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Glossary
14 CFR Part 121: federal flight duty time regulations.
AC-120 FIT: As a complement to issuance of the NPRM, the FAA issued a
draft advisory circular (AC 120-FIT) on fitness for duty.
Air carriers: a commercial carrier utilizing aircraft as its means of transport;
an airline, as for passengers or freight.
Airport/standby reserve: a defined duty period during which a crew mem-
ber is required by a certificate holder to be at, or in close proximity to, an
airport for a possible assignment.1
Cargo airlines: air carriers with flights for the purpose of delivering goods
to locations.
Charter airlines: air carriers that provide nonscheduled passenger flights.
Circadian rhythms: daily (24-hour) rhythms instantiated in microbiology,
physiology and behavior that control the timing of the sleep-wake cycle
and influence physical and cognitive performance, activity, food consump-
tion, body temperature, cardiovascular rhythms, muscle tone, and aspects
1 FederalRegister, “Notice of Proposed Rule Making: Flight Crew Member Duty and Rest,”
September 14, 2010, Volume 75, Number 177.
129
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130 THE EFFECTS OF COMMUTING ON PILOT FATIGUE
of hormone secretion and immune responses, as well as many other physi-
ological functions.
Commuting: the period of time and the activity required of pilots from leav-
ing home to arriving at the domicile (airport—in the crew room, dispatch
room, or designated location at the airport) and from leaving the domicile
back to home.
Crash pads: temporary living arrangements shared among groups of pilots.
Crew pairing: a flight duty period or series of flight duty periods assigned
to a flight crew member which originate or terminate at the flight crew
member’s home base.2
Crew Resource Management (CRM): the application of procedure and
training through a team management system designed to address the chal-
lenge of optimizing the human/machine and human/human interfaces. In-
cludes all groups routinely working with the flight crew who are involved
in decisions required to operate a flight safely.
Deadhead transportation: transportation of a crew member as a passenger,
by air or surface transportation, as required by a certificate holder, exclud-
ing transportation to or from a suitable accommodation.3
Deadheading: term used when travel is provided to members of a flight
crew in order to position them appropriately for duty. According to FAA
regulations, deadheading is considered to be part of their work, or duty
time.
Domicile: the airport where a pilot begins and ends a duty period.
Duty: any task, other than long-call reserve, that a crew member performs
on behalf of the certificate holder, including but not limited to airport/
standby reserve, short-call reserve, flight duty, preflight and postflight
duties, administrative work, training, deadhead transportation, aircraft
positioning on the ground, aircraft loading, and aircraft servicing.4
Duty period: a period that begins when a certificate holder requires a crew
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
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131
GLOSSARY
member to report for duty and ends when that crew member is free from
all duties.5
Fatigue: a physiological state of reduced mental or physical performance
capability resulting from lack of sleep or increased physical activity that can
reduce a crew member’s alertness and ability to safely operate an aircraft
or perform safety-related duties.6
Fatigue risk management plans (FRMPs): the airline carriers’ management
plans outlining policies and procedures reducing the risk of flight crew
member fatigue and improving flight crew member alertness.
Fatigue risk management systems (FRMSs): a data-driven and scientifically
based process that allows for continuous monitoring and management of
safety risks associated with fatigue-related error. It is part of a repeating
performance improvement process. This process leads to continuous safety
enhancements by identifying and addressing fatigue factors across time and
changing physiological and operational circumstances.7
First officer: the member of a flight crew who is second in command to the
captain.
Fit for duty: physiologically and mentally prepared and capable of perform-
ing assigned duties in flight with the highest degree of safety.8
Flight crew: the people involved in operating an aircraft in flight, includes
pilots, flight engineers, flight navigators, and cabin attendants assigned to
duty in an aircraft during flight time.
Flight duty period (FDP): a period that begins when a flight crew member
is required to report for duty with the intention of conducting a flight, a
series of flights, or positioning or ferrying flights, and ends when the aircraft
is parked after the last flight and there is no intention for further aircraft
movement by the same flight crew member. A flight duty period includes
deadhead transportation before a flight segment without an intervening
required rest period, training conducted in an aircraft, flight simulator or
flight training device, and airport/standby reserve.9
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 Ibid.
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132 THE EFFECTS OF COMMUTING ON PILOT FATIGUE
Gateway basing: the airline arranges a flight (when necessary) from a speci-
fied gateway city to the departure city of the pilot’s first flight, and the pilot
is responsible for the commute from home to the gateway city.
Home: the pilot’s residence.
Home basing: the airline arranges a reserved seat on a flight from the pilot’s
home location to the city from which the pilot’s flight departs.
Hub: a focal airport for the routing of aircraft and passengers.
Hub-and-spoke: a system where many flights converge on one airport (the
hub) at about the same time so that passengers and cargo can connect
conveniently to a flight that is going to the ultimate destination (a spoke).
Jumpseat: