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Appendix C
Clarification of Cancer Groupings
Used in Reporting Results, with
Correspondence to NIOSH Cause-of-
Death Codes and ICD Codes for Cancers
In response to a request from the Department of Veterans Affairs, the com-
mittee responsible for Update 2006 prepared Table C-1 to demonstrate how
conclusions provided for the full range of cancer types and to clarify into which
groupings any specific cancer diagnosis falls. The committee for Update 2010
notes that it reframed its overview of lymphohematopoietic neoplasms accord -
ing to the World Health Organization classification system (WHO, 2008), which
partitions these disorders first according to the lymphoid or myeloid lineage of
the transformed cells rather than as lymphomas or leukemias; this emphasizes
the close etiologic relationship of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and hairy-cell
leukemia with Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas and with the neoplasm
multiple myeloma and its related condition AL amyloidosis.
The major portion of evidence compiled for review in the Veterans and Agent
Orange (VAO) series comes from cohort studies, primarily of mortality but some
of incidence. Other data have been generated by case–control studies, which fol -
low the only design amenable to studying very infrequent or very specific health
outcomes. How researchers are able to group, analyze, and report their findings
is influenced by the distribution of cases that they observe, so the data that VAO
committees have had available for review reflect mortality experience at a level
of specificity concordant with statistical analysis.
The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) system is used by physi-
cians and researchers around the world to group related diseases and procedures
so that morbidity and mortality information can be classified for statistical pur-
poses in a standard form amenable to data storage and retrieval. It is a com-
prehensive hierarchic system that permits great detail but can be collapsed into
broad categories. Codes mentioned in VAO reports are stated in terms of ICD,
790
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TABLE C-1 Mapping of Groupings of Malignant Neoplasms That Are the Subjects of Conclusions in the Veterans and
Agent Orange Series with ICD-9 Codes
NIOSH Category
for Cause of Death
“VAO Characterization of Grouping”a
Major Minor NIOSH Groupings of Cancer Sites Subsites ICD-9 Codes
02 Buccal cavity and pharynx “Oral, nasal, and pharyngeal”
004 Lip 140
005 Tongue 141
006 Other parts of buccal cavity
Salivary glands 142
Floor of mouth 144
Gum and other mouth 143, 145
007 Pharynx
Oropharynx 146
Tonsil 146.0–146.2
Nasopharynx 147
Hypopharynx 148
Other buccal cavity and pharynx 149
(160 = nasal below)
03 Digestive organs and peritoneum
“Esophagus”
008 Esophagus 150
“Stomach”
009 Stomach 151
“Colorectal”
010 Intestine except rectum
Small intestine 152
Colon (large intestine) 153
011 Rectum 154
“Hepatobiliary”
012 Biliary passages, liver, and gall bladder
Liver and intrahepatic bile ducts 155
Gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts 156
013 Pancreas 157
791
cointinued
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TABLE C-1 Continued
792
NIOSH Category
for Cause of Death
“VAO Characterization of Grouping”a
Major Minor NIOSH Groupings of Cancer Sites Subsites ICD-9 Codes
014 Retroperitoneum and other and 158–159
unspecified digestive organs
“Respiratory”
04 Respiratory system
“Larynx”
015 Larynx 161
“Lung”
016 Trachea, bronchus, and lung 162
Trachea 162.0 (there is no ICD 162.1)
Lung and bronchus 162.2–162.9
017 Pleura 163
018 Other respiratory
Nasal cavity, middle ear, and accessory (160, above with oral and pharyngeal)
sinuses
Thymus, heart, and mediastinum 164 (164.0, below with endocrine; 164.1,
below with soft tissue sarcoma)
Other respiratory, unspecified 165
(discontinuity with ICD codes)
“Breast”
05 019 Breast (male and female) 174, 175
“Female reproductive”
06 Female genital organs
020 Cervix uteri 180
021 Other unspecified parts of uterus 179, 181, 182
