National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: 6 Comparison of the Material in the Letters with Samples in the FBI Repository
Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Research Council. 2011. Review of the Scientific Approaches Used During the FBI's Investigation of the 2001 Anthrax Letters. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13098.
×

Bibliography

Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., and P. Walter. 2002. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th ed. New York: Garland Science.

Andersen, G.L., Simchock, J.M., and K.H. Wilson. 1996. Identification of a region of genetic variability among Bacillus anthracis strains and related species. J Bacteriol, 178(2):377-384.

Atlas, R.M. 2002. Responding to the threat of bioterrorism: A microbial ecology perspective—the case of anthrax. Int Microbiol, 5(4):161-167.

Baron, P.A., Estill, C.F., Deye, G.J., Hein, M.J., Beard, J.K., Larsen, L.D., et al. 2008. Development of an aerosol system for uniformly depositing Bacillus anthracis spore particles on surfaces. Aerosol Sci Technol, 42(3):159-172.

Barrick, J.E., and R.E. Lenski. 2009. Genome-wide mutational diversity in an evolving population of Escherichia coli. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol, 74:119-129.

Beecher, D. 2006. Forensic application of microbiological culture analysis to identify mail intentionally contaminated with Bacillus anthracis spores. Appl Environ Microbiol, 72:5304-5310.

Beyer, W., Glöckner, P., Otto, J., and R. Böhm. 1995. A nested PCR method for the detection of Bacillus anthracis in environmental samples collected from former tannery sites. Microbiol Res, 150(2):179-186.

BioOne. 2005. Country’s Final Anthrax Decontamination to be Completed This Month by BioOne. Press Release. Retrieved June 17, 2010, from http://www.bioone.com/2005_0323.htm.

Bouzianas, D.G. 2009. Medical countermeasures to protect humans from anthrax bioterrorism. Trends Microbiol, 17(11):522-528.

Bozue, J., Moody, K.L., Cote, C.K., Stiles, B.G., Friedlander, A.M., Welkos, S.L., et al. 2007. Bacillus anthracis spores of the bclA mutant exhibit increased adherence to epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells but not to macrophages. Infect Immun, 75(9):4498-4505.

Brahmbhatt, T.N., Janes, B.K., Stibitz, E.S., Darnell, S.C., Sanz, P., Rasmussen, S.B., et al. 2007. Bacillus anthracis exosporium protein BclA affects spore germination, interaction with extracellular matrix proteins, and hydrophobicity. Infect Immun, 75(11):5233-5239.

Brookmeyer, R., Blades, N., et al. 2001. The statistical analysis of truncated data: Application to the Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak. Biostatistics, 2(2):233-247.

Brookmeyer, R., Johnson, E., et al. 2005. Modelling the incubation period of anthrax. Stat Med, 24(4):531-542.

Budowle, B. 2009. University of North Texas Health Science Center. Presentation to the committee, July 31.

Budowle, B., Schutzer, S.E., Burans, J.P., Beecher, D.J., Cebula, T.A., Chakraborty, R., et al. 2006. Quality sample collection, handling, and preservation for an effective microbial forensics program. Appl Environ Microbiol, 72(10):6431-6438.

Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Research Council. 2011. Review of the Scientific Approaches Used During the FBI's Investigation of the 2001 Anthrax Letters. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13098.
×

Bush, L.M., Abrams, B.H., Beall, A., and C.C. Johnson. 2001. Index case of fatal inhalational anthrax due to bioterrorism in the United States. N Engl J Med, 345(22):1607-1610.

Carrera, M., Zandomeni, R.O., Fitzgibbon, J., and J.L. Sagripanti. 2007. Difference between the spore sizes of Bacillus anthracis and other Bacillus species. J Appl Microbiol, 102(2):303-312.

CBS News.com. 2008. Anthrax Suspect Reportedly Commits Suicide: Top Biodefense Researcher Knew Justice Department Was About to File Charges. Retrieved June 17, 2010, from http://wbztv.com/national/anthrax.scientist.suicide.2.785279.html.

CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2001a. Ongoing Investigation of Anthrax—Florida, October 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 50(40):877.

CDC. 2001b. Update: Investigation of Anthrax Associated with Intentional Exposure and Interim Public Health Guidelines, October 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 50(41):889-893.

