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Suggested Citation:"A--Biographies of Committee Members." National Research Council. 2013. Engineering Aviation Security Environments—Reduction of False Alarms in Computed Tomography-Based Screening of Checked Baggage. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13171.
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Page 61
Suggested Citation:"A--Biographies of Committee Members." National Research Council. 2013. Engineering Aviation Security Environments—Reduction of False Alarms in Computed Tomography-Based Screening of Checked Baggage. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13171.
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Page 62
Suggested Citation:"A--Biographies of Committee Members." National Research Council. 2013. Engineering Aviation Security Environments—Reduction of False Alarms in Computed Tomography-Based Screening of Checked Baggage. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13171.
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Page 63

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A Biographies of Committee Members Sandra Hyland, Chair, has 25 years experience in program management in both for-and non- profit organizations. She is currently a senior semiconductor engineer at BAE systems. Prior to that, she served in various positions at Tokyo Electron. She has also served as a staff officer at the National Research Council’s (NRC’s) National Materials Advisory Board and an advisory engineer at IBM. Dr. Hyland has a Ph.D. in materials science and engineering from Cornell University, an M.S. in electrical engineering from Rutgers University, and a B.S. in electrical engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Dr. Hyland is a member of the American Vacuum Society, Electrochemical Society and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers. She is a fellow of the Society of Women Engineers, and previously served as a vice chair of the NRC Committee on Technologies for Transportation Security. Cheryl Bitner is vice president for programs at Pioneer UAV, Inc., and is responsible for program execution for Pioneer’s unmanned air vehicle programs. Prior to taking her position at Pioneer, Ms. Bitner worked in various capacities at AAAI Corporation, including director of quality systems, and program director for such groups as fire fighter trainers, electronic warfare trainers, maintenance trainers, and on-board (embedded) trainers. She has more than 28 years of industry experience in providing products and services for the Department of Defense and has a strong background in cost- and schedule- control techniques. Her responsibilities include ensuring positive program performance, strategic planning, manpower management, and personnel development. Ms. Bitner is a certified project management professional, certified software quality engineer, and is a member of the American Society for Quality. She has published a cost-and-benefit analysis of piloting and navigational team trainers and contributes to the AAI Training Systems newsletter. Ms. Bitner holds an M.S. in engineering science and a B.S. in computer science from Loyola College and has completed the Advanced Program Management Course at the Defense Systems Management College. R. Graham Cooks is the Henry B. Hass Distinguished Professor of Chemistry at Purdue University where he has spent the bulk of his career. His interests involve construction of mass spectrometers as well as their use in fundamental studies and applications. Dr. Cooks is a past president of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry and is on the boards of a number of scientific journals; he has been honored by awards from the American Chemical Society and other organizations. His work is highly cited (one of the original 100 most-cited chemists) and he has served as mentor to some 97 Ph.D. students in analytical chemistry. He holds a B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. from the University of Natal in South Africa, and a second Ph.D. from Cambridge University. Carl R. Crawford is president of Csuptwo, LLC, a consulting company in the fields of medical imaging and Homeland Security. He has been a technical innovator in the fields of medical and industrial imaging for 25 years. His technology has resulted in 79 U.S. patents and approximately $1.5 billion of revenues for his clients. Dr. Crawford was the technical vice president of corporate imaging systems at Analogic Corporation, Peabody, Massachusetts, where he led the application of signal and image processing techniques for medical and security scanners. He developed the reconstruction and explosive detection algorithms for the Examiner 6000, a computerized tomographic (CT) scanner deployed in airports worldwide. He was also employed at General Electrical Medical Systems, where he invented the enabling technology for helical (spiral) scanning for medical CT scanners, and at Elscint, where he developed technology for cardiac CT scanners. He also has developed technology for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single photon emission tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), 61

