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OCR for page 355
M
Summary of Literature Estimates
Appendix Table M-1 Ethanol Production Research Estimates
Type of Cost Assumption Value cited Value in 2007 Reference
Oil price $60/barrel Elobeid et al. (2006)
Ethanol price Analysis range $1.50-$3.50/gal Lambert and Middleton
(2010)
Minimum $1.70/gal
for industry
development
Historical trend Poil/29 Elobeid et al. (2006)
Energy equivalent 0.667 Elobeid et al. (2006)
factor (EV)
0.667 Tokgoz et al. (2007)
Tax credit Corn $0.45/gal $0.45/gal 2008 Farm Bill
Cellulosic $1.01/gal $1.01/gal 2008 Farm Bill
Byproduct credit Cellulosic $0.14-0.21/gal* Aden et al. (2002)
$0.16/gal* Khanna and Dhungana
(2007)
2.61 kWh/gal Aden (2008)
$0.12/gal** Khanna (2008)
Rank from low Aspen wood Huang et al. (2009)
to high excess Corn stover
electricity Poplar
Switchgrass
Corn $0.48/gal Khanna (2008)
continued
355
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356 APPENDIX M
Appendix Table M-1 Continued
Type of Cost Assumption Value cited Value in 2007 Reference
Investment cost 69.3 MMGY $197.4 million Aden et al. (2002)
(Cellulosic 55.5 MMGY $231.7 million $231.7 million Aden (2008)
biorefineries)
50 MMGY $294 million Wright and Brown (2007)
100 MMGY $400 million Taheripour and Tyner
(2008)
Stover (69.6) $202.2 million Huang et al. (2009)
$0.501
Switchgrass (64) (0.46/gal if 10-10)
$212.1 million
Hybrid poplar (68) (0.53/gal if 10-10) $0.58
$203.3 million
Aspen wood (86) (0.50/gal if 10-10) $0.545
$187 million
(0.34/gal if 10-10) $0.37
$0.55/gallon $0.55/gal Jiang and Swinton (2008)
Other costs Partial variable $0.11/gal Aden et al. (2002)
costs
“Other” costs $0.11/gal Aden et al. (2002)
Total non- $1.48/gal Chen et al. (2010)
feedstock costs
Enzyme cost $0.07-0.20/gal Aden et al. (2002)
$0.32/gal $0.32/gal Aden (2008)
2012 target $0.10/gal Aden (2008)
$0.14-0.18/gal Bothast (2005)
$0.18/gal Jha et al. (Presentation)
$0.40-$1.00/gal $0.40-$1.00/gal Industry Source
$0.10-0.25/gal Tiffany et al. (2006)
$1.42/gal2
Operating costs Stover $1.58/gal Huang et al. (2009)
Switchgrass (crop) $1.73/gal $1.92/gal
Switchgrass (grass) $1.86/gal $2.06/gal
Hybrid poplar $1.83/gal $2.03/gal
Aspen wood $1.56/gal $1.73/gal
$1.10/gal $1.10/gal Jiang and Swinton (2008)
Ethanol yield Stover 87.9 Aden et al. (2002)
(Gal/dry ton)
Stover (current) 71.9 Aden (2008)
Stover (theoretical) 112.7 Aden (2008)
Stover (2012 90 Aden (2008)
target)
Stover 79.2 Khanna and Dhungana
Switchgrass (2007)
Miscanthus (Nth
generation plant)
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357
APPENDIX M
Appendix Table M-1 Continued
Type of Cost Assumption Value cited Value in 2007 Reference
Stover 72 McAloon et al. (2000)
Stover 70 gal/raw ton Tokgoz et al. (2007)
Stover 70 Petrolia (2008)
Stover 96 Comis (2006)
Switchgrass 60-140 Crooks (2006)
(range)
Switchgrass 80-90
(typical)
Stover 80 Perlack and Turhollow
(2002)
Stover 79.2 Khanna (2008)
Miscanthus
Switchgrass (Nth
generation plant)
Switchgrass 80-90 BRDI (2008)
Switchgrass 110
(theoretical)
Woody 89.5
80-120 Atchison and Hettenhaus
(2003)
Stover (base) 67.8 Tiffany et al. (2006)
Stover (future) 89.7
Stover 89.8 Huang et al. (2009)
Switchgrass 82.7
Hybrid poplar 88.2
Aspen wood 111.4
Switchgrass 54.4 Jiang and Swinton (2008)
Stover
Cellulosic 79 Chen et al. (2010)
(Nth plant)
Stover (current) 67.4 Sheehan et al. (2003)
Stover (projected)
89.8
Stover (current) 79.2 Wallace et al. (2005)
Stover (theoretical)
107
Optimal plant size Cellulosic 2,294-4,408 Huang et al. (2009)
Online days 350 Aden et al. (2002)
350 Huang et al. (2009)
1 Updatedusing building materials price index.
2 Updatedusing machinery price index.
*Updated using EIA (2008).
**Not updated since author did not provide year of estimate.
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358 APPENDIX M
Appendix Table M-2 Harvest and Maintenance1
Cited Cost Cost per ton
Type of Feedstock Type of Cost per ton ($) (2007$) Reference
Corn stover Baling, stacking and 26 45 Hess et al. (2007)
grinding
Corn stover Collection 31-36 66-77 McAloon et al. (2000)
Corn stover Collection 35-46 64-84 McAloon et al. (2000)
Corn stover Collection 17.70 17.70 Perlack (2007)
Presentation
Corn stover Up to Storage 20-21 36-39 Sokhansanj and Turhollow
(2002)
Corn stover 28 36 Suzuki (2006)
Corn stover Baling and staging 26 47 Aden et al. (2002)
Corn stover Harvest 14 14 Edwards (2007)
Corn stover Custom Harvest Brechbill and Tyner (2008a)
Bale 7.47 7.47
Rake and Bale 8.84 8.84
Shred, Rake, and 10.70 10.70
Bale
Corn stover Harvest 35.41-36.58 35.41-36.58 Khanna (2008)
Corn stover Combine, Shred, Bale 19.16 24.33 Haung et al. (2009)
and Stack
Corn stover Harvest and Bale 7.26 7.26 Lamert and Middleton
(2010)
Corn stover Harvest cost 19.6 36 Jiang and Swinton (2008)
Corn stover or Move to fieldside 2 2 Brechbill and Tyner (2008a)
Switchgrass
Switchgrass Collection 12-22 16-28 Kumar and Sokhansanj
(2007)
Switchgrass Harvest 32 32 Duffy (2007)
Switchgrass Harvest 35 58 Khanna et al. (2008)
Switchgrass Harvest, 123.5/acre 210/acre Khanna and Dhungana
maintenance and (2007)
establishment
Switchgrass Harvest 15 26 Perrin et al. (2008)
Switchgrass Custom Harvest Brechbill and Tyner (2008a)
Bale 2.01 2.01
Rake and Bale 3.09 3.09
Shred, Rake and 4.79 4.79
Bale
Switchgrass Harvest 27.8-34.72 27.8-34.72 Khanna (2008)
Switchgrass` Harvest (square 21.86 27.8 Huang et al. (2009)
bales)
9.36/acre2
Switchgrass Weed control 9.36/acre University of Tennessee
switchgrass budget (2008)
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359
APPENDIX M
Appendix Table M-2 Continued
Cited Cost Cost per ton
Type of Feedstock Type of Cost per ton ($) (2007$) Reference
Mow, rake, bale, 242.92/acre 242.92/acre
equipment, repair,
interest, operating
capital
Switchgrass Maintenance and Mooney et al. (2009)
fertilization
0 lb N/acre 17.23/acre 17.23/acre
60 lb N/acre 46.5/acre 46.5/acre
120 lb N/acre 72.7/acre 72.7/acre
180 lb N/acre 99/acre 99/acre
Switchgrass Harvest cost Mooney et al. (2009)
(function of yield)
7.7 tons/acre 200/acre 200/acre
12.5 tons/acre 311.85/acre 311.85/acre
2.4 tons/acre 79/acre 79/acre
7.2 tons/acre 190/acre 190/acre
Switchgrass Total production cost 54.4 54.4 Jiang and Swinton (2008)
Prairie grasses Harvest 17.7-19.3 Tiffany et al. (2006)
(include switchgrass)
Harvest 33 54 Khanna et al. (2008)
Miscanthus
Harvest, 301/acre 512/acre Khanna and Dhungana
Miscanthus
maintenance, and (2007)
establishment
Harvest 18.72-32.65 18.72-32.65 Khanna (2008)
Miscanthus
Straw Harvest and bale 7.26 7.26 Lamert and Middleton
(2010)
Nonspecific 10-30 15-45 Mapemba et al. (2007)