Uterus, parts unspecified 179
Placenta 181
Body of uterus 182
022 Ovary, fallopian tube, and broad ligament 183
Ovary 183.0 (there is no ICD 183.1)
Fallopian tube and other uterine adnexa 183.2–183.9
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023 Other female genital organs 184
07 Male genital system 185, 186
“Prostate”
024 Prostate 185
“Testicular”
025 Testis 186
Penis and other male genital organs [for NIOSH in minor group 036] 187
08 Urinary system
“Renal”
026 Kidney (including renal pelvis and ureter) 189.0–189.2
“Urinary bladder”
027 Bladder and other urinary organs 188, 189.3–189.9
Bladder 188
Urethra, paraurethral glands, other and 189.3–189.9
unspecified urinary
(discontinuity with ICD codes)
09 Other and unspecified sites
“Bone and joint”
028 Bone (“and articular cartilage” in ICD 170
nomenclature)
“Melanoma”
029 Melanoma 172
“Non-melanoma skin”
030 Other malignant skin neoplasm 173
031 Mesothelioma No codes (new minor code, above with
lung)
“Soft-tissue sarcoma”
032 Connective (“and other soft” in ICD 171
nomenclature) tissue
(heart) (164.1)
“Brain”
033 Brain and other parts of nervous system 191–192
(ICD “soft tissue” includes peripheral
nerves and autonomic nervous system)
034 Eye 190
035 Thyroid 193
(thymus) 164.0
036 Other and unspecified sites Other endocrine cancers 194
Other and ill-defined sites 195
Stated or assumed to be secondary of 196–198
specified sites
793
cointinued
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TABLE C-1 Continued
794
NIOSH Category
for Cause of Death
“VAO Characterization of Grouping”a
Major Minor NIOSH Groupings of Cancer Sites Subsites ICD-9 Codes
Site unspecified 199
10 Lymphatic and hematopoietic tissue
Lymphoma
Hodgkin disease
037 201
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
038 200, 202 (excluding 202.4), 273.3
Multiple myeloma
039 203 (excluding 203.1)
“Leukemia (other than chronic B-cell
040 Leukemia and aleukemia 204–208
leukemias)”
Lymphocytic (primary grouping now with other
neoplasms of lymphocytic origin,
lymphomas and multiple myeloma)
Acute lymphocytic 204.0
“Chronic lymphocytic (including hairy 204.1
cell leukemia)”
Other lymphocytic 202.4; 204.2–204.9
Myeloid (granulocytic)
Acute myeloid
Acute 205.0
Acute erythremia and erythroleukemia 207.0
Megakaryocytic leukemia 207.2
Chronic myeloid 205.1
Other myeloid 205.2–205.3, 205.8–205.9
Monocytic
Acute monocytic 206.0
Chronic monocytic 206.1
Other monocytic 206.2–206.9
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Other leukemia
Other acute 208.0
Other chronic 207.1, 208.1
Aleukemic, subleukemia and “not 203.1, 207.2, 207.8, 208.2–208.9
otherwise specified”
aBoldface cancer (sub)site: most comprehensive grouping for which a conclusion has been drawn.
795
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796 VETERANS AND AGENT ORANGE: UPDATE 2010
Version 9 (ICD-9). ICD-7, ICD-8, and ICD-9 were in effect for deaths that oc -
curred in 1960–1967, 1968–1978, and 1979–1998, respectively; the differences
among them are fairly subtle. Although ICD-10, which went into effect for coding
causes of deaths that occurred from 1999 on, appears radically different from the
earlier versions, it corresponds in large part to basically the same disease entities
(see Table C-2). To date, most published epidemiologic studies considered in the
VAO series have been related to health outcomes that occurred and were encoded
before ICD-10 went into effect.
Since 1983, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH) has maintained software for generating standardized expectations, as
derived from US mortality data assembled by the National Center for Health Sta-
tistics, for ICD-encoded mortality datasets. An article by Robinson et al. (2006)
discusses revisions to that standard software to incorporate deaths coded accord -
ing to ICD-10 and includes conversions and equivalencies between ICD-7, -8,
-9, and -10 for 119 exhaustive categories for cause of death. Codes for malignant
neoplasms span the ICD-9 range 140.0–208.9, NIOSH’s major categories 02–10,
or NIOSH’s more specific minor categories 004–040.
