultaneous Missions of Opportunity
To present a novel concept of a cost effective multi-agency initiative to fly the "Great Geospace
Observatory" and provide a revolutionary three-dimensional view of Earth's plasma environment.
Dorelli, John C., et al., Computational Heliophysics Innovation Program (CHIP)
To propose that NASA create a program to ensure that the heliophysics community keeps up with the
rapidly advancing high performance computing (HPC) frontier over the next decade.
Doschek, George A., et al., A Concept White Paper for a New Solar Flare Instrument Designed to
Determine the Plasma Parameters in the Reconnection Region of Solar Flares at Flare Onset
To describe a possible Bragg crystal spectrometer experiment that could provide spectroscopic
plasma diagnostics of the reconnection region of solar flares, such as electron temperature,
turbulence, flows, and polarization.
Doschek, George A., The High Resolution Solar-C International Collaboration
To observe simultaneously the photosphere, chromosphere, transition region, and corona at high
spatial, spectral, and temporal resolution with proposed high resolution Solar-C mission.
Dyrud, Lars, et al., A Crucial Space Weather Effect: Meteors and Meteoroids
To understand the interplanetary meteoroid and dust environment to support studies of solar system
evolution, solar wind, upper atmospheric physics, planetary atmospheres and ionospheres, planetary
geology, and manned and unmanned space craft.
Dyrud, Lars, et al., Commercial Access to Space for Scientific Discovery and Operations
To describe the observations required to achieve the greatest scientific advances with arrays of
scientific sensors distributed throughout the system gathering data.
Eastes, Richard W., Far Ultraviolet Imaging of the Earth’s Thermosphere and Ionosphere
To provide full disk images of atmospheric temperature and composition during the daytime and
electron densities in the F2 region of the ionosphere at night using far ultraviolet (FUV) spectral
imaging from geostationary orbit.
Ebbets, Dennis, C., et al., Flight Opportunities for Hosted Payloads on the Iridium NEXT Satellites
To invite ideas for flying sensors as hosted payloads on the NEXT constellation of commercial
communications satellites being developed by Iridium Satellite.
Elkington, Scot R., et al., MORE/ORBITALS: An International Mission to Advance Radiation Belt
Science
To propose support for the MORE/ORBITALS mission, an international collaboration to build a
spacecraft to study the dynamical evolution of the radiation belts.
Emmert, John T., et al., Geospace Climate Present and Future
To understand the systematic response of geospace to natural and anthropogenic forcing for societal
utilization of this environment.
England, Scott L., et al., Concept Paper: An Investigation of the Coupling of the Earth's Atmosphere to its
Plasma Environment
To propose a mission concept that addresses ion-neutral coupling.
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Englert, Christoph, R., et al., Spatial Heterodyne Spectroscopy: An Emerging Optical Technique for
Heliophysics and Beyond
To use the Spatial Heterodyne Spectroscopy (SHS) for NASA missions.
Eparvier, Francis G., The Need for Consistent Funding of Facilities Required for NASA Missions
To avoid the risk of the haphazard, precarious and inconsistent funding of calibration and test
facilities necessary for the success of NASA missions, such as NIST SURF Beamline-2.
Erickson, Philip J., et al., Investigations of Plasmasphere Boundary Layer Processes in the Coupled Earth-
Sun Geospace System
To propose a focused attack on advancing knowledge of ionospheric structuring and space weather
effects driven by M/I coupling in the critically important subauroral plasmasphere boundary layer
(PBL), through use of multipoint measurement networks in both the American and Australian sectors.
Fennell, J. F., et al., The Magnetospheric Constellation Mission
To consider, once again, the original Magnetospheric Constellation Mission concept for
implementation in the next decade.
Fennell, J. F., et al., Mission to Understand Electron Pitch Angle Diffusion and Characterize Precipitation
Bands and Spikes
To understand the processes and answer the questions raised by observations of precipitation bands.
Fennell, J. F., Enhancement of POES Instruments to Provide Better Space Weather Electron Data
To encourage NOAA to seriously consider flying an electron sensor that measures the precipitating
and trapped electron fluxes in the 40-2000 keV energy range on a continuous basis to fulfill
operational and science needs discussed.
Fennell, J. F., et al., Transition Region Exploration (TREx) Mission
To describe the science need for a mission that spans the L* region from 4.5 - 8.5 in the equatorial
plane.
Fleishman, Gregory D., et al., Uncovering Mechanisms of Coronal Magnetism via Advanced 3D
Modeling of Flares and Active Regions
To capitalize on new (or soon to be available) facilities such as SDO, ATST and FASR, and the
challenges they present.
Florinski, Vladimir, et al., The Outer Heliosphere - Solar System's Final Frontier
To discuss the needs for a dedicated theoretical program to study the physics of the outer heliosphere
and to identify four main thrust areas: global structure, pickup ions and anomalous cosmic rays,
galactic cosmic rays, and physics of the termination shock and heliopause.
Foster, John, DASI: Distributed Arrays of Scientific Instruments for Geospace and Space Weather
Research
To demonstrate the importance of a larger-perspective point of view to appreciate how the individual
features of geospace come together.
Frahm, Rudy A., Interaction of the Solar Wind with a Partially Magnetized Planet
To propose a spacecraft experiment that deals with our nearest neighbor planet, Mars, and its
interaction with the space environment.
Frazier, Jesse, Alternate Magnetic Thermodynamics Study
To encourage NASA to prefigure its balance of energy and matter transfer of Heat to Force without
the silent sparks brutalization.
Fritts, Dave, et al., Solar Forcing of the Thermosphere and Ionosphere from below: Coupling via Neutral
Wave Dynamics
To describe the motivations for a mission addressing neutral atmosphere - ionosphere coupling via
neutral waves propagating into the thermosphere and ionosphere from the lower atmosphere and the
auroral zone.
Fritz, Theodore A., et al., Particle Acceleration and Entry of Solar Wind Energy into the Magnetosphere
To recommend the investigation of energetic particle acceleration in the cusp and the contributions of
such a population to the plasma sheet and radiation belt.
Fry, Dan J., et al., Solar Proton Event Risk Modeling for Variable Duration Human Spaceflight
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To propose a strategy that will utilize agency science to feed the development of needed near-term
probabilistic models that assess Solar Proton Event risk for long-duration human exploration.
Fuller-Rowell, Tim, et al., Forecasting Ionospheric Irregularities
To discuss the pressing need to develop a capability to forecast the likely occurrence of ionospheric
irregularities and their detrimental impact on communications and navigation.
Fung, Shing F., et al., MAGnetosphere-Ionosphere Connector (MAGIC): Investigation of
Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling from High-to-Low Latitudes
To propose the MAGnetosphere-Ionosphere Connector (MAGIC) mission having a high-altitude
satellite for auroral and plasmaspheric imaging and multiple lower-orbiting spacecraft for
simultaneous in situ and radio sounding measurements.
Fuselier, Stephen A., et al., Stereo Magnetospheric Imaging (SMI) Mission
To use the Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) imaging mission using two spacecraft at the lunar L4 and
L5 Lagrange points to investigate plasma processes at the bow shock and magnetopause, in the cusps
and magnetotail, lunar interactions, and heliospheric and interstellar phenomena.