Nonspecific 23 38 Mapemba et al. (2008)
Hybrid poplar and Logging cost Huang et al. (2009)
Aspen wood Range 14-28 17.8-34.6
Assumed 14.5 18.4
Chipping cost
Range 12-27 15.2-34.3
Assumed 12.7 16.1
(Minnesota)
Aspen wood Stumpage 51.9 66 Huang et al. (2009)
35-873
Woody biomass Cut and extract to USFS (2003, 2005)
roadside
Woody biomass Roadside 40-46 40-46 BRDI (2008)
Woody biomass Stumpage 4 4 BRDI (2008)
Short-rotation Harvest/collection 17-29/acre 17-29/acre BRDI (2008)
woody
continued
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360 APPENDIX M
Appendix Table M-2 Continued
Cited Cost Cost per ton
Type of Feedstock Type of Cost per ton ($) (2007$) Reference
Woody (slash) Collect and transport 24.32/Gt 24.32/Gt Han et al. (2010)
2.8 m 31.17/Dt 31.17/Dt
Woody biomass Up to roadside and 25/Dt 25/Dt* Sohngen et al. (2010)
on truck
Woody biomass Up to roadside and 34/Dt 34/Dt (2009$) Sohngen et al. (2010)
on truck (high)
Delivered cost range 34-65 34-65 (2009$)
30-504
Woody biomass Up to roadside 30-50 Jenkins et al. (2009)
Woody residues Delivered cost
West 56/GMT 86/Dt* (2008$) Spelter and Toth (2009)
North 49/GMT 75/Dt* (2008$) Spelter and Toth (2009)
South 42/GMT 66/Dt* (2008$) Spelter and Toth (2009)
Northeast 38/GMT 58/Dt* (2008$) Spelter and Toth (2009)
1 Harvest and maintenance costs were updated using USDA-NASS agricultural fuel, machinery, and labor prices
from 1999-2007 (USDA-NASS, 2007a,b).
2 Values are in 2008$.
3 Price not updated.
4 This value was based on a summary of the literature and therefore does not have a relevant year for cost.
*Assume a conversion of 0.59 for green tons to dry tons.
Appendix Table M-3 Nutrient and Replacement1
Cited Cost Cost per ton
Type of Feedstock Type of Cost per ton ($) (2007$) Reference
Corn stover 10.2 14.1 Hoskinson et al. (2007)
Corn stover 4.6 8.4 Khanna and Dhungana
(2007)
Corn stover 7 14.4 Aden et al. (2002)
Corn stover 4.2 4.2 Petrolia (2008)
Corn stover 10 21 Perlack and Turhollow
(2003)
6.4-12.22
Corn stover Atchison and Hettenhaus
(2003)
Corn stover Whole plant harvest 9.7 13.3 Karlen and Birrell (2007)
Corn stover Cob and top 50% 9.5 13.1 Karlen and Birrell (2007)
harvest
Corn stover Bottom 50% harvest 10.1 13.9 Karlen and Birrell (2007)
Corn stover 15.64 15.64 Brechbill and Tyner (2008a)
Corn stover 7.26 10 Huang et al. (2009)
Corn stover 6.5 13.7 Jiang and Swinton (2008)
Corn stover Replace N, P, K 21.70 21.70 (2009$) Karlen (2010)
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361
APPENDIX M
Appendix Table M-3 Continued
Cited Cost Cost per ton
Type of Feedstock Type of Cost per ton ($) (2007$) Reference
Corn stover or Straw 11.13 15.40 Lambert and Middleton
(2010)
Switchgrass 6.7 12.1 Perrin et al. (2008)
Switchgrass 10.8 19.77 Khanna et al. (2008)
83.86/acre3
Switchgrass Fertilizer, equipment, 83.86/acre University of Tennessee
labor (2008)
2.5 4.6 Khanna et al. (2008)
Miscanthus
4.20 7.73 Cost using average
Miscanthus
fertilizer rates from
literature summarized in
Khanna et al. (2008) and
updated Khanna et al.
