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APPROACHES FOR ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
VALUATION FOR THE GULF OF MEXICO
AFTER THE DEEPWATER HORIZON OIL SPILL
INTERIM REPORT
Committee on the Effects of the Deepwater Horizon Mississippi
Canyon-252 Oil Spill on Ecosystem Services in the Gulf of Mexico
Ocean Studies Board
Division on Earth and Life Studies
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing
Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the coun-
cils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and
the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report
were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
under contract number DG133R08CQ0062. Any opinions, findings, conclusions,
or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and
do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided
support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-21179-6
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number-10: 0-309-21179-4
Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press,
500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or
(202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu
Copyright 2012 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society
of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated
to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare.
Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Acad-
emy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific
and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy
of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter
of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding en-
gineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members,
sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the
federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering
programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and
recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president
of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of
Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in
the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Insti-
tute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its
congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own
initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V.
Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sci-
ences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the
Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government.
Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the
Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy
of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to
the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The
Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine.
Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively,
of the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
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COMMITTEE ON THE EFFECTS OF THE DEEPWATER HORIZON MISSISSIPPI
CANYON-252 OIL SPILL ON ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN THE GULF OF MEXICO
LARRY A. MAYER (Chair), University of New Hampshire, Durham
MICHEL C. BOUFADEL, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
JORGE BRENNER, The Nature Conservancy, Corpus Christi, Texas
ROBERT S. CARNEY, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge
CORTIS K. COOPER, Chevron Energy Technology Company, San Ramon,
California
JODY W. DEMING, University of Washington, Seattle
DAVID J. DIE, University of Miami, Florida
JOSH EAGLE, University of South Carolina, Columbia
JOSEPH R. GERACI, University of Maryland, Baltimore
BARBARA A. KNUTH, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
KENNETH LEE, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia
JAMES T. MORRIS, University of South Carolina, Columbia
STEPHEN POLASKY, University of Minnesota, St. Paul
NANCY N. RABALAIS, Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium,
Chauvin
CHRISTOPHER REDDY*, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,
Massachusetts
RALPH G. STAHL, JR., DuPont Company, Wilmington, Delaware
DAVID W. YOSKOWITZ, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi
Staff
KIM WADDELL, Study Director
SHERRIE FORREST, Associate Program Officer
JEREMY JUSTICE, Senior Program Assistant (until July 15, 2011)
LAUREN HARDING, Program Assistant
PETER THOMPSON, Mirzayan Fellow (until May 13, 2011)
CHRISTOPHER PROSSER, Mirzayan Fellow
*Resigned from the committee
v
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OCEAN STUDIES BOARD
DONALD F. BOESCH (Chair), University of Maryland Center for
Environmental Science, Cambridge
EDWARD A. BOYLE, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
JORGE E. CORREDOR, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez
KEITH R. CRIDDLE, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau
JODY W. DEMING, University of Washington, Seattle
MARY (MISSY) H. FEELEY, ExxonMobil Exploration Company, Houston,
Texas
ROBERT HALLBERG, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
and Princeton University, New Jersey
DEBRA HERNANDEZ, Hernandez and Company, Isle of Palms, South
Carolina
ROBERT A. HOLMAN, Oregon State University, Corvallis
KIHO KIM, American University, Washington, DC
BARBARA A. KNUTH, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
ROBERT A. LAWSON, Science Applications International Corporation,
San Diego, California
GEORGE I. MATSUMOTO, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute,
California
JAY S. PEARLMAN, The Boeing Company (retired), Port Angeles,
Washington
ANDREW A. ROSENBERG, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia
DANIEL L. RUDNICK, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla,
California
ROBERT J. SERAFIN, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder,
Colorado
ANNE M. TREHU, Oregon State University, Corvallis
PETER L. TYACK, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
DAWN J. WRIGHT, Oregon State University, Corvallis
JAMES A. YODER, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
OSB Staff
SUSAN ROBERTS, Director
DEBORAH GLICKSON, Senior Program Officer
CLAUDIA MENGELT, Senior Program Officer
vi
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KIM WADDELL, Senior Program Officer
SHERRIE FORREST, Associate Program Officer
GRAIG MANSFIELD, Financial Associate
PAMELA LEWIS, Administrative Coordinator
LAUREN HARDING, Program Assistant
vii
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Acknowledgments
This report was greatly enhanced by the participants of the meetings
held as part of this study. The committee would like to acknowledge the
efforts of those who gave presentations at the committee meetings: Donald
F. Boesch (University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science), Garret
Graves (State of Louisiana), John Hankinson (Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restora-
tion Task Force), Captain James Hanzalik (U.S. Coast Guard), Kathy Kling
(Iowa State University), Jacqueline Michel (Research Planning, Inc.), Paul
Montagna (Harte Research Institute, Texas A&M Corpus Christi), and Steve
Picou (University of South Alabama).
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for
their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with pro-
cedures approved by the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of
this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that
will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible
and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity,
evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments
and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the
deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their
participation in their review of this report:
Peter Auster (University of Connecticut)
Bruce Bayne (URS Corporation)
Trudy Ann Cameron (University of Oregon)
Dan Doty (Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife)
Thomas Leschine (University of Washington)
Daniel Magraw (Center for International Environmental Law)
Jacqueline Michel (Reserarch Planning, Inc.)
James Sanchirico (University of California, Davis)
ix
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x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive
comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions
or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its
release. The review of this report was overseen by Kathleen Segerson, Uni-
versity of Connecticut, appointed by the Divison on Earth and Life Studies,
and Simon Levin, Princeton University, appointed by the Report Review
Committee, who were responsible for making certain that an independent
examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional
procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Re-
sponsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring
committee and the institution.
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Contents
Summary 1
Introduction 17
1 Physiographic, Oceanographic, and Ecological Context 31
of the Gulf of Mexico
2 Approaches to Damage Assessment and Valuation of 55
Ecosystem Services
3 Methods to Establish Baselines for Gulf of Mexico 75
Ecosystem Services
4 An Ecosystem Services Approach to Damage Assessment 95
References 121
Appendixes
A Committee and Staff Biographies 137
B Acronyms 149
xi
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