CDC. 2001c. Update: Investigation of Bioterrorism-Related Anthrax and Interim Guidelines for Exposure Management and Antimicrobial Therapy, October 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 50(42):909-919.

Cole, L.A. 2009. The Anthrax Letters: A Bioterrorism Expert Investigates the Attacks that Shocked America. New York: Skyhorse Publishing.

Colwell, R. 2009. University of Maryland College Park and Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. Presentation to the committee, September 24.

Cybulski, R.J., Jr., Sanz, P., Alem, F., Stibitz, S., Bull, R.L., and A.D. O’Brien. 2009. Four superoxide dismutases contribute to Bacillus anthracis virulence and provide spores with redundant protection from oxidative stress. Infect Immun, 77(1):274-285.

Didenko, V.V. 2001. DNA probes using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET): Designs and applications. Biotechniques, 31(5):1106-1116, 1118, 1120-1121.

DPG (United States Army Dugway Proving Ground). 2004. SEM Photos of B. antracis [sic] Ames Production, Dugway Proving Grounds [sic]. (B1M13D4).

DPG. 2006. Final Report for the Analytical Chemistry Analysis of Anthrax Powders, DTC Project Number 8-CO-480-000-0068. February 1. (B1M13D3).

Driks, A. 2009. The Bacillus anthracis spore. Mol Aspects Med, 30(6):368-373.

Dull, P.M., Wilson, K.E., et al. 2002. Bacillus anthracis aerosolization associated with a contaminated mail sorting machine. Emerg Infect Dis, 8(10):1044-1047.

Easterday, W.R., Van Ert, M.N., Simonson, T.S., Wagner, D.M., Kenefic, L.J., Allender, C.J., et al. 2005a. Use of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the plcR gene for specific identification of Bacillus anthracis. J Clin Microbiol, 43(4):1995-1997.

Easterday, W.R., Van Ert, M.N., Zanecki, S., and P. Keim. 2005b. Specific detection of Bacillus anthracis using a TaqMan mismatch amplification mutation assay. Biotechniques, 38(5):731-735.

Elena, S.F., and R.E. Lenski. 2003. Evolution experiments with microorganisms: The dynamics and genetic bases of adaptation. Nat Rev Genet, 4(6):457-469.

Ember, L.R. 2006. Anthrax sleuthing: Science aids a nettlesome FBI criminal probe. Chem Eng News, 18(49):47-54.

FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation). 2011. Communication to the committee, January 3.

FBI. 2010a. Communication to the committee, January 13.

FBI. 2010b. Communication to the committee, January 25.

FBI. 2009. Presentation to the committee, September 24.

FBI. 2008a. The Search for Anthrax, Retrieved September 12, 2010, from http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/famous-cases/anthrax-amerithrax/the-search-for-anthrax.

FBI. 2008b. Anthrax Investigation: Closing a Chapter, August 6. Headline Archives. Retrieved June 16, 2010, from http://www.fbi.gov/page2/august08/amerithrax080608a.html.

FBI. 2008c. Press Conference for Scientific Media with Dr. Vahid Majidi, Assistant Director of the FBI Weapons of Mass Destruction Directorate and Dr. D. Christian Hassell, FBI Laboratory Director Regarding the Science of the Anthrax Investigation. FBI National Press Office, August 18. Washington, D.C.

FBI/USDOJ (United States Department of Justice). 2011. Presentation to the committee, January 14.

Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Research Council. 2011. Review of the Scientific Approaches Used During the FBI's Investigation of the 2001 Anthrax Letters. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13098.
×

Fenselau, C.C. 2005. Forensic Science and Counterterrorism. Presentation before 17th Sanibel Conference on Mass Spectrometry.

Fisher, B.A.J. 2005. Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation, 7th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

Fitch, J.P., Raber, E., Imbro, D.R. 2003. Technology challenges in responding to biological or chemical attacks in the civilian sector. Science, 302:1350-1354.

FoxNews.com. 2001. $1 Million Reward Offered for Information on Anthrax Terrorists. Retrieved June 17, 2010, from http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,36761,00.html.

Fraser-Liggett, C. 2009. Institute of Genome Sciences and University of Maryland School of Medicine. Presentation to the committee, July 31.

Freed, D. 2010. The Wrong Man. Atlantic Magazine. May.