Gary, Dale E., et al., The Frequency Agile Solar Radiotelescope (FASR)
To address a wide range of science goals with a solar-dedicated radio telescope in a high state of
readiness, with superior imaging capability and broad frequency coverage.
Gary, Dale E., et al., Particle Acceleration and Transport on the Sun
To describe the comprehensive observations required to understand particle acceleration and
particle transport on the Sun.
Gentile, L.C., et al., Scintillation and Energy Input for Space Situational Awareness and Monitoring the
Environment (SESSAME)
To provide a new generation of space environmental monitoring instruments, and to measure high
latitude energy input and scintillation at both high and equatorial latitudes.
Gentile, L.C., et al., Constellation for Heliospheric and Ionospheric Equatorial Forecasting of Scintillation
(CHIEFS)
To advance our understanding of ionospheric effects on communication and navigation systems with
a constellation of small dedicated satellites orbiting the equator combined with data from ground-
based instruments.
Gentile, L.C., et al., Polar and Equatorial Communication Outage Satellites (PECOS)
To give a low cost solution that meets many of our current space weather objectives with three paired
constellations of small satellites flying in multiple orbits.
Giampapa, Mark S., et al., Asteroseismology: The Next Frontier in Solar-Stellar Physics
To enable comparative studies of the influence of parameters such as rotation and convection zone
structure on dynamo-related magnetic activity at all relevant time scales.
Giampapa, Mark, S., et al., Causes of Solar Activity
To emphasize the critical importance of a sustained program of long-term, high-continuity
observations of the solar magnetic field by a network of groundbased synoptic-type instruments.
Gilbert, Jason A., What Composition Measurements Could Have Done For Solar Probe Plus
To examine the science benefits that composition data would have brought to the Solar Probe Plus
missions which explores the source regions of the solar wind and of inner-source pickup ions.
Gjerloev, Jesper W, et al., Auroral Forms and Their Role in the Dungey Convection Cycle
To urge the committee to include the fundamental science objectives: What is the role of meso-scale
auroral forms in the Dungey global convection cycle?
Gjerloev, Jesper W
Supermag: The Global Ground Based Manetometer Initiative
To urge the Decadal Report Committee to acknowledge the strength of the ground based
magnetometer data set and the need for global collaborations such as SuperMAG.
Golub, Leon, et al., RAM: The Reconnection and Microscale Mission
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To outline a new approach to understanding the dynamic activity of hot, magnetized plasmas using
the best example available, the solar corona with the goal of determining the configurations which
lead to energy release and to locate sources of high energy particles.
Goncharenko, Larisa P., et al., Coupling Through Planetary Waves: from the Stratosphere to Ionospheric
Irregularities
To propose an observational strategy that would investigate potential effects of planetary waves on
irregularities.
Goode, Philip, The 1.6 m Clear Aperture Optical Solar Telescope in Big Bear – The NST
To describe how this largest aperture (1.6 m) solar telescope will provide an essential complement to
SDO, Hinode and other satellite data, especially as a probe of the space weather.
Gopalswamy, Nat, et al., EarthAffecting Solar Causes Observatory (EASCO): A New View from
SunEarth L5
To outline the concept of a mission that will make remote-sensing and in-situ measurements from the
Sun – Earth Lagrange point L5 to understand the origin and evolution of large-scale solar
disturbances such as coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and corotating interaction regions (CIRs).
Gross, Nicholas, et al., Value and Need of Helio and Space Physics Summer Schools
To highlight the value of space physics summer schools are highlighted and to encourage the
continued funding of similar efforts.
Gross, Nicholas, Value of Enhanced Mentoring in Space and Helio Physics
To outlines the value of enhancing mentoring that a center provides through exposure of students to a
broad range of mentors and activities.
Grotheer, Emmanuel B., et al., Determination of Optical Spectra and G-values for Negative Ions of Low-
Mass Atoms and Molecules
To determine negative ions’ emission spectra and g-values and to discuss interactions of solar wind
with Mercury’s magnetosphere and surface.
Habbal, Shadia R., et al., Exploring the Physics of the Corona with Total Solar Eclipse Observations
To support total solar eclipse observations in the visible and near infrared wavelength range, to
explore the physics of the corona, in particular on 21 August 2017.
Heelis, Rod, Magnetosphere Atmosphere Coupling Mission (MACM)
To discover the spatial and temporal scales over which the ionosphere and thermosphere respond to
magnetospheric energy inputs, and to determine how magnetospheric sources and wind dynamos
contribute to the electric field in the ionosphere and thermosphere.
Heelis, Rod, Space-Atmosphere Boundary Layer Electrodynamics (SABLE)
To uncover the pathways through which energy from the magnetosphere and solar wind is
redistributed in Earth's atmosphere.
Hess, Sebastien L. G., et al., Exploration Of The Uranus Magnetosphere
To propose a middle size mission to explore the Uranus magnetosphere with a minimal set of
instruments which are necessary to address the most compelling questions about the Uranus
magnetosphere, and to improve our understanding of the solar wind-magnetosphere interactions in
general.
Hill, Frank, et al., Helioseismology
To require ground-based multi-wavelength observations, and space-based multi-viewpoint
measurements in order to further our understanding of space physics.
Hill, Frank, et al., The need for synoptic optical solar observations from the ground
To recognize the value of long-term observations in our understanding of the Sun and its activity
cycle and provide sufficient resources to obtain and improve the measurements.
Holzworth, Robert H., Lightning Influence on Ionosphere and Magnetosphere Plasma
To discuss the influence of lightning on ionoshere and magnetosphere processes, give history behind
ourcurrent knowledge, and suggest that lightning generated plasma waves may be much more
important to magnetospheric and ionospheric physics than we realize.
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Horanyi, Mihaly, et al., iDUST: Interstellar and Interplanetary Dust Near Earth A mission concept for
“dust tomography” of the heliosphere
To observe the inward transport of interstellar dust and the outflow of near-solar dust and to explore
dusty plasma processes throughout the heliosphere.
Huang, Cheryl, A satellite mission concept to study thermosphere-ionosphere coupling
To present a satellite mission concept to study ion-neutral coupling with an improvement in satellite
drag modelling.
Huba, Joseph D., et al., A Comprehensive, First-principles Model of Equatorial Ionospheric Irregularities
and Turbulence
To develop a new modeling capability that describes the onset and development of equatorial
ionospheric irregularities covering a spatial range of 10s cm to 1000s km.
Hudson, Hugh S., et al., Solar Flares and the Chromosphere
To emphasize the need to put new programs in place to follow up the Hinode and SDO successes, and
to take advantage of modern modeling prowess and ground-based data to understand this
complicated but physically fundamental domain.
Hughes, W. Jeffrey, The Future of Modeling the Space Environment
To detail the need for a cohesive team of space and computational scientists and software engineers
is needed to develop a modern space environment model.
Intrator, Thomas P., et al., Fundamental heliophysics processes: Unsteady wandering magnetic field lines,
turbulence, magnetic reconnection, and flux ropes
To use complementing Earth based experimental collaborations and observation, simulation, and
theory to understand unsteady, 3D, MHD-like energy conversion.