(2008) costs
1 Nutrient and replacement costs were updated using USDA-NASS agricultural fertilizer prices from 1999-2007
(USDA-NASS, 2007a,b).
2 Price not updated.
3 Value in 2008$.
Appendix Table M-4 Distance
Distance
(miles) Type Reference
46-134 Round-trip Mapemba et al. (2007)
22-62 One-way Perlack and Turhollow (2003)
22-61 One-way Perlack and Turhollow (2002)
50 Round-trip Khanna et al. (2008)
50 One-way max English et al. (2006)
50 One-way Vadas et al. (2008)
100 One-way (wood) USFS (2003, 2005)
10-50 One-way Atchison and Hettenhaus (2003)
5-50 One-way Brechbill and Tyner (2008a,b)
16.6-47 One-way average Perlack and Turhollow (2002)
50 One-way max Taheripour and Tyner (2008)
75 One-way max BRDI (2008)
50 One-way Tiffany et al. (2006)
83 One-way (wood) Sohngen et al. (2010)
46-138 One-way range (wood) Sohngen et al. (2010)
50 One-way (wood) Spelter and Toth (2009)
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362 APPENDIX M
Appendix Table M-5 Transportation Cost1
Type of Feedstock Type of Cost Cost cited ($) Cost (2007$) Reference
Corn stover Per ton 8.85 12.5 English et al. (2006)
Corn stover Per ton 10.25 27 Hess et al. (2007)
DVC2
Corn stover 0.15 0.35 Kaylen et al. (2000)
Corn stover Max DVC for 0.28 0.66 Kaylen et al. (2000)
positive NPV
Corn stover Per ton 10.8 10.8 Perlack (2007)
Corn stover Per ton 13 31 Aden et al. (2002)
Corn stover Per ton 4.2-10.5 11-27.7 Perlack and Turhollow
(2002)
Corn stover DVC 0.08-0.29 0.17-0.63 Kumar et al. (2005)
DFC3 4.5 9.8
DFC range 0-6 0-13.3
Corn stover DVC 0.18 0.32 Searcy et al. (2007)
DFC 4 7.3
Corn stover DVC 0.16 0.38 Kumar et al. (2003)
DFC 3.6 8.6
Corn stover 10 miles 3.4 Atchison and Hettenhaus
15 miles 5.1 (2003)
30 miles 10.2
40 miles 13.5
174
50 miles
Corn stover DVC Petrolia (2008)
0-25 miles 0.13-0.23 0.13-0.23
25-100 miles 0.10-0.19 0.10-0.19
>100 miles 0.09-0.16 0.09-0.16
DFC square bales 1.70 1.70
DFC round bales 3.10 3.10
Corn stover Per ton 10.9 13.8 Vadas et al. (2008)
Corn stover DFC 6.9 9.71 Huang et al. (2009)
DVC 0.16 0.23
Corn stover or Average DVC 0.20 0.20 Brechbill and Tyner
Switchgrass (2008a,b)
Corn stover or Custom loading 1.15 1.15 Brechbill and Tyner (2008a)
Switchgrass Custom DVC 0.28 0.28
Owned DVC 0.12 0.12
Custom per ton
10 miles 3.92 3.92
20 miles 6.69 6.69
30 miles 9.46 9.46
40 miles 12.23 12.23
50 miles 15 15
Corn stover Own equipment Brechbill and Tyner (2008a)
(per ton)
3.31-6.185
10 miles 3.31-6.18
20 miles 4.65-7.52 4.65-7.52
30 miles 5.99-8.86 5.99-8.86
40 miles 7.33-7.71 7.33-7.71
50 miles 8.67-9.05 8.67-9.05
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363
APPENDIX M
Appendix Table M-5 Continued
Type of Feedstock Type of Cost Cost cited ($) Cost (2007$) Reference
Switchgrass Own equipment Brechbill and Tyner (2008a)
(per ton)
3.13-3.936
10 miles 3.13-3.93
20 miles 4.47-5.27 4.47-5.27
30 miles 5.81-6.61 5.81-6.61
40 miles 7.15-7.95 7.15-7.95
50 miles 8.49-9.29 8.49-9.29
Switchgrass Per ton 14.75 14.75 Duffy (2007)
Switchgrass Per ton 19.2-23 27-32.4 Kumar and Sokhansanj
(2007)
Switchgrass Per ton 13 28 Perrin et al. (2008)
Switchgrass Per ton 10.9 13.8 Vadas et al. (2008)
Switchgrass DFC 3.39 4.78 Huang et al. (2009)