The NIOSH death codes for neoplasms provide comprehensive scaffold-
ing for organizing the committee’s reviews and conclusions by cancer type that
is somewhat simpler than ICD classifications, but maps completely to the ICD
system as it has evolved. Because the NIOSH system has been used to medi-
ate analysis of many sets of cohort data, its groupings correspond quite closely
with the published research findings available for review by VAO committees.
In general cohort studies, one is unlikely to encounter results on more specific
groupings than NIOSH’s minor categories.
As discussed in Chapter 2, this committee has not framed its conclusions
strictly in terms of ICD codes, but the ICD system has been a valuable tool for
the work of VAO committees. There can be coding errors on hospital records or
death certificates, but when researchers present their results labeled with ICD
codes, there can be little ambiguity about what they intended. When their most
definitive indication is something like “respiratory cancers,” however, there can
be uncertainty about where the evidence should be considered. In such cases, the
committee has done its best to follow the hierarchy laid out in Table C-1.
As indicated above, many of the studies reviewed by the committee use or
were written at a time when ICD-9 was in place. Accordingly, ICD references
in this report use that scheme. ICD-10 began to be implemented in the United
States in 1999. It differs from ICD-9 in level of detail (about 8,000 categories vs
about 5,000 in ICD-9) and nomenclature (alphanumeric vs the numeric codes of
ICD-9); additions and modifications were also made with regard to some coding
rules and the rules for selecting an underlying cause of death (Anderson et al.,
2001). Table C-2 lists the ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes for the various forms of ma -
lignant neoplasm addressed in this report. In situ neoplasms, benign neoplasms,
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797
APPENDIX C
TABLE C-2 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program
Malignant Neoplasm Site Groupings for ICD-9 and ICD-10
Cancer Site ICD-9 Codes ICD-10 Codes
Buccal cavity and pharynx
Lip 140.0–140.9 C00.0–C00.9
Tongue 141.0–141.9 C01, C02.1–C02.9
Salivary glands 142.0–142.9 C07, C08.0–C08.9
Floor of mouth 144.0–144.9 C04.0–C04.9
Gum and other mouth 143.0–143.9, 145.0–145.6, C03.0–C03.9, C05.0–C05.9,
145.8–145.9 C06.0–C06.9
Nasopharynx 147.0–147.9 C11.1–C11.9
Tonsil 146.0–146.2 C09.0–C09.9
Oropharynx 146.3–146.9 C10.1–C10.9
Hypopharynx 148.0–148.9 C12, C13.0–C13.9
Other buccal cavity and pharynx 149.0–149.9 C14.0–C14.9
Digestive system
Esophagus 150.0–150.9 C15.0–C15.9
Stomach 151.0–151.9 C16.0–C16.9
Small intestine 152.0–152.9 C17.0–C17.9
Colon excluding rectum 153.0–153.9, 159.0 C18.0–C18.9, C26.0
Rectum and rectosigmoid junction 154.0–154.1 C19, C20
Anus, anal canal, and anorectum 154.2–154.3, 154.8 C21.0–C21.9
Liver and intrahepatic bile duct
Liver 155.0,155.2 C22.0, C22.2–C22.4,
C22.7–C22.9
Intrahepatic bile duct 155.1 C22.1
Gallbladder 156.0 C23
Other biliary 156.1–156.9 C24.0–C24.9
Pancreas 157.0–157.9 C25.0–C25.9
Retroperitoneum 158.0 C48.0
Peritoneum, omentum, and 158.8–158.9 C48.1–C48.2
mesentery
Other digestive organs 159.8–159.9 C26.8–26.9, C48.8
