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special report 3 07
Policy Options for
Reducing Energy Use and
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
from U.S. Transportation
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TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
2011 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
Chair: Neil J. Pedersen, Consultant, Silver Spring, Maryland
Vice Chair: Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson
Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, Kentucky
Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, Virginia
William A. V. Clark, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles
Eugene A. Conti, Jr., Secretary of Transportation, North Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh
James M. Crites, Executive Vice President of Operations, Dallas–Fort Worth International Airport, Texas
Paula J. Hammond, Secretary, Washington State Department of Transportation, Olympia
Michael W. Hancock, Secretary, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Frankfort
Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley (Past Chair, 2009)
Michael P. Lewis, Director, Rhode Island Department of Transportation, Providence
Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada Department of Transportation, Carson City
Joan McDonald, Commissioner, New York State Department of Transportation, Albany
Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments, Arlington (Past Chair, 2010)
Tracy L. Rosser, Vice President, Regional General Manager, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Mandeville, Louisiana
Steven T. Scalzo, Chief Operating Officer, Marine Resources Group, Seattle, Washington
Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri
Beverly A. Scott, General Manager and Chief Executive Officer, Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority,
Atlanta, Georgia
David Seltzer, Principal, Mercator Advisors LLC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Lawrence A. Selzer, President and CEO, The Conservation Fund, Arlington, Virginia
Kumares C. Sinha, Olson Distinguished Professor of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
Thomas K. Sorel, Commissioner, Minnesota Department of Transportation, St. Paul
Daniel Sperling, Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science and Policy; Director, Institute of Trans-
portation Studies; and Interim Director, Energy Efficiency Center, University of California, Davis
Kirk T. Steudle, Director, Michigan Department of Transportation, Lansing
Douglas W. Stotlar, President and Chief Executive Officer, Con-Way, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan
C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin (Past Chair, 1991)
Peter H. Appel, Administrator, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation
(ex officio)
J. Randolph Babbitt, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio)
Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, Georgia (ex officio)
Anne S. Ferro, Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio)
LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington,
D.C. (ex officio)
John T. Gray, Senior Vice President, Policy and Economics, Association of American Railroads, Washington,
D.C. (ex officio)
John C. Horsley, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington,
D.C. (ex officio)
David T. Matsuda, Deputy Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio)
Victor M. Mendez, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio)
William W. Millar, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, D.C. (ex officio) (Past
Chair, 1992)
Tara O’Toole, Under Secretary for Science and Technology, U.S. Department of Homeland Security (ex officio)
Robert J. Papp (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department of Homeland Security
(ex officio)
Cynthia L. Quarterman, Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S. Department of
Transportation (ex officio)
Peter M. Rogoff, Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio)
David L. Strickland, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation
(ex officio)
Joseph C. Szabo, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio)
Polly Trottenberg, Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio)
Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. General, U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, Washington, D.C. (ex officio)
Barry R. Wallerstein, Executive Officer, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, California
(ex officio)
*Membership as of September 2011.
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s pecial report 3 07
Policy Options for
Reducing Energy Use and
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
from U.S. Transportation
Committee for a Study of Potential Energy Savings and
Greenhouse Gas Reductions from Transportation
Transportation Research Board
Washington, D.C.
2011
www.TRB.org
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Transportation Research Board Special Report 307
Subscriber Category
Energy and environment
Transportation Research Board publications are available by ordering individual publications
directly from the TRB Business Office, through the Internet at www.TRB.org or nationalacademies.
org/trb, or by annual subscription through organizational or individual affiliation with TRB.
Affiliates and library subscribers are eligible for substantial discounts. For further information,
contact the Transportation Research Board Business Office, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington,
DC 20001 (telephone 202-334-3213; fax 202-334-2519; or e-mail TRBsales@nas.edu).
Copyright 2011 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of
the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National
Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The
members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies
and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to the procedures
approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of
Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
This report was sponsored by the Transportation Research Board.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
National Research Council (U.S.). Committee for a Study of Potential Energy
Savings and Greenhouse Gas Reductions from Transportation.
Policy options for reducing energy use and greenhouse gas emissions from
U.S. transportation / Committee for a Study of Potential Energy Savings and
Greenhouse Gas Reductions from Transportation, Transportation Research Board
of the National Academies.
p. cm. — (Transportation research board special report ; 307)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-309-16742-0
1. Greenhouse gas mitigation—Government policy—United States. 2.
Transportation—Environmental aspects—United States. I. Title.
TD885.5.G73N396 2011
333.79'6816—dc23
2011027807
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distin-
guished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of
science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter
granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the
federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the
National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National
Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its
administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sci-
ences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineer-
ing also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education
and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is presi-
dent of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure
the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy mat-
ters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the
National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal gov-
ernment and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education.
Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to
associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of fur-
thering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general
policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of
both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in provid-
ing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The
Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J.
Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research
Council.
The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research
Council. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transpor-
tation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a
setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually
engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners
from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the
public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies
including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other
organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org
www.national-academies.org
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