DVC 0.16 0.23
Switchgrass Stage and load 19.15/acre 19.15/acre (2008$) UT (2008)
47
Native prairie Per ton Tiffany et al. (2006)
(include switchgrass)
Switchgrass or Per ton for 50 miles 7.9 17.1 Khanna et al. (2008)
Miscanthus
Nonspecific Per ton 7.4-19.3 13.7-35.6 Mapemba et al. (2007)
Nonspecific Per ton 14.5 31.5 Mapemba et al. (2008)
Hybrid poplar and DFC 4.13 5.8 Huang et al. (2009)
Aspen wood DVC 0.16 0.23
Woody biomass Per ton 11-22 11-22 Summit Ridge Investments
(2007)
Woody biomass DVC 0.2-0.6 USFS (2003, 2005)
Used 0.358
Woody biomass DVC 0.22 0.22 Sohngen et al. (2010)
Wood DVC 0.20-0.60 0.20-0.60 Jenkins et al. (2009)
1 Transportation costs were updated using USDA-NASS agricultural fuel prices from 1999-2007 (USDA-NASS,
2007a,b).
2 DVC is distance variable cost in per ton per mile.
3 DFC is distance fixed cost per ton.
4 Prices not updated.
5 Authors used 2006 wages and March 2008 fuel costs.
6 Authors used 2006 wages and March 2008 fuel costs.
7 Price not updated.
8 Price not updated.
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364 APPENDIX M
Appendix Table M-6 Storage1
Cited cost Cost per ton
Type of Feedstock Type of Cost per ton ($) (2007$) Reference
Corn stover 4.44 5.64 Hess et al. (2007)
Corn stover Round bales 6.82 6.82 Petrolia (2008)
Square bales 12.93 12.93
Corn stover 4.39-21.95 4.39-21.95 Khanna (2008)
Stover or Square bales 7.25 7.9 Huang et al. (2009)
switchgrass
Switchgrass 16.67 16.67 Duffy (2007)
Switchgrass 4.14 5.18 Khanna et al. (2008)
Switchgrass 4.43-21.68 4.43-21.68 Khanna (2008)
4.40 5.50 Khanna et al. (2008)
Miscanthus
4.64-23.45 4.64-23.45 Khanna (2008)
Miscanthus
Nonspecific 2 2.18 Mapemba et al. (2008)
Hybrid poplar or Keep on stump until 0 0 Huang et al. (2009)
Aspen wood needed
1 Storage costs were updated using USDA-NASS Agricultural building material prices from 1999-2007 (USDA-
NASS, 2007a,b).
Appendix Table M-7 Establishment and Seeding1
Type of Land rent Cited cost per Cost per acre
Feedstock Type of Cost included acre ($) (2007$) Reference
Switchgrass Yes 200 200 Duffy (2007)
Switchgrass No 25.76 46 Perrin et al. (2008)
Yes 85.46 153
Switchgrass PV per ton No 7.21/ton 12.6/ton Khanna et al. (2008)
10 yr PV per acre 142.3 249
Amortized
4% over 10 years 17.3 30.25
8% over 10 years 20.7 36.25
Switchgrass Yes 72.5-110 88.5-134 Vadas et al. (2008)
Switchgrass Grassland No 134 180 Huang et al. (2009)
Cropland 161 216
(includes fertilizer)
45.692
Switchgrass Prorated 45.69 UT (2008)
Establishment and
Reseeding (10 years)
Switchgrass Plots with seeding:
2.5 lb/acre No 150 150 Mooney et al. (2009)
5 lb/acre No 202.6 202.6
7.5 lb/acre No 255 255
10 lb/acre No 306.6 306.6
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365
APPENDIX M
Appendix Table M-7 Continued
Type of Land rent Cited cost per Cost per acre
Feedstock Type of Cost included acre ($) (2007$) Reference
12.5 lb/acre No $359 $359
Switchgrass Seed and fertilizer No $171 $171 (2008$) James et al. (2010)
cost per acre (no
equip/machinery)
PV per ton No 2.29/ton 4/ton Khanna et al. (2008)
Miscanthus
20 yr PV per acre 261 457
Amortized
4% over 20 years 19 33.2
8% over 20 years 26.20 45.87
Total No 1,206-2,413 Lewandowski et al.