Israel, Martin H., et al., The Effect of the Heliosphere on Galactic and Anomalous Cosmic Rays
To improve GCR and ACR observations in order to better our understanding of how the
interplanetary magnetic field modulates both Galactic and anomalous cosmic rays in the inner solar
system.
Jackson, Bernard V., et al., SWIRES, a Solar Wind Instrument for REmote Sensing
To propose SWIRES (Solar Wind Instrument for REmote Sensing), a visible-light imager that
provides solar wind bulk density measurements from an 840 km Sun-synchronous terminator polar
orbit.
Jackson, Bernard V., et al., "PERSEUS", a Pegasus Explorer for remote sensing and in-situ space science
To use PERSEUS instruments provide all sky coverage that enables mapping and 3D reconstruction
of the heliosphere.
Jensen, Elizabeth A., et al., Campaign Observations of the Heliosphere During the STEREO Superior
Conjunction
To measure simulataneously magnetic, velocity, and density fields of the heliosphere using the radio
signal from natural sources and spacecraft in superior conjunction.
Ji, Hantao, et al., Next Generation Experiments for Laboratory Investigations of Magnetic Reconnection
Relevant to Heliophysics
To describe the scientific opportunity for next generation laboratory experiments to study magnetic
reconnection in regimes directly relevant to space and solar plasmas.
Ji, Hantao, Strengthening Heliophysics Through Coordinated Plasma Astrophysics Programs With
Laboratory Plasma Physics and Astrophysics
To introduce scientific opportunities articulated by Workshop on Opportunities in Plasma
Astrophysics or WOPA, and to recommend close coordinations with laboratory plasma physics and
astrophysics to strengthen heliophysics programs.
Johnson, Les, et al., Solar Sail Propulsion: Enabling New Capabilities for Heliophysics
To enable a heliophysics missions with solar sail technology, and to conceive an initial
demonstration which could carry scientific payloads.
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Johnston, Janet C., et al., Detecting and Tracking Solar Ejecta with Next-Generation Heliospheric
Imaging Systems
To accomplish a low-risk L5 imager, and/or an L1 or LEO Sun-Earth line imager, banking on
knowledge gained from SMEI and STEREO.
Jones, Andrew R., et al., The Importance of Fundamental Laboratory Measurements to NASA
Heliophysics
To stress the importance of fundamental laboratory measurements of quantities such as cross
sections, atomic scattering factors and reaction rates that are vital to interpreting data from existing
and future missions, as well as essential for instrument design.
Judge, Philip G., Measuring magnetic free energy in the solar atmosphere
To offer a credible method for measuring free magnetic energy in the solar atmosphere with infrared
imaging technology.
Kanekal, Shrikanth G., et al., Heliospheric Particle Explorer: Advancing our Understanding of
Magnetospheric, Solar Energetic Particle, and Cosmic Ray physics
To propose a low earth orbiting satellite with an instrument payload that measure energetic particles
over a wide range of energies and species.
Kashyap, Vinay L., et al., The Sun as a Star
To argue for an increased focus on studies that target solar-stellar connections.
Keeley, Helena, Using KEEL Technology for Vehicle Prognostics & Diagnostics, and for Other Space
Applications
To address how Compsim’s KEEL Technology can be applied horizontally in the heliophysics realm
(Theory & Modeling, Innovations: Technology, Instruments, and Data systems), and to describe how
KEEL can satisfy NASA’s future space needs which would otherwise cost billions of dollars.
Keesee, Amy M., et al., A campaign to understand mechanisms responsible for ion heating in magnetic
reconnection
To propose a multidisciplinary campaign to address the mechanisms of ion heating in magnetic
reconnection.
Keil, Stephen L., et al., Science and Operation of the Advanced Technology Solar Telescope
To outline the science goals for ATST and to express its ability to impact our understanding of the
sun.
Keil, Stephen L., et al., Generation, Evolution and Destruction of Solar Magnetic Fields
To measure the Sun’s magnetic fields on their natural physical scales with a large aperture solar
telescope, namely ATST.
Keiling, Andreas, A Holistic Ionosphere-Auroral Zone-Magnetosphere Investigation
To outline a holistic ground-spacecraft mission with four-point conjunctions along magnetic flux
tubes connecting the ionosphere, the auroral acceleration region and the outer magnetosphere.
Kepko, Larry, et al., A NASA-funded CubeSat Program
To argue for a small augmentation to the SSOPD program to allow for CubeSats as an available
science and technology platform.
Kepko, Larry, et al., Magnetospheric Constellation
To trace the transport of mass and energy across the boundaries of and within Earth’s
magnetosphere using a constellation of up to 36 small satellites.
Klimchuk, James A., Maximizing NASA's Science Productivity
To argue that the science productivity of NASA’s Heliophysics Science Division is not maximized by
the current program balance, and to recommend that research and analysis (R&A) funding be
gradually increased by 10% of the HSD budget to an eventual target of 20-25% of the total budget.
Klumpar, David M., et al., The Technological Case for TinySats (CubeSats and Nanosatellites) in Support
of Heliophysics Research
To establish that rapid developments in electronics miniaturization, new manufacturing techniques,
and new materials and the development of a cadre of commercial suppliers of small satellite
subsystems fortify the technical readiness of CubeSats for Heliophysics research.
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Ko, Yuan-Kuen, et al., Breakthrough Toward Understanding The Solar Wind Origin
To make a breakthrough in the next decade toward understanding the origin of the solar wind by
utilizing solar spectroscopic observations and in situ solar wind ion composition measurements.
Ko, Yuan-Kuen, et al., Systematic Science for Future Missions
To examine carefully ways and strategy for future fleets of space missions that can achieve
systematic, optimal science, including not only identifying a set of key measurements that should not
be sacrificed, but also the coordination of the locations and timing of data availability.
Komjathy, Attila, et al., Detecting Tsunami Generated Ionospheric Perturbations Using GPS
Measurements
To increase our understanding of the relationship between tsunamis and the ionosphere.
Korendyke, Clarence M, et al., Fine scale Advanced Coronal and Transition Region Spectrometer
(FACTS) Mission: An Imaging Spectroscopy Mission to Observe Physical Processes of the Solar
Chromosphere, Transition Region, and Corona
To determine and characterize the dominant physical processes responsible for the structure,
dynamics and evolution of the upper solar atmosphere.
Kosovichev, Alexander, et al., Solar Dynamo
To advance out understanding of the physical mechanisms of magnetic field generation and
formation of magnetic structures on the Sun.
Krall, Jonathan, et al., Physica-based modeling of the plasmasphere
To argue case that a key priority of U.S. space physics enterprise should be to develop a physics-
based numerical model of the coupled magnetosphere-ionosphere system that will describe the
plasmasphere and its interactions with the ionosphere, magnetosphere and ring current.
Kucharek, Harald, et al., Multi-Scale Investigations of Fundamental Physical Processes
To understand the role of coupling between different scales on particle acceleration, energy
dissipation, and plasma transport in shocks, reconnection, and turbulence.