ultrasound imaging (U/S), dual energy imaging and automated threat recognition algorithms based on computer aided detection (CAD). Dr. Crawford has a doctorate in electrical engineering from Purdue University and is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. He also has adjunct appointments at Northeastern and Virginia Tech Universities. B. John Garrick (NAE) is an executive consultant on the application of the risk sciences to complex technological systems in the space, defense, chemical, marine, transportation, and nuclear fields. He served for 10 years (1994-2004), 4 years as chair, on the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s Advisory Committee on Nuclear Waste. His areas of expertise include risk assessment and nuclear science and engineering. Dr. Garrick is a member of Society for Risk Analysis (President 1989-90), and recipient of that society’s most Distinguished Achievement Award, in 1994. He has been a member and chair of several NRC committees. He has published more than 250 papers and reports on risk, reliability, engineering, and technology. He has also written several book chapters, and was editor of the text, The Analysis, Communication, and Perception of Risk. Dr. Garrick received his Ph.D. in engineering and applied science from the University of California, Los Angeles, in 1968. His fields of study were neutron transport, applied mathematics, and applied physics. He received an M.S. in nuclear engineering from UCLA in 1962, attended the Oak Ridge School of Reactor Technology in 1954-55, and received a B.S. in physics from Brigham Young University in 1952. He is a fellow of three professional societies: the American Nuclear Society, the Society for Risk Analysis, and the Institute for the Advancement of Engineering. Constantine Gatsonis is a professor of medical science (biostatistics) and founding director of the Center for Statistical Sciences at Brown University. He is a leading authority on the evaluation of diagnostic and screening tests and has extensive involvement in methodologic research in medical technology assessment and in health services and outcomes research. He is group statistician of the American College of Radiology Imaging Network (ACRIN), for which he also serves as a chief statistician both the Digital Mammography Imaging Screening Trial (DMIST) and ACRIN’s arm of the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST). A major focus of the research publications and current interests of Dr. Gatsonis is on Bayesian inference and its applications to problems in biostatistics, with emphasis on the evaluation of diagnostic imaging and health services and outcomes research. In addition to Bayesian methods, Dr. Gatsonis has published on other aspects of methodology for the analysis of correlated ROC data and on broader issues of study design in diagnostic test evaluation. Dr. Gatsonis is the founding editor-in-chief of Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology and an associate editor of the Annals of Applied Statistics, Bayesian Analysis, Statistics and Probability Letters, and Clinical Trials. Previous editorial experience includes membership of the editorial board of Statistics in Medicine, Medical Decision Making and Academic Radiology. Dr. Gatsonis was elected fellow of the American Statistical Association and the Association for Health Services Research. Gary Glover (NAE) is a professor of radiology and director of the Radiological Sciences Laboratory at Stanford University where he also serves as a professor of electrical engineering. Prior to assuming his positions at Stanford, Dr. Glover was a senior physicist at the GE Medical Systems’ Applied Science Laboratory where, in 1985 he won the Steinmetz Award. Dr. Glover is a member of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM), the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, and Society of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and the American Association of Physicists in Medicine among others. He serves as an editor on the Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Medical Physics, Radiology, Journal of Magnetic Resonance, and the Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, among others. He chairs the NIH Diagnostic Imaging study section, and serves as an ad hoc member on numerous special emphasis sections. Dr. Glover has won several awards for his research and contributions to the field, including: the ISMRM Gold Medal and the Radiological Society of America’s Outstanding Researcher Award. Subhash R. Lele is a professor in the Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences at the University of Alberta. He has a Ph.D. in statistics from the Pennsylvania State University. Dr. Lele’s expertise is in the statistical analysis of forms and shapes with applications in medicine; and spatial data analysis with applications in public health, ecology, and environmental sciences. 62

Harry E. Martz, Jr., is the nondestructive testing and evaluation research and development thrust area leader for the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Dr. Martz has extensive background in the use of computed tomography and x-ray radiography to perform nondestructive evaluation. His current projects include the use of noninstrusive x- and gamma-ray computed tomography techniques as three-dimensional imaging tools to understand material properties and to assay radioactive waste forms. Dr. Martz has served on several NRC committees and panels dealing with the general topic of aviation security, including chairing the Committee on Technical Regulation of Explosives Detection Systems. William Q. Meeker is a professor of statistics and a Distinguished Professor of Liberal Arts and Sciences at Iowa State University. He is a fellow of the American Statistical Association (ASA) and the American Society for Quality (ASQ) and a past Editor of Technometrics. He is co-author of the books Statistical Methods for Reliability Data with Luis Escobar (1998), and Statistical Intervals: A Guide for Practitioners with Gerald Hahn (1991), six book chapters, and of numerous publications in the engineering and statistical literature. He has won the ASQ Youden prize four times and the ASQ Wilcoxon Prize three times. He was recognized by the ASA with their Best Practical Application Award in 2001 and by the ASQ Shewhart medal. He has done research and consulted extensively on problems in reliability data analysis, reliability test planning, accelerated testing, nondestructive evaluation, and statistical computing. 63

Next: B--Quantifying the Risk of False Alarms with Airport Screening of Checked Baggage »
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On November 19, 2001 the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) was created as a separate entity within the U.S. Department of Transportation through the Aviation and Transportation Security Act. The act also mandated that all checked baggage on U.S. flights be scanned by explosive detection systems (EDSs) for the presence of threats. These systems needed to be deployed quickly and universally, but could not be made available everywhere. As a result the TSA emphasized the procurement and installation of certified systems where EDSs were not yet available. Computer tomography (CT)-based systems became the certified method or place-holder for EDSs. CT systems cannot detect explosives but instead create images of potential threats that can be compared to criteria to determine if they are real threats. The TSA has placed a great emphasis on high level detections in order to slow false negatives or missed detections. As a result there is abundance in false positives or false alarms.

In order to get a better handle on these false positives the National Research Council (NRC) was asked to examine the technology of current aviation-security EDSs and false positives produced by this equipment. The ad hoc committee assigned to this task examined and evaluated the cases of false positives in the EDSs, assessed the impact of false positive resolution on personnel and resource allocation, and made recommendations on investigating false positives without increase false negatives. To complete their task the committee held four meetings in which they observed security measures at the San Francisco International Airport, heard from employees of DHS and the TSA.
Engineering Aviation Security Environments--Reduction of False Alarms in Computed Tomography-Based Screening of Checked Baggage is the result of the committee's investigation. The report includes key conclusions and findings, an overview of EDSs, and recommendations made by the committee.

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