Miscanthus
Amortized (2003)
4% over 20 years 88-175 176-350
8% over 20 years 121-242 242-484
Total rhizome cost per No 8,194 8,194 (2008$) James et al. (2010)
Miscanthus
acre (no equip/labor)
Total rhizome cost per No 227.61 227.61 (2008$) James et al. (2010)
Miscanthus
acre – projected (no
equipment/labor)
Plugs No 3,000-4,000/ha 1,215-1,619/ac Jain et al. (2010)
Miscanthus
Rhizomes in Illinois No 2,957/ha 1,197/ac Jain et al. (2010)
Miscanthus
Hybrid poplar Total cutting cost per No 242 242 (2008$) James et al. (2010)
acre
Hybrid poplar Includes nutrients No 35 47 Huang et al. (2009)
(cropland)
Timber Yellow pine (South 386 386 (2008$) Cubbage et al. (2010)
average)
Timber Yellow pine (NC) 430 430 (2008$) Cubbage et al. (2010)
Timber Douglas fir (NC, OR) 520 520 (2008$) Cubbage et al. (2010)
1 Establishment and Seeding costs were updated using USDA-NASS agricultural fuel and seed prices from 1999-
2007 (USDA-NASS, 2007a,b).
2 Value in 2008$.
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372 APPENDIX M
Appendix Table M-9 Continued
Estimated Yield
(tons acre-1)
Biomass Type Assumptions Location Reference
Switchgrass Cave-in-rock 2.2 Northern Illinois Pyter et al. (2007)
3 year average 5.2 Central Illinois
2.7 Southern Illinois
Switchgrass POLYSYS 4.87 Northeast De La Torre Ugarte et al.
assumption (2003)
5.84 Appalachian
5.98 Corn Belt
4.8 Lake states
5.49 Southeast
4.30 Southern Plains
3.47 Northern Plains
Switchgrass Calibrated values 3.5-6.5 Appalachian Marshall and Sugg (2010)
for 2008 5.16-6.4 Corn Belt
(assumed 2% 3.8-6.5 Delta states
growth following
4.5-6.0 Lake states
2008)
3 Mountain states
4.8-6.0 Northern Plains
3.2-6.2 Northeast
3.5-6.3 Southern Plains
4.4-6.5 Southeast
Switchgrass Assumption 4 Southern MI James et al. (2010)
Switchgrass Previous Literature 4.46-6.69 Reijnders (2010)
Switchgrass Plots – varying seed 3.8-7.9 TN Mooney et al. (2009)
and nitrogen
Switchgrass One year max – plot 10.2 TN Mooney et al. (2009)
Switchgrass Plots 4 IA Lemus et al. (2002)
Switchgrass Assumption (prev 3.6 Corn Belt Jiang and Swinton (2008)
studies)
Switchgrass Simulated 3.8 U.S. Average Chen et al. (2010)
(MISCANMOD)
Switchgrass Average model 6.8 (3.6-17.8) Midwest Jain et al. (2010)
yield (range)
Switchgrass Farm-gate yield 3.75-4.2 Midwest Jain et al. (2010)
(annualized yield
after losses)
Switchgrass Average observed 6.6 Midwest Jain et al. (2010)
peak yield
Wheat straw 1 BRDI (2008)
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373
APPENDIX M
Appendix Table M-9 Continued
Estimated Yield
(tons acre-1)
Biomass Type Assumptions Location Reference
Wheat Straw Estimated 0.27 Average Chen et al. (2010)
Simulated 8.9 IL Khanna and Dhungana
Miscanthus
(2007)
14.5 avg IL Khanna et al. (2008)
Miscanthus
12-17 range
114.58 (20 year
PV)
Potential 12-18 IL Khanna (2008)
Miscanthus
Delivered 8.1-8.5
3 year average 9.8 Northern Illinois Pyter et al. (2007)
Miscanthus
15.5 Central Illinois
15.8 Southern Illinois
1 year 14.1 Urbana, Illinois
Field experiment 5.71 (14 year) EU Christian et al. (2008)
Miscanthus
3.43-11.73 (3 year)
1.8-19.6 EU Lewandowski et al.