Laming, J. Martin, et al., Science Objectives for an X-Ray Microcalorimeter Observing the Sun
To present the science case for a broadband X-ray imager with high-resolution spectroscopy,
including simulations of X-ray spectral diagnostics of both active regions and solar flares.
Laming, J. Martin, et al., Understanding the Coronal Abundance Anomalies of the Sun
To emphasize the importance of the FIP abundance anomaly in regions of the solar corona and wind,
especially for the insight it provides into wave-particle interactions in the solar atmosphere and how
these might inform models of coronal heating.
Larsen, Miguel F., et al., Diffusion and transport near the turbopause
To address the poorly understood turbulent diffusion and transport processes in the lower
thermosphere and the need for more extensive in situ observations of the neutral dynamics in the
region.
Lawrence, David J., et al., Using Solar Neutrons to Understand Solar Acceleration Processes
To use the information provided by neutrons to improve our understanding of solar acceleration
processes.
Lazio, Joseph, et al., Magnetospheric Emission from Extrasolar Planets
To describe the effort needed to detect and use the magnetospheric emissions from extrasolar planets
to help us understand the nature of the planets/magnetospheres.
Lehmacher, Gerald, Small-scale neutral-ion coupling in the mesosphere
To address the fundamental science questions “What governs the coupling of neutral and ionized
species in the mesosphere?” and “What is responsible for the variability of the ionization layers in
the mesosphere?”
Lemon, Colby L, et al., The Importance of Ion Composition and Charge State Measurements for
Magnetospheric Physics
To advocate for more ion composition instruments in the magnetosphere on future missions in order
to resolve outstanding questions in magnetospheric physics.
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Lepri, Susan T, et al., Solar Wind and Suprathermal Ion Composition Measurements: An Essential
Element of Current and Future Space Missions
To discuss the vital role of solar wind and suprathermal composition measurements in resolving
major outstanding science questions regarding reconnection, particle acceleration and improving
space weather predictions.
Lessard, Marc R., et al., The importance of ground-observations and the role of distributed arrays in Polar
regions
To describe the importance of high-latitude ground-based observations, emphasizing the importance
of instrument development, distributed arrays of instruments and multi-instrument observations.
Lewis, Laurel M., The Determination of the Effects of Major Impacts on Global Geophysical and
Geological Parameters
To study global geologic and geophysical parameters in response to solar/galactic fields in order to
better understand the past influence impact has had on Earth history as well as to better determine
the probability of future events.
Li, Gang, et al., A “Swarm” Mission to Study Particle Acceleration at Interplanetary Shocks
To propose a mission to study particle acceleration at interplanetary shocks via a swarm of
spacecraft.
Li, Xinlin, et al., Energetic Particles from a highly Inclined Constellation (EPhIC)
To address solar flares and solar energetic particles reaching at Earth, the loss rate of Earth’s
radiation belt electrons, and the effect of these energetic particles on the chemistry and dynamics of
Earth's middle and upper atmosphere.
Liewer, Paulett C., et al., Solar Polar Imager: Observing Solar Activity from a New Perspective
To target the unexplored polar regions enabling crucial observations not possible from lower
latitudes with a 0.48-AU orbit with an inclination of 75º and a solar sail.
Lin, Chin S, et al., Predict Neutral Density
To improve predictions of satellite drag with physics-based atmospheric density models.
Lin, Chin S., et al., Research-to-Operation of Predicting Neutral Density
To use physics-based atmospheric density models to improve research-to-operation of predicting
satellite.
Lin, Chin S., et al., CubeSat Orbital Drag Experiment
To exploit the CubeSat opportunity provides the unprecedented capability of long-term, routine high-
accuracy measurements of thermospheric variability by accelerometers.
Lin, Robert P., et al., Expansion of the Heliophysics Explorer Program
To point out that Heliophysics Explorer missions have the best success record in all respects of any
space missions.
Lin, Robert P., et al., The Multi-spacecraft Inner Heliosphere Explorer (HELIX)
To propose a five spacecraft mission to study large scale solar transients in the inner heliosphere and
their acceleration of particles to high energies.
Lin, Robert P., et al., Solar Eruptive Events (SEE) 2020 Mission Concept
To propose a complement of advanced new instruments focusing on the coronal energy release and
particle acceleration sites of major solar eruptive events.
Lind, Frank D., Next Generation Space Science with the Geospace Array
To address science topics from the lower atmosphere, through the ionosphere and heliosphere, and to
the surface of the Sun and beyond with a globally deployed Geospace Array.
Livi, Stefano A., et al., Solar Wind Ion Composition Measurements
To establish physical links between the outward transport of solar energy and the solar wind and to
provide direct measurements of solar eruption products in coronal mass ejections.
Love, Jeffrey J., Long-term coordinated ground and satellite monitoring of the ring current
To propose improved long-term, low-latitude ground and space-based magnetometer monitoring for
at least an entire solar cycle.
Luhmann, Janet G., et al., Guest Investigator and Participating Scientist Programs
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To express that Guest Investigator (GI) and Participating Scientist (PS) programs, and mission
modeling and theory teams, provide major enhancements to the science potential of NASA's missions.
Luhmann, Janet G., et al., Extended Missions: Engines of Heliophysics System Science
To summarize arguments for supporting the Heliophysics System Observatory (HSO), the engine of
heliospheric systems science.
Lyons, Larry R., Conceptual Framework for Space Weather Dynamics: an Interplay of Large and
Mesoscale Structure within the Nightside Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere System
To allow for unprecedented comprehensive interdisciplinary study of the coupled magnetosphere-
ionosphere-thermosphere system with new facilities and model development now, and to coordinate
the use of these capabilities for transformational understanding of structure, dynamics, and
disturbances.
Lystrup, Makenzie, et al., A Multi-Spacecraft Jupiter Space Plasma Explorer
To propose a multi-spacecraft Jupiter explorer mission to measure the jovispace plasma environment
in key locations simultaneously - within & without the magnetosphere, in the plasma disc & in
boundary regions, in the dawn & dusk flanks - all while monitoring solar wind and auroral energy
output.
Mabie, Justin J., A Comprehensive and Continuous Record of Ground Based Space Weather
Observations
To modernize a comprehensive climatology of ground based space weather observations collected
from magnetometers, ionosondes, and other methods.
MacDonald, Elizabeth A., et al., A science mission concept to actively probe magnetosphere-ionosphere
coupling
To describe how directly mapping magnetic field lines from a magnetospheric satellite to their
ionospheric footpoints using an on-board electron emitter and ground imaging techniques can
answer long-standing fundamental questions of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling.
MacDowall, Robert J., et al., A Radio Observatory on the Lunar Surface for Solar studies (ROLSS)
To image solar radio bursts at frequencies < 10 MHz is described with a lunar-based radio
telescope.
Makela, Jonathan J., et al., A North American Thermosphere Ionosphere Observation Network
To implement ground-based multi-instrument sites to understand fundamental spatio-temporal
processes in the Earth's ionosphere/ thermosphere/mesosphere system.
Mannucci, Anthony J., Global Ionospheric Storms
To discuss Global Ionospheric Storms as an important sub-field of study within solar and space
physics.