Freedman, D., Pisani, R., and R. Purves. 2007. Statistics, 4th ed. New York: W.W. Norton.

Friedlander, A.M., and S.F. Little. 2009. Advances in the development of next-generation anthrax vaccines. Vaccine, 27 Suppl 4, D28-D32.

Gallucci-White, G. 2008. Detrick Anthrax Scientist Commits Suicide as FBI Closes In. Frederick News-Post, August 1.

Gardner, R.M. 2005. Practical Crime Scene Processing and Investigation. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Greene, C.M., Reefhuis, J., Tan, C., Fiore, A.E., Goldstein, S., Beach, M.J., et al. 2002. Epidemiologic investigations of bioterrorism-related anthrax, New Jersey, 2001. Emerg Infect Dis, 8(10):1048-1055.

Guillemin, J. 1999. Anthrax: The Investigation of a Deadly Outbreak. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Gwertzman, B. 1980. The New York Times, March 19, p. 1.

Hassell, C. 2009. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Presentation to the committee, July 30.

Heine, H. 2010. Formerly United States Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases. Presentation to the committee, April 22.

Henderson, I., Yu, D., and P.C. Turnbull. 1995. Differentiation of Bacillus anthracis and other “Bacillus cereus group” bacteria using IS231-derived sequences. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 128(2):113-118.

Henriques, A.O., and C.P. Moran, Jr. 2007. Structure, assembly, and function of the spore surface layers. Annu Rev Microbiol, 61:555-588.

Hirota, R., Hata, Y., Ikeda, T., Ishida, T., and A. Kuroda. 2010. The silicon layer supports acid resistance of Bacillus cereus spores. J Bacteriol, 192(1):111-116.

Hoch, J.A. 2000. Two-component and phosphorelay signal transduction. Curr Opin Microbiol, 3(2):165-170.

Hoffmaster, A.R., Fitzgerald, C.C., Ribot, E., Mayer, L.W., and T. Popovic. 2002. Molecular subtyping of Bacillus anthracis and the 2001 bioterrorism-associated anthrax outbreak, United States. Emerg Infect Dis, 8(10):1111-1116.

Hogan, W.R., Cooper, G.F., et al. 2007. The Bayesian aerosol release detector: An algorithm for detecting and characterizing outbreaks caused by an atmospheric release of Bacillus anthracis. Stat Med, 26(29):5225-5252.

Holt, K.E., Y.Y. Teo, et al. 2009. Detecting SNPs and estimating allele frequencies in clonal bacterial populations by sequencing pooled DNA. Bioinformatics, 25(16):2074-2075.

Inglesby, T.V., O’Toole, T., Henderson, D.A., Bartlett, J.G., Ascher, M.S., Eitzen, E., et al. 2002. Anthrax as a biological weapon, 2002: Updated recommendations for management. JAMA, 287(17):2236-2252.

Jackson, P.J., Walthers, E.A., Kalif, A.S., Richmond, K.L., Adair, D.M., Hill, K.K., et al. 1997. Characterization of the variable-number tandem repeats in vrrA from different Bacillus anthracis isolates. Appl Environ Microbiol, 63(4):1400-1405.

Jackson, P.J., Hugh-Jones, M.E., et al. 1998. PCR analysis of tissue samples from the 1979 Sverdlovsk anthrax victims: The presence of multiple Bacillus anthracis strains in different victims. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95(3):1224-1229.

Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Research Council. 2011. Review of the Scientific Approaches Used During the FBI's Investigation of the 2001 Anthrax Letters. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13098.
×

Jernigan, D.B., Raghunathan, P.L., Bell, B.P., Brechner, R., Bresnitz, E.A., Butler, J.C., et al. 2002. Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax, United States, 2001: Epidemiologic findings. Emerg Infect Dis, 8(10):1019-1028.

Johnson, N.L., , Kemp, A.W., and S. Kotz. 2005. Univariate Discrete Distribution, 3rd ed. New York: Wiley. Chapter 6.

Johnstone, K., Ellar, D.J., and T.C. Appleton. 1980. Location of metal ions in Bacillus megaterium spores by high-resolution electron probe X-ray microanalysis. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 7:97-101.

Keim, P. 2002a. Forensic Analysis of Putative Anthrax Samples, Batch E0001. February 18, 2002. (B1M3D2).