Miscanthus
(2003)
Projection 13.36 (mean) Heaton et al. (2004b)
Miscanthus
10.93-17.81
Peer-reviewed 10 U.S. and EU Heaton et al. (2004a)
Miscanthus
articles
3 year state average 13.2 IL Heaton et al. (2008)
Miscanthus
3 year max state 17 IL Heaton et al. (2008)
Miscanthus
average
Assumption 10 MI James et al. (2010)
Miscanthus
Peak 7.5-17.2 EU Clifton-Brown et al.
Miscanthus
Delayed 4.3-11.6 (2004)
Autumn yields 4.5-11.15 EU Lewandowski et al.
Miscanthus
without irrigation (2000)
Yield range (high- 0.9-19.6 EU Lewandowski et al.
Miscanthus
end irrigated) (2000)
Modeled 6.2-9.4 EU Stampfl et al. (2007)
Miscanthus
harvestable yield
Above ground 6.6-14.9 Germany Kahle et al. (2001)
Miscanthus
Mean harvested 5.2
First year average 0.85 EU Clifton-Brown et al.
Miscanthus
First year max 2.6 (2001)
First year min 0.16
Second year average 3.8
Second year max 12
Third year max 18.2
1996 (drought) 3.4 Denmark Vargas et al. (2002)
Miscanthus
1997 5.9
continued
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374 APPENDIX M
Appendix Table M-9 Continued
Estimated Yield
(tons acre-1)
Biomass Type Assumptions Location Reference
First year average 0.85 Germany Clifton-Brown and
Miscanthus
First year max 1.34 Lewandowski (2002)
Second year average 2.8
Second year max 4.3
Third year average 7.3
Third year max 11.4
Assumption 9.81 Southern MI James et al. (2010)
Miscanthus
Previous literature 4.46-5.8 Reijnders (2010)
Miscanthus
Simulated 11.6 U.S. average Chen et al. (2010)
Miscanthus
(MISCANMOD)
Average model 19 (0-27.7) Midwest Jain et al. (2010)
Miscanthus
yield (range)
Farm-gate yield 6.3-8.6 Midwest Jain et al. (2010)
Miscanthus
(annualized yield
after losses)
Average observed 16.6 Midwest Jain et al. (2010)
Miscanthus
peak yield
Hybrid poplar 3.5-5.3 Lake states Huang et al. (2009)
Assumption 3.43-4 MN
4
Poplar 10 year average 3.7 Upper MI Miller and Bender (2008)
(best growing taxa)
Poplar Assumption 5 Southern MI James et al. (2010)
Hybrid poplar POLYSYS 3.99 NE De La Torre Ugarte et al.
assumption (2003)
3.56 Appalachian
4.63 Corn Belt
4.41 Lake states
4.50 Southeast
3.75 Southern Plains
3.83 Northern Plains
5.73 Pacific Northwest
Willow 10 year average 3.4 Upper Michigan Miller and Bender (2008)
(best taxa)
Willow POLYSYS 4.9 Northeast De La Torre Ugarte et al.
assumption (2003)
4.50 Appalachian
4.70 Corn Belt
4.60 Lake states
Aspen wood 0.446 (dry) MN Huang et al. (2009)
SRWC 5-12 BRDI (2008)
Woody biomass Stock 4.6-39 USFS (2003, 2005)
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APPENDIX M
Appendix Table M-9 Continued
Estimated Yield
(tons acre-1)
Biomass Type Assumptions Location Reference
Wood residue 2006 average 1.1 Mississippi USDA Forest Service
removal rate in data
Mississippi (lower
bound)
15 m3/hectare/yr 4.3 (2.3 – 4)1
Yellow pine Southern U.S. Cubbage et al. (2010)
12.5 m3/hectare/yr
Yellow pine 3.6 (2 – 3.3) North Carolina Cubbage et al. (2010)
14 m3/hectare/yr
Douglas fir 4 (3.3) Oregon Cubbage et al. (2010)
m3/hectare/yr
Douglas fir 18 5.1 (4.25) North Carolina Cubbage et al. (2010)
Sorghum Previous literature 16.41 Reijnders (2010)
1 The first value is derived using a general conversion factor of 0.64 dry metric tons per cubic meter (DMT/m3)
for softwoods. The yields in parentheses are based on conversion factors provided by engineeringtoolbox.com
of 0.35-0.60 DMT/m3 and 0.53 DMT/m3 for Yellow Pine and Douglas Fir, respectively. (Accessed September 15,
2010) http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/wood-density-d_40.html.