Mannucci, Anthony J., Research To Operations: Continuous Improvement
To suggest a path forward that, over time, will lead to steadily improving operational capabilities in
space weather.
Mannucci, Anthony J., et al., GNSS Geospace Constellation (GGC): A Cubesat Space Weather Mission
Concept
To recommend technology investment in miniaturized GPS receivers that can be deployed on
Cubesats for ionospheric remote sensing.
Mannucci, Anthony J., et al., Estimating The Forces That Drive Ionosphere And Thermosphere
Variability: Continuous Data And Assimilative Modeling
To advocate developing a model-based approach to retrieving the driving forces from measurements
of electron density structure and dynamics.
Marshall, Robert A., Ionospheric forcing from below: Effects of lightning
To demonstrate that extension of single-discharge studies to global effects are required to quantify
the coupling in ionosphere forcing.
Marshall, Robert A., Ground-based Space Weather Instrument Suites
To propose that the geoscience community foster a class of instrumentation that involves multi-
instrument ground-based suites, similar to satellite instrumentation.
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Martinis, Carlos, Neutral winds in the upper atmosphere
To measure neutral winds in the upper atmosphere in a global spatial and temporal scale to
understand many processes involving electro-dynamics and ion-neutral coupling.
Matthaeus, William H., et al., Turbulence and Nonlinear Dynamics and its many effects in Solar and
Heliospheric Physics
To call attention to the broad implications of nonlinearity and turbulence within the complex, coupled
solar and heliospheric system.
Mauel, Michael E, et al., Development and Validation of Space Weather Models using Laboratory Dipole
Experiments
To present remarkable opportunities for the development and validation of Space Weather models of
magnetospheric dynamics with today’s dipole experiments.
Mazur, Joseph E., Ultra-heavy Nuclei in Solar Flare: the Rarest Elements in the Sun
To use UH abundances to understand nucleosynthesis and further processing of matter in flare
acceleration, interplanetary acceleration, and transport.
Mazur, Joseph E., Low-impact space environment sensors required on every NASA space vehicle
To include the requirement to field such low-impact sensors on every vehicle and the requirement to
collect and synthesize the data in a centralized repository.
Mazur, Joseph E., Need to Measure Solar Energetic Particle Ionization States from ~1 to above 100
MeV/nucleon
To propose one or more charged particle sensors in low-Earth polar orbit to infer the ionization state
using the geomagnetic cutoff technique.
Mazur, Joseph E., Unintended Effects of Increasing Reliance on Science Requirements
To detail the unintended consequences of the practice of tracking NASA science missions with project
management systems that establish and monitor requirements for science.
Mazur, Joseph E., Unexploited Heliophysics Data Sets
To explain the value of the particle and plasma datasets collected from highly-inclined and low-Earth
orbit research into the sources and dynamics of the near-Earth trapped and precipitating particle
environments.
McComas, David J., et al., Interstellar Mapping Probe (IMAP) Mission Concept: Illuminating the Dark
Boundaries at the Edge of our Solar System
To enable discovery of the detailed processes of the heliosphere/LISM interaction.
McConnell, Mark L., et al., X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Polarimetry of Solar Flares
To determine of the extent to which flare accelerated electrons are beamed with robust high energy
polarization measurements.
McCormack, John P., et al., High Altitude Data Assimilation: Characterizing the Effects of Solar
Variability from the Ground to the Thermosphere
To improve the observational characterization of the atmospheric response to solar variations with a
high-altitude data assimilation system capable of exploiting a both satellite-based and ground-based
observations using state-of-the-art assimilation techniques.
McDonald, Sarah E., et al., The Importance of Thermospheric Winds for Ionospheric Modeling
Variations in the neutral wind drive a complex system of ionospheric currents and electric fields,
which profoundly influence the structure and composition of the ionosphere. We present specific
examples where neutral wind measurements are needed to enable reliable ionospheric modeling.
McHarg, Matthew G., et al., Measuring Energy Inputs and ITM Response Using a Constellation of Small
Satellites
McIntosh, Scott W., et al., The Solar Chromosphere: The Inner Frontier of the Heliospheric System
To discuss the status of chromospheric physics and the frontiers that are opening up following recent
observational discoveries.
McIntosh, Scott W., et al., ChroMag: The Community Synoptic Chromospheric Magnetograph
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To capture the relentlessly dynamic chromospheric environment through cutting-edge multi-
wavelength imaging spectro-polarimetry of the full solar disk at a resolution approaching one
arcsecond, in a few seconds.
McNutt, Ralph L., Jr., et al., Interstellar Probe
To describe an Interstellar Probe that can be launched during the coming decade.
Merkin, Viacheslav G., et al., Synergy Between Large Data Sets, First-Principles and Empirical Models
of the Magnetosphere
To advocate for the need of support for programs that build on synergy between currently available
and future large data sets of ionospheric and magnetospheric measurements and physics-based
models of the ionosphere-thermosphere-magnetosphere system.
Mertens, Christopher J., et al., Nowcast of Atmospheric Ionizing Radiation for Aviation Safety
To describe the Nowcast of Atmospheric Ionizing Radiation for Aviation Safety (NAIRAS), a
prototype operational model for predicting commercial aircraft radiation exposure from galactic and
solar cosmic rays.
Mertens, Christopher J., et al., Ionospheric E-Region Chemistry and Energetics
To propose an Earth-observing, multi-satellite science mission to explore the last remaining frontier
in upper atmospheric research – the ionospheric E-region.
Miesch, Mark, S, et al., The Importance of Polar Observations in Understanding the Solar Dynamo
To remedy the lack of data on the polar regions of the Sun, providing transformative insight into the
dynamic origins of cyclic solar magnetic activity.
Millan, Robyn M., et al., NASA's Balloon Program: Providing World-Class Science, Technology
Development, and Vital Training of the Next Generation of Space Physicists
To summarize examples of balloon-based science accomplishments and future opportunities and to
advocatr continued support of the ULDB program, increased support for small and mid-sized
payloads and balloon flotillas, and appropriately scaled funding for development of new experiments.
Miller, Ethan S., Initiation of Irregularities in the Equatorial F-Region Ionosphere
To explore several theories and a variety of space- and ground-based measurements that will be
useful to test theories on the initiation of irregularities in the equatorial F region ionosphere.
Mitchell, Donald G., et al., GEospace Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Neutral Interaction (GEMINI)
To describe GEMINI, which uses two identical spacecraft in an 8 RE circular polar orbit for global,
continuous imaging of the ring current, plasma sphere, atmospheric UV and auroral emissions.
Mitchell, Elizabeth J., Center for Magnetosphere and Ionosphere Decoupling Investigations
To outline an initiative to correct the erroneous assumption of polar cap symmetry in ring current
and radiation belt models.
Mlynczak, Martin G., et al., Spectral Signatures of Geospace Climate Change
To propose continued measurement of infrared spectral signatures of the energy balance of the
geospace environment in order to identify and attribute causes and consequences of geospace climate
change.
Moebius, Eberhard, et al., NASA’s Explorer Program as a Vital Element to Further Heliophysics
Research
To detail the importance of Explorers to a mix of large and small mission opportunities for
Heliophysics in maintaining innovative research and a diverse infrastructure, and in training the
future workforce.