Keim, P. 2002b. MLVA-15 Molecular Typing (Evidence Number E0001). April 16, 2002. (B1M3D2). Keim, P. 2009. Northern Arizona University. Presentation to the committee, September 24.

Keim, P., Klevytska, A.M., Price, L.B., Schupp, J.M., Zinser, G., Smith, K.L., et al. 1999. Molecular diversity in Bacillus anthracis. J Appl Microbiol, 87(2):215-217.

Keim, P., Pearson, T., and R. Okinaka. 2008. Microbial forensics: DNA fingerprinting of Bacillus anthracis (anthrax). Anal Chem, 80(13):4791-4799.

Keim, P., Price, L.B., Klevytska, A.M., Smith, K.L., Schupp, J.M., Okinaka, R., et al. 2000. Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis reveals genetic relationships within Bacillus anthracis. J Bacteriol, 182(10):2928-2936.

Kendall, C., and T.B. Coplen. 2001. Distribution of oxygen-18 and deuterium in river waters across the United States. Hydrolog Proc, 15(7):1363-1393.

Kolsto, A.B., Tourasse, N.J., and O.A. Okstad. 2009. What sets Bacillus anthracis apart from other Bacillus species? Annu Rev Microbiol, 63:451-476.

Kreuzer-Martin, H.W., Chesson, L.A., Lott, M.J., and J.R. Ehleringer. 2005. Stable isotope ratios as a tool in microbial forensics—part 3. Effect of culturing on agar-containing growth media. J Forensic Sci, 50(6):1372-1379.

Kreuzer-Martin, H.W., and K.H. Jarman. 2007. Stable isotope ratios and forensic analysis of microorganisms. Appl Environ Microbiol, 73(12):3896-3908.

Kreuzer-Martin, H.W., Lott, M.J., Dorigan, J., and J.R. Ehleringer. 2003. Microbe forensics: Oxygen and hydrogen stable isotope ratios in Bacillus subtilis cells and spores. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 100(3):815-819.

Kuhlman, M.R. 2001a. Preliminary SPOT Report on Particle Size Analyses. Battelle Memorial Institute. October 18. (B2M13D2).

Kuhlman, M.R. 2001b. Preliminary SPOT Report on Sample Analyses. Battelle Memorial Institute. October 22. (B2M13D5).

Kuhlman, M.R. 2001c. SPOT Report on Analyses of Silicon and Silica in Powder Samples: SEM/EDS Analysis. Battelle Memorial Institute. November 26. (B2M13D8).

Kunst, F., Ogasawara, N., Moszer, I., Albertini, A.M., Alloni, G., Azevedo, V., et al. 1997. The complete genome sequence of the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Nature, 390(6657):249-256.

Leffel, E.K., and L.M. Pitt. 2006. Anthrax. In J.R. Swearengen (ed.), Biodefense: Research Methodology and Animal Models (pp. 77-93). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.

Levin, I., and B. Kromer. 2004. The tropospheric 14CO2 level in mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (1959-2003). Radiocarbon, 46(3):1261-1272.

Liddington, R.C. 2002. Anthrax: A molecular full nelson. Nature, 415(6870):373-374.

Malakoff, D. 2002. Bioterrorism. Student charged with possessing anthrax. Science, 297(5582):751-752.

Malorny, B., Cook, N., D’Agostino, M., DeMedici, D., Croci., L., et al. 2004. Multicenter validation of PCR-based method for detection of Salmonella in chicken and pig samples. J AOAC Int, 87:861-866.

Mann, S., Sparks, N.H., Scott, G.H., and E.W. de Vrind-de Jong. 1988. Oxidation of manganese and formation of Mn(3)O(4) (Hausmannite) by spore coats of a marine Bacillus sp. Appl Environ Microbiol, 54(8):2140-2143.

Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Research Council. 2011. Review of the Scientific Approaches Used During the FBI's Investigation of the 2001 Anthrax Letters. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13098.
×

Martin, D. 2010. Dugway Proving Ground. Presentation to the committee, April 23.

Meselson, M., Guillemin, J., et al. 1994. The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979. Science, 266(5188):1202-1208.

Michael, J. 2009. Sandia National Laboratory. Presentation to the committee, September 25.