Appendix Table M-10 Interest Rate
Details Rate Reference
8% Brechbill and Tyner (2008a,b), Brechbill et al. (2008)
7.5% Quick (2003)
7.5% Sokhansanj and Turhollow (2002)
Establishment and seeding 8% Duffy and Nanhou (2001)
Operating expenses 9% Duffy and Nanhou (2001)
Real discount rate 4% Popp and Hogan (2007)
Farmer’s real opportunity cost of 5% James et al. (2010)
machinery
Real discount rate (PV calc) 6.5% de la Torre Ugarte et al. (2003)
Nominal interest rate 8% Mooney et al. (2009)
Real discount rate 5.4% Mooney et al. (2009)
Establishment and seeding 4% Jain et al. (2010)
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376 APPENDIX M
Appendix Table M-11 Stand Length
Crop Length Reference
Switchgrass 10 years Brechbill et al. (2008)
Switchgrass 10 years Duffy and Nanhou (2001)
Switchgrass 12 years Popp and Hogan (2007)
Switchgrass 20 years Tiffany et al. (2006)
Switchgrass 10 years Khanna (2008)
Switchgrass 10 years Khanna et al. (2008)
Switchgrass 10 years Khanna and Dhungana (2007)
Switchgrass 10+ years Lewandowski et al. (2003)
Switchgrass 10+ years Fike et al. (2006)
Switchgrass 10 years James et al. (2010)
Switchgrass 10 years de la Torre Ugarte et al. (2003)
Switchgrass 10 years Mooney et al. (2009)
5 years1
Switchgrass Mooney et al. (2009)
Switchgrass 10 years Miller and Bender (2008)
Switchgrass 10 years Jain et al. (2010)
20 years Khanna (2008)
Miscanthus
20 years Khanna et al. (2008)
Miscanthus
20 years Khanna and Dhungana (2007)
Miscanthus
20-25 years Lewandowski et al. (2003)
Miscanthus
10 years James et al. (2010)
Miscanthus
15 years Jain et al. (2010)
Miscanthus
10 years (sensitivity) Jain et al. (2010)
Miscanthus
Short-rotation poplar 10 years James et al. (2010)
Poplar 10 year analysis Miller and Bender (2008)
Poplar 6-10 years de la Torre Ugarte et al. (2003)
Willow 10-year analysis Miller and Bender (2008)
Willow 22 years de la Torre Ugarte et al. (2003)
Yellow pine (South U.S.) 30 years Cubbage et al. (2010)
Yellow pine (NC) 23 years Cubbage et al. (2010)
Douglas fir 45 years Cubbage et al. (2010)
1 Based on the assumption that it will be optimal to replace with improved seed and contracts.
Appendix Table M-12 Yield Maturity Rate
Type of Feedstock Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Reference
Switchgrass 20-35% 60-75% 100% Walsh (2008)
Switchgrass No harvest - -
Switchgrass 30% 67% 100% Kszos et al. (2002)
Switchgrass 0 60% 100% Popp and Hogan (2007)
Switchgrass ~33% ~66% 100% McLaughlin and Kszos (2005)
Switchgrass Max at 3 years James et al. (2010)
Switchgrass 30% 67% 100% de la Torre Ugarte et al. (2003)
Switchgrass 14% of 3rd year 59% of 3rd Mooney et al. (2009)
year
Switchgrass 30-100% 67-100% 100% Jain et al. (2010)
2-5 years for full - - Heaton et al. (2004)
Miscanthus
Max at 4 years - - Atkinson (2009)
Miscanthus
2 years in warm climate - - Clifton-Brown et al. (2001)
Miscanthus
3 years in cooler climates
Max at 3 years - - James et al. (2010)
Miscanthus
0 40-50% 100% Jain et al. (2010)
Miscanthus
Willow 60% in year 4, 100% after - - de la Torre Ugarte et al. (2003)
Timber 5-year establishment period - - Cubbage et al. (2010)
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APPENDIX M
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