Moore, Thomas E., et al., Mechanisms of Energetic Mass Ejection
To achieve the overarching objective: “Origins of Near Earth Plasmas; to understand the transport
of terrestrial gas and plasma from its atmospheric source into the Magnetosphere and downstream
Solar Wind” [2009 Heliophysics Roadmap].
Moore, Thomas E., Laboratory for Active Space Experiment Research (LASER)
To present a case for the resumption of active space experimentation in Heliophysics.
Moses, J.D., Magnetic Properties of the Solar Atmosphere
To overcome the observational gap in the measurements of the coronal magnetic field.
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Nossal, Susan M., Long Term Observations for Trend Studies
To address the importance of long-term observations for understanding the chemical and physical
processes affecting the whole atmosphere system, as well as recommend obtaining observations to
enable long-term trend studies into the future.
Oberheide, Jens, et al., Short-term variability of the IT system
To propose that the A-I-M panel recommends a comprehensive observation program to untangle the
complex web of interacting processes and wave coupling that causes day-to-day variability in the IT
system.
Oberoi, Divya, et al., Heliospheric Science at Low Radio Frequencies
To describe how the new generation of low radio frequency telescopes provides effective means to
exploit the electromagnetic propagation effects to probe the heliosphere, and to present the
possibility of characterizing it in unprecedented detail.
Oberoi, Divya, et al., High-Fidelity Coronal Imaging at Low Radio Frequencies
To describe how spectroscopic imaging of the Sun at low radio frequencies with next-generation
radio interferometers can play a crucial role in addressing many long-standing puzzles related to
magnetic fields and heating mechanisms in the solar corona.
O'Brien, Thomas P., Long-term monitoring of the global space environment
To propose a long-term inner magnetosphere monitor in a geosynchronous transfer orbit, NASA-to-
NOAA (research to operations) transfer of future NASA explorers after the end of their science
mission.
Onsager, Terrance G., Need for Explicit Basic and Applied Research Funding
To advocate for distinct lines of funding by the U.S. civilian agencies for basic space physics research
and the development of space weather applications, maintaining distinct requirements for both.
Osten, Rachel A., Deepening the Solar/Stellar Connection for a Better Understanding of Solar and Stellar
Variability
To motivate a deepening of the solar/stellar connection, by recognizing it as a mutual relationship
from which both solar physicists and stellar astronomers can benefit.
Oza, Nikunj C., et al., Data Mining for Heliophysics
To recommend new data mining techniques are needed to support new breakthroughs in heliophysics.
Papadopoulos, Dennis, Active Experiments in Space - Ionospheric Heaters
To describe a program that uses ionospheric heaters with ground and space diagnostics to study in a
“cause and effect” space plasma processes of key importance to space plasma physics and
geophysics.
Pevtsov, Alexei A., Long-term Plan for Ground Based Solar Physics
To draw attention to need for development a comprehensive long-term plan for groundbased solar
physics.
Pfaff, Robert, et al., Understanding Geospace on a Grand Scale: The Global Ionosphere/Thermosphere
Constellation
To propose a Frontier Mission consisting of a constellation of observing platforms that would sample
the ionophere and thermosphere at all local times and latitudes and hence provide a revolutionary
advance towards understanding the processes that define this critical region of Geospace.
Pfaff, Robert, et al., Sounding Rockets as Indispensable Research Platforms for Heliophysics Research
and Development of a High Altitude Sounding Rocket
To provide an overview of the rocket program’s capabilities that are critical for Heliophysics
Research and to describe the very exciting High Altitude Sounding Rocket (HASR) initiative.
Pilewskie, Peter, et al., The Total and Spectral Solar Irradiance Sensor: Response to the National
Academy of Science Decadal Strategy for Solar and Space Physics
To recommend continuity of the measurements of total and spectral solar irradiance from space.
Podesta, John, et al., High-resolution, High-accuracy Plasma, Electric, and Magnetic Field Measurements
for Discovery of Kinetic Plasma Structures and Processes in the Evolving Solar Wind
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To address the need for high cadence, high accuracy plasma and field measurements to diagnose
kinetic scale processes in the solar wind and interplanetary medium.
Rast, Mark P., et al., Next Steps in Solar Spectral Irradiance Studies
To understand the solar spectral output and its coupling to climate is a challenge in the next decade
with full-disk radiometric imaging of the Sun, high-res observation and modeling of globally
unresolved dynamics, and coupling to models of radiative and dynamical processes at Earth.
Reardon, Kevin P., et al., Approaches to Optimize Scientific Productivity of Ground-based Solar
Telescopes
To explain the value in the broader use of high-resolution, ground-based solar observations by the
solar physics community and the need for university programs to train young scientists in the analysis
of such data.
Rempel, Matthias, et al., Modeling of Magnetic Flux Emergence Across Scales
To summarize recent progress in modeling flux emergence from the base of the convection zone into
the solar corona and to detail the need for modeling capabilities and large coordinated teams of
investigators that are currently not supported through available programs.
Retterer, John M., Next Gen IT Modeling Infrastructure for Space Weather Forecasting
To describe new infrastructure required for progress in ionosphere/thermosphere modeling, both for
scientific progress and operational utility.
Richardson, John D., et al., The Heliospheric Interaction with the LISM: Observations and
To emphasize the scientific progress to be made by continuation of the Voyager mission with
appropriate theoretical and modeling support.
Rickard, Lee J, et al., The Long Wavelength Array (LWA): A Large HF/VHF Array for Solar Physics,
Ionospheric Science, and Solar Radar
To provide a new approach for studying the Sun-Earth environment from the surface of the sun
through the Earth’s ionosphere.
Ridley, Aaron J., et al., A Constellation Mission to Understand the Thermospheric Reaction to Energy
Input Across Scales
To propose a ionosphere/thermosphere constellation mission utilizing Micro-Satellites to study the
dynamics of the upper atmosphere after energy input.
Roberts, D Aaron, et al., The Heliophysics Data Environment as an Enabler of HP Science of the Next
Decade
To argue for the continued support of a "Heliophysics Information System," as recommended in the
previous HP Decadal Report, as is being developed by many groups.
Roddy, Patrick A., et al., The Atmospheric Density Specification Experiment
To propose a neutral mass spectrometer mission to feed these models of the neutral thermosphere
and improve atmospheric drag forecasts.
Roelof, Edmond C., et al., Telemachus Redux
To describe Telemachus, a technologically-ready low-to-medium cost dual-mode mission that
addresses basic science questions of the dynamics of the sub-surface, surface, and coronal dynamics
of the polar regions of the Sun, and the non-ecliptic solar wind, fields and energetic particles.
Rowland, Douglas E., et al., The Tropical Coupler Mission
To provide a complete understanding of the forcing of the ionosphere and lower thermosphere by
stratospheric and tropospheric effects at low latitudes, as well as determine the causes and
consequences of internal ionospheric instabilities.
Russell, Christopher T., et al., Determination of How Charged Interplanetary Dust Affects the Flowing
Magnetized Solar Wind
To learn more about the mutual effect of the solar wind and charged dust orbiting the Sun.