Michel, J.F., Cami, B., and P. Schaeffer. 1968. (Selection of Bacillus subtilis mutants blocked at the beginning of sporulation. II. Selection by adaptation to a new carbon source and by aging of the sporulated cultures). Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris), 114(1):21-27.

Mock, M., and A. Fouet. 2001. Anthrax. Annu Rev Microbiol, 55:647-671.

Moir, A. 2006. How do spores germinate? J Appl Microbiol, 101(3):526-530.

NRC (National Research Council). 2009a. Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

NRC. 2009b. Responsible Research with Biological Select Agents and Toxins. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

New York Times. 2002. A Nation Challenged: Anthrax; Senate Offices Refumigated a Second Time. (January 1).

Nicholson, W.L. and P. Setlow 1990. Sporulation, germination, and outgrowth. In Molecular Biological Methods for Bacillus (pp. 391-450). C.R. Harwood and S.M. Cutting (eds.) Chichester: Wiley.

Nicholson, W.L., Munakata, N., Horneck, G., Melosh, H.J., and P. Setlow. 2000. Resistance of Bacillus endospores to extreme terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 64(3):548-572.

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. (Various Dates). Analyses for Detection of Residual Agar. (B1M11).

Pesenti P. “A U.S. research strategy for microbial forensics: from genesis to implementation”. In: Microbial Forensics, 2nd edition, eds, Budowle B., Schutzer S.E., Breeze R., Keim P.S., Morse S.A.. Academic Press, Amsterdam, 2010, pp. 605-617.

Piggee, C. 2008. Tracing Killer Spores. Anal Chem, September 18. Online News http://pubs3.acs.org/journals/ancham/news/2008/09/18/cp_anthrax.html.

Pomerantsev, A.P., Staritsin, N.A., Mockov Yu, V., and L.I. Marinin. 1997. Expression of cereolysine AB genes in Bacillus anthracis vaccine strain ensures protection against experimental hemolytic anthrax infection. Vaccine, 15(17-18):1846-1850.

Price, L.B., Hugh-Jones, M., Jackson, P.J., and P. Keim. 1999. Genetic diversity in the protective antigen gene of Bacillus anthracis. J Bacteriol, 181(8):2358-2362.

Okinaka, R.T., Henrie, M., Hill, et al. 2008. Single nucleotide polymorphism typing of Bacillus anthracis from Sverdlovsk tissue. Emerg Infect Dis, 14(4):653-656.

Ravel, J. 2009. The Genomics behind the Amerithrax Investigation. Presentation before the Biodefense Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology. February 25, 2009.

Ravel, J., Jiang, L., Stanley, S.T., Wilson, M.R., Decker, R.S., Read, T.D., et al. 2009. The complete genome sequence of Bacillus anthracis Ames “Ancestor.” J Bacteriol, 191(1):445-446.

Ravel, J. 2010. Communication to the committee, May 13.

Read, T.D., Peterson, S.N., Tourasse, N., Baillie, L.W., Paulsen, I.T., Nelson, K.E., et al. 2003. The genome sequence of Bacillus anthracis Ames and comparison to closely related bacteria. Nature, 423(6935):81-86.

Read, T.D., Salzberg, S.L., Pop, M., Shumway, M., Umayam, L., Jiang, L., et al. 2002. Comparative genome sequencing for discovery of novel polymorphisms in Bacillus anthracis. Science, 296(5575):2028-2033.

Sanderson, W., Stoddard, R., Echt, A., McCleery, R.E., Picitelli, C.A., Kim, D., et al. 2001. Evaluation of Bacillus anthracis contamination inside the Brentwood Post Office, Washington, D.C. Report to U.S. Postal Service. Cincinnati, OH: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Research Council. 2011. Review of the Scientific Approaches Used During the FBI's Investigation of the 2001 Anthrax Letters. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13098.
×

Sanderson, W., Hein, M., Taylor, L., Curwin, B., Kinnes, G., Hales, T., et al. 2002. Second evaluation of Bacillus anthracis contamination inside the Brentwood Mail Processing and Distribution Center, District of Columbia. Report to the U.S. Postal Service. Cincinnati, OH: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

Sarmiento, G. 2007. Former AMI Building Declared Free of Anthrax Contamination. Palm Beach Post. February 8.

Sand, L., et al. 2009. Modern Federal Jury Instructions. Albany, NY: Matthew Bender.