Respiratory system
Nasal cavity, middle ear, and 160.0–160.9 C30.0, C30.1, C31.0–C31.9
accessory sinuses
Larynx 161.0–161.9 C32.0–C32.9
Lung and bronchus 162.2–162.9 C34.0–C34.9
Pleura 163.0–163.9 C38.4
Trachea, mediastinum, and other 162.0, 164.2–165.9 C33, C38.1–C38.3, C38.8,
respiratory organs C39
Bones and joints 170.0–170.9 C40.0–C40.9, C41.0–C41.9
Soft tissue (including heart) 171.0–171.9, 164.1 C38.0, C47.0–C47.9,
C49.0–C49.9
continued
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798 VETERANS AND AGENT ORANGE: UPDATE 2010
TABLE C-2 Continued
Cancer Site ICD-9 Codes ICD-10 Codes
Skin
Malignant melanomas 172.0–172.9 C43.0–C43.9
Other malignant skin neoplasms 173.0–173.9 C44.0–C44.9
Breast (male and female) 174.0–174.9, 175 C50.0–C50.9
Female genital system
Cervix 180.0–180.9 C53.0–C53.9
Corpus 182.0–182.1, 182.8 C54.0–C54.9
Uterus, not otherwise specified 179 C55
Ovary 183.0 C56.0–C56.9
Vagina 184.0 C52
Vulva 184.1–184.4 C51.0–C51.9
Other female genital organs 181, 183.2–183.9, 184.8, C57.0–C57.9, C58
184.9
Male genital system
Prostate 185 C61
Testis 186.0–186.9 C62.0–C62.9
Penis 187.1–187.4 C60.0–C60.9
Other male genital organs 187.5–187.9 C63.0–C63.9
Urinary system
Urinary bladder 188.0–188.9 C67.0–C67.9
Kidney and renal pelvis 189.0, 189.1 C64.0–C64.9, C65.0–C65.9
Ureter 189.2 C66.0–C66.9
Other urinary organs 189.3–189.4, 189.8–189.9 C68.0–C68.9
Eye and orbit 190.0–190.9 C69.0–C69.9
Brain and other nervous system
Brain 191.0–191.9 C71.0–C71.9
Meninges 192.1 C70.0–C70.9
Other nervous systema 192.0, 192.2–192.9 C72.0–C72.9
Endocrine system
Thyroid 193 C73
Other endocrine (including 164.0, 194.0–194.9 C37, C74.00–C74.92,
thymus) C75.0–C75.9
Lymphomas
Hodgkin’s disease 201.0–201.9 C81.0–81.9
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas 200.0–200.8, 202.0–202.2, C82.0–C82.9, C83.0–C83.9,
202.8–202.9 C84.0–C84.5, C85.0–
C85.9, C96.3
Multiple myeloma 203.0, 238.6 C90.0, C90.2
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799
APPENDIX C
TABLE C-2 Continued
Cancer Site ICD-9 Codes ICD-10 Codes
Leukemias
Lymphocytic
Acute lymphocytic 204.0 C91.0
Chronic lymphocytic 204.1 C91.1
Other lymphocytic 202.4, 204.2–204.9 C91.2-C91.4, C91.7, C91.9
Myeloid (granulocytic)
Acute myeloid 205.0, 207.0, 207.2 C92.0, C92.4–C92.5, C94.0,
C94.2
Chronic myeloid 205.1 C92.1
Other myeloid 205.2–205.3, 205.8–205.9 C92.2–C92.3, C92.7, C92.9
Monocytic
Acute monocytic 206.0 C93.0
Chronic monocytic 206.1 C93.1
Other monocytic 206.2–206.9 C93.2, C93.7, C93.9
Other leukemia
Other acute 208.0 C94.4, C94.5, C95.0
Other chronic 207.1, 208.1 C94.1, C95.1
Aleukemic, subleukemic and 203.1, 207.2, 207.8, C90.1, C91.5, C94.3, C94.7,
“not otherwise specified” 208.2–208.9 C95.2, C95.7, C95.9
Miscellaneous malignant neoplasms 159.1, 195.0–195.8, C26.1, C76.0–C76.8, C77.0–
196.0–196.9, C77.9, C78.0–C78.8,
199.0–199.1, 202.3, C79.0–C79.8, C80,
202.5–202.6, C88.0–C88.9, C96.0–
203.8 C96.2, C96.7, C96.9,
C97
aCancers of the peripheral nerves and the autonomic nervous system are classified as “soft tissue”
in ICD.
SOURCE: Adapted from Ries et al. (2003), Table A-4.
neoplasms of uncertain behavior, and neoplasms of unspecified behavior have
separate codes in both schemes.
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