Ryan, James M, et al., Ground Based Measurements of Galactic and Solar Cosmic Rays
To discuss the merits of measuring and monitoring solar and galactic cosmic rays at ground level.
Rymer, Abigail M., The Case for Exploring Uranus’ Magnetosphere.
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To advocate support from the heliophysics community for a dedicated mission to Uranus, launched in
the time-frame 2020-2023 and designed to make detailed in-situ observations of the unique Uranian
magnetosphere.
Sanchez, Ennio R., et al., Magnetic Meridian Ring of Incoherent Scatter Radars: Supporting Science
Discovery and Tracing AIM Weather, Climate, and Global Change
To locate atmospheric observatories, built around incoherent scatter radars, at points all around a
single geomagnetic meridian and to provide global system scientists, modelers, and data consumers
with the high quality data they require.
Scherb, Frank, The Abundance of Deuterium and He3 in the Solar Wind
To describe a novel instrument for detecting and measuring solar wind deuterium.
Schreiner, William S., Using Space-Based GNSS Radio Occultation Data for Ionospheric and Space
Weather Applications
To provide global measurements of ionospheric TEC, density and scintillations with a follow-on
COSMIC-2 mission consisting of a 12-satellite constellation.
Schrijver, Carolus J., et al., The Solar Magnetic Dynamo and its Role in the Formation and Evolution of
the Sun, in the Habitability of its Planets, and in Space Weather around Earth.
To understand the solar magnetic dynamo by combining numerical studies and theory with
observations of the evolving surface field of Sun and stars, and of solar and stellar internal flows.
Schwadron, N. A., et al., Research to Operations (Res2Ops) -- Opportunities for Center Development
To maintain the required breadth of expertise needed for successful transitioning of research to
operations with the formation of a number of research-to-operations Centers at Universities and
Labs.
Schwadron, Nathan A., et al., NESSC Summer School for Undergraduates in Space Physics
To describe the New England Space Science Consortium (NESSC), which can provide both
governance and lecturers in a new one or two week summer school for undergraduate students that
provides students with an intellectual background to help in the pursuit of research projects (e.g., an
REU gateway) and graduate programs
Semeter, Joshua, et al., Energy Transfer from the Solar Wind to the Solid Earth
To establish the global force balance governing the interaction between the solar wind and the
magnetosphere using distributed measurements from ground and from space, coupled through first-
principles modeling.
Shih, Albert Y., et al., Solar Ion Acceleration and the Flaring Atmosphere
To discuss the open science questions, the remotely observable signatures (e.g., gamma rays,
neutrons, and ENAs), and several instrument concepts that are associated with understanding solar
ion acceleration, as well as the aspects of the flaring atmosphere that are probed by energetic ions.
Siskind, David E, et al., Dynamical Ground-to-Space (G2S) Coupler
To outline the recent science linking the lower to the upper atmosphere and discusses measurement
strategies to understand these couplings.
Smith, Charles W., et al., The Case for Continued, Multi-Point Measurements in Space Science
To preserve the distributed assets of space science constitute the heliospheric "Great Observatory"
and this unique creation with all the opportunities it represents.
Smith, David M., et al., The High-Energy Sun at High Sensitivity: A NuSTAR Solar Guest Investigation
Program
To describe the extraordinary solar science expected from NuSTAR, a NASA Small Explorer satellite
to be launched in 2012 primarily for astrophysical observations, and to outline the advantages of a
dedicated Guest Investigator program specifically to support NuSTAR solar observations.
Smith, Steven M., Gravity Wave Coupling Processes Between the Lower Atmosphere and the
Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere.
To forecast space weather phenomena with a fundamental understanding of the dynamics (e.g.,
energy and momentum flux budgets, chemistry, etc) of the earth’s atmosphere as a whole system.
Smith, Steven M., Neutral Temperature and Wind Measurements Earth’s Thermosphere.
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To produce more accurate neutral temperature and wind climatologies of the earth’s lower
thermosphere in the altitude range 100 – 300 km.
Snow, Martin A., et al., The Importance of Solar EUV and FUV Irradiance Measurements for Space
Weather and Atmospheric Modeling
To extend the data record of solar EUV and FUV irradiances should continue to be a priority of the
heliophysics community understand both the long-term (climate) and short-term (space weather)
influence of the Sun on the atmosphere.
Sojka, Jan J., Adoption of a Paradigm Shift for Space Exploration
To present a case for collaboration between all space science funding agencies to support synergistic
activities that benefit all, and to provide the links between science and applications that will produce
the societal benefits that we expect.
Solomon, Stanley C., et al., Modeling and Measurement of Upper Atmosphere Climate Change
To understand and quantify the increasing temperatures of the upper atmosphere with a program of
model development and space-based measurements.
Spann, James F., et al., A cross-agency enabling effort focused on space weather observations and
research-to-operation transition
To present an approach to address the lack of a robust national coordinated research-to-application
program for space weather and a lack of sufficient relevant space- and ground-based observations by
proposing a joint federal agency program involving NASA, NOAA and NSF.
Spann, James F., et al., A NASA Applied Spaceflight Environments Office Concept
To present a solution to the NASA problem that there is no coordinated activity to harness the
valuable knowledge and products across the field centers related to spaceflight environments, which
includes space weather.
Spann, James F., et al., Dynamic Geospace Coupling Mission
To address fundamental questions related to plasma processes that determine how energy and
momentum from the solar wind propagate downward through geospace to Earth and to proposes a
multi-spacecraft implementation with imaging and in situ instruments.
St. Cyr, O. C., et al., Space Weather Diamond: A 10x Improvement in Real-Time Forecasting
To promote an applied heliophysics mission concept named “Space Weather Diamond” to facilitate
the connection between science and societal needs (e.g., improvements in space weather prediction)
by providing an order of magnitude improvement over present-day L1 monitors.
St. Cyr, O. C., et al., Solar Orbiter: Exploring the Sun-Heliosphere Connection
To describe the ESA/NASA Solar Orbiter mission, including the science and mission design.
Stephan, Andrew W., et al., Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere-Mesosphere (ITM) Mapping Across
Temporal and Spatial Scales
To provide a robust method for obtaining necessary routine space weather maps of the near-Earth
space weather volume for both scientific inquiry and operational users by combining global imaging
and low-altitude sensors measuring ultraviolet airglow.
Stevens, Michael H., et al., Direct Observations of Global-Scale Transport in the Lower Thermosphere
To study global-scale dynamics by observing tracers injected by launch vehicles from a satellite in
geosynchronous orbit.
Stoneback, Russell A, et al., Effective Aperture Behavior on the Earth and Sun
To investigate the apparent equivalence between high latitude currents on both the Earth and Sun to
currents used to calculate the diffracted field produced by an aperture.
Streltsov, Anatoly V., Multi-scale Electrodynamics of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Interactions
To address observations from satellites, sounding rockets, and radars conducted in the high-latitude
magnetosphere and the ionosphere which frequently measure intense unexplained electromagnetic
fields and currents.
Strong, Keith T., et al., 4PI: A Global Understanding of the Solar Cycle
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To provide the first continuous view of the solar magnetic field and plasma dynamics mapped from
below the surface into the corona, over all solar longitudes with extended polar coverage, and tracks
the evolution of the dynamo(s) throughout at least a solar cycle.
Swenson, Charles, M, et al., CubeSats in Heliophysics Research
To emphasize that CubeSat technologies represent a significant opportunity for achieving multipoint
observations from within the space environment.
Swenson, Gary R., Remote Sensing the Upper Atmosphere with Lidar from Space
To use Lidar (LIght Detection And Ranging) remote sensing of the atmosphere for tropospheric
remote sensing of clouds and aerosols on the NASA CALIPSO satellite.
Szabo, Adam, et al., Solar Wind Kinetic Physics: High Time Resolution Solar Wind Measurements from
the DSCOVR Mission
To provide a unique opportunity to obtain unprecedented high time resolution solar wind
measurements from the Sun-Earth L1 Lagrange point at minimal NASA cost.
Szabo, Adam, et al., Energetic Particle Propagation and Coronal Mass Ejection Evolution in the Inner
Heliosphere: Multi-point in-situ Solar Sentinels Observations
To provide in-situ particles and fields observations to answer questions of SEP transport and ICME
evolution in the inner heliosphere with a Solar Sentinels mission, that consists of four, identically
instrumented spinning spacecraft in 0.25 x 0.76 AU orbits.
Talaat, Elsayed R., et al., Electrodynamics Observations with Numerous Satellites
To distribute a suite of small satellites in local time at F-region altitudes with essential
instrumentation to be able to address ion-neutral coupling and the roles of the disturbance dynamo,
tidal dynamos and magnetospheric penetration electric fields in determining the global
electrodynamics.
Tomczyk, Steven, et al., COSMO - The COronal Solar Magnetism Observatory
To present the science justification and technical overview of the Coronal Solar Magnetism
Observatory (COSMO), a facility dedicated to the measurement of magnetic fields and plasma
properties in the solar corona to advance our understanding of the Sun's generation of Space
Weather.
Tylka, Allan J., Heliophysics System Science and Funding for Extended Missions
To offer suggestions and recommendations regarding adequate funding for extended missions
concerning all areas of Heliophysics science.
Valladares, Cesar E., On Understanding the Origin of Plasma Density Variability Within the Polar Caps
To describe two ionospheric processes that contribute to the high variability of the plasma density
within the polar cap: Polar cap patches and Sun aligned arcs.
Velli, Marco, et al., SAFARI: Solar Activity Far Side Investigation
To explore the origins of solar magnetic activity by carrying out observations of the velocity and
magnetic fields at the solar surface from a vantage point widely separated from the Earth in
longitude.
Vial, Jean-Claude, Fast UV Spectro-imagery for Solar Physics
To argue that imagining Fourier Transform Spectroscopy should be pursued to measure temperature,
density, ionization, abundance, along with magnetic and velocity fields in the solar atmosphere in 3D
and time, in the high chromosphere, corona and the transition region.
Vourlidas, Angelos, et al., Mission to the Sun-Earth L5 Lagrangian Point: An Optimal Platform for
Heliophysics & Space Weather Research
To argue that a research-to-operations approach is the best strategy to foster the vibrancy of our
field in the next decade, spearheaded by a mission to the L5 Lagrangian point.
Vourlidas, Angelos, et al., A Proposal to Lighten The Burden of International Traffic in Arms
Regulations on Heliophysics Research
To describe the problem of the over;y restricted regulatory regime on science missions classified as
“defense systems” and provide a set of recommendations to improve this situation.
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Walterscheid, Richard, et al., Gravity Wave Propagation in the in the Dissipative and Diffusively
Separated Thermosphere
To further understand the upward coupling of waves from the lower atmosphere new observations
combined with models of acoustic-gravity waves for thermospheric regions where rapid dissipation
and diffusive separation prevail.
Walterscheid, Richard L., et al., Effects of Large Amplitude Planetary Waves in the Ionosphere and
Thermosphere
To demonstrate clear evidence that tides and planetary waves strongly affect each other, and the
particularly interesting case of the rapid amplification of the southern hemisphere two-day wave
(TDW) to very large amplitudes via interactions with tides.
Walterscheid, Richard L., et al., The Paired Ionosphere-Thermosphere Orbiters (PITO) Mission:
Multipoint Geospace Science in 3D
To utilize two spacecraft in equal but opposite eccentric orbits so that when one is at apogee the
other is at perigee and located within the field of view of the other and to use combined
measurements of the best features of remote sensing (coverage) with in situ measurements (detail).
White, Stephen M, et al., Coronal Magnetic Fields
To outline the difficulties we face in making advances in coronal magnetism and to describe the
developments needed to make progress over the next decade.
Wilson, Gordon R, et al., Local Response of the Ionosphere/Thermosphere to High-Latitude Energy
Deposition
To design a mission to monitor the atmospheric response in a local high-latitude region while
simultaneously measuring the magnetospheric energy input to that region.
Wood, Kent S., et al., Continuous FUV/EUV Imaging of the Ionosphere from Geosynchronous Orbit
To use new imaging systems to generate measurements in 2-dimensional formats continuously for
large regions with high spatial resolution.
Wu, Qian, Global Airglow Interferometer Limb-scanner (GAIL) A New Thermospheric Wind Instrument
To describe a new concept of high altitude limb-scan instrument: Global Airglow Interferometer
Limb scanner (GAIL), which will measure the thermospheric winds (200 to 300 km) by recording
wind induced Doppler shift in the O 630 nm airglow emission day and night.
Yizengaw, Endawoke, et al., Understanding the Unique Equatorial Electrodynamics in the African Sector
To propose the ground-based scientific instrument arrays in the African sector, a region that has
been devoid of ground-based instrumentation for space science, in order to address the physics
behind the unique equatorial ionospheric irregularities and bubbles often observed.
Zank, G.P., et al., A White Paper Advocating a Heliophysics Theory Mission
To recommend a major theory program that has the status of a Mission.
Zank, G.P., et al., Role of the National Science Foundation ATM/GEO Directorate in promoting and
supporting Space Physics
To recommend that the NSF ATM/GEO Directorate not limit funding of heliospheric research to
within 1 AU.
Zhang, Shunrong, et al., Understanding Upper Atmospheric Climate and Change
To detail the effect that the changes Earth’s upper atmosphere, thermospheric density, and
ionospheric electron density will have on human activities.
Zhang, Yongliang, et al., Partition and Variability of the Magnetospheric Energy Input into the Polar
Ionosphere
To address questions on partition and variability of the magnetospheric energy input to the polar
ionosphere, their dissipation, and their relation to the solar wind condition with multi-satellite and
ground-chain measurements.
Zhou, Xiaoyan, et al., Dayside Aurora and Auroral Conjugacy
To discuss the scientific significance of dayside and conjugate auroras that have less ambiguity in the
connection to their causes.
Zhu, Ping, Meso Scale Transients in Magnetotail and Their Roles in Substorm Dynamics
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To propose to systematically investigate meso scale transients in magnetotail, which may play key
roles in mediating and regulating the transition process from the late substorm growth phase to the
beginning of onset expansion.
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