Sastalla, I., Rosovitz, M.J., and Leppla, S.H. 2010. Accidental Selection and Intentional Restoration of Sporulation-Deficient Bacillus anthracis Mutants. Appl Environ Microbiol, 76(18):6318-6231.

Schutzer, S. 2009. University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. Presentation to the committee, September 24.

Setlow, P. 2003. Spore germination. Curr Opin Microbiol, 6(6):550-556.

Setlow, P. 2006. Spores of Bacillus subtilis: Their resistance to and killing by radiation, heat and chemicals. J Appl Microbiol, 101(3):514-525.

Smith, J. 2009. BIOFOR Consulting. Presentation to the committee, July 31.

Snedecor, G.W., and Cochran, W.G. 1989. Statistical methods (8th ed.). Ames: Iowa State University Press.

Stewart, M., Somlyo, A.P., Somlyo, A.V., Shuman, H., Lindsay, J.A., and W.G. Murrell. 1980. Distribution of calcium and other elements in cryosectioned Bacillus cereus T spores, determined by high-resolution scanning electron probe X-ray microanalysis. J Bacteriol, 143(1):481-491.

Stewart, M., Somlyo, A.P., Somlyo, A.V., Shuman, H., Lindsay, J.A., and W.G. Murrell. 1981. Scanning electron probe X-ray microanalysis of elemental distributions in freeze-dried cryosections of Bacillus coagulans spores. J Bacteriol, 147(2):670-674.

Swartz, M.N. 2001. Recognition and management of anthrax: An update. N Engl J Med, 345:1621.

Tamir, H., and C. Gilvarg. 1966. Density gradient centrifugation for the separation of sporulating forms of bacteria. J Biol Chem, 241(5):1085-1090.

Temple-Raston, D. 2008, September 17. Mueller: FBI Needs More Powers to Combat Threats. National Public Radio.

Teshale, E.H., Painter, J., et al. 2002. Environmental sampling for spores of Bacillus anthracis. Emerg Infect Dis, 8(10):1083-1087.

Traeger MS et al. 2002. First case of bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax in the United States, Palm Beach County, Florida, 2001. Emerg Infect Dis, 8:1029-1034.

USAMRIID (United States Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases). 1997. Reference Material Receipt Record, October 22. Retrieved September 2, 2010, from http://www.anthraxinvestigation.com/usamriid-rmrr-bldg-1412-p-1-of-1.jpg.

USAMRIID. 2001. EM Daschle “Si” Report. October 25. (B1M2D4).

USAMRIID. 2004. “USAMRIID Highlights.” April 27. Retrieved August 4, 2010, from http://www.usamriid.army.mil/highlightspage.htm.

USDOJ (United States Department of Justice). 2010. Amerithrax Investigative Summary. February 19, 2010, updated October 15, 2010. Available at: http://www.justice.gov/amerithrax/docs/amx-investigative-summary.pdf.

USDOJ. 2000. Crime scene investigation: A guide for law enforcement. Research Report. Office of Justice Programs. National Institute of Justice.

University of Maryland, Battelle Memorial Institute, and Edgewood Chemical Biological Center. (Various dates). Agar and Heme Analysis. (B1M10).

Van Ert, M.N., Easterday, W.R., Huynh, L.Y., Okinaka, R.T., Hugh-Jones, M E., Ravel, J., et al. 2007a. Global genetic population structure of Bacillus anthracis. PLoS One, 2(5):e461.

Van Ert, M.N., Easterday, W.R., Simonson, T.S., U’Ren, J.M., Pearson, T., Kenefic, L.J., et al. 2007b. Strain-specific single-nucleotide polymorphism assays for the Bacillus anthracis Ames strain. J Clin Microbiol, 45(1):47-53.

Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Research Council. 2011. Review of the Scientific Approaches Used During the FBI's Investigation of the 2001 Anthrax Letters. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13098.
×

Velicer, G.J., Kroos, L., and R.E. Lenski. 1998. Loss of social behaviors by Myxococcus xanthus during evolution in an unstructured habitat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95(21):12376-12380.

Wahl, K.L., Colburn, H.A., Wunschel, D.S., Petersen, C.E., Jarman, K.H., and N.B. Valentine. 2010. Residual agar determination in bacterial spores by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem, 82(4):1200-1206.

Washington Post. 2008. “Hatfill Timeline,” August 9, p. 11.

Weber, P. 2009. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Presentation to the committee, September 25.

Whiteaker, J.R., Fenselau, C.C., Fetterolf, D., Steele, D., and D. Wilson. 2004. Quantitative determination of heme for forensic characterization of Bacillus spores using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chem, 76(10):2836-2841.

Wilkening, D.A. 2006. Sverdlovsk revisited: Modeling human inhalation anthrax. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 103(20):7589-7594.

Wilkening, D.A. 2008. Modeling the incubation period of inhalational anthrax. Med Decis Making, 28(4):593-605.

Wilson, D. 2009. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Presentation to the committee, December 10.

Worsham, P. 2009. United States Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases. Presentation to the committee, September 24.

Worsham, P.L., and M.R. Sowers. 1999. Isolation of an asporogenic (spo0A) protective antigen-producing strain of Bacillus anthracis. Can J Microbiol, 45(1):1-8.

Wunschel, D.S., Colburn, H.A., Fox, A., Fox, K.F., Harley, W.M., Wahl, J.H., et al. 2008. Detection of agar, by analysis of sugar markers, associated with Bacillus anthracis spores, after culture. J Microbiol Meth, 74(2-3):57-63.

Yamada, S., Ohashi, E., Agata, N., and K. Venkateswaran. 1999. Cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis of gyrB of Bacillus cereus, B. thuringiensis, B. mycoides, and B. anthracis and their application to the detection of B. cereus in rice. Appl Environ Microbiol, 65:1483-1490.

Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Research Council. 2011. Review of the Scientific Approaches Used During the FBI's Investigation of the 2001 Anthrax Letters. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13098.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Research Council. 2011. Review of the Scientific Approaches Used During the FBI's Investigation of the 2001 Anthrax Letters. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13098.
×
Page 153
Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Research Council. 2011. Review of the Scientific Approaches Used During the FBI's Investigation of the 2001 Anthrax Letters. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13098.
×
Page 154
Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Research Council. 2011. Review of the Scientific Approaches Used During the FBI's Investigation of the 2001 Anthrax Letters. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13098.
×
Page 155
Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Research Council. 2011. Review of the Scientific Approaches Used During the FBI's Investigation of the 2001 Anthrax Letters. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13098.
×
Page 156
Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Research Council. 2011. Review of the Scientific Approaches Used During the FBI's Investigation of the 2001 Anthrax Letters. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13098.
×
Page 157
Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Research Council. 2011. Review of the Scientific Approaches Used During the FBI's Investigation of the 2001 Anthrax Letters. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13098.
×
Page 158
Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Research Council. 2011. Review of the Scientific Approaches Used During the FBI's Investigation of the 2001 Anthrax Letters. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13098.
×
Page 159
Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Research Council. 2011. Review of the Scientific Approaches Used During the FBI's Investigation of the 2001 Anthrax Letters. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13098.
×
Page 160
Next: Index of Documents Provided by the Federal Bureau of Investigation »
Review of the Scientific Approaches Used During the FBI's Investigation of the 2001 Anthrax Letters Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $49.00 Buy Ebook | $39.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Less than a month after the September 11, 2001 attacks, letters containing spores of anthrax bacteria (Bacillus anthracis, or B. anthracis) were sent through the U.S. mail. Between October 4 and November 20, 2001, 22 individuals developed anthrax; 5 of the cases were fatal.

During its investigation of the anthrax mailings, the FBI worked with other federal agencies to coordinate and conduct scientific analyses of the anthrax letter spore powders, environmental samples, clinical samples, and samples collected from laboratories that might have been the source of the letter-associated spores. The agency relied on external experts, including some who had developed tests to differentiate among strains of B. anthracis. In 2008, seven years into the investigation, the FBI asked the National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to conduct an independent review of the scientific approaches used during the investigation of the 2001 B. anthracis mailings.

Review of the Scientific Approaches Used During the FBI's Investigation of the Anthrax Letters evaluates the scientific foundation for the techniques used by the FBI to determine whether these techniques met appropriate standards for scientific reliability and for use in forensic validation, and whether the FBI reached appropriate scientific conclusions from its use of these techniques. This report reviews and assesses scientific evidence considered in connection with the 2001 Bacillus anthracis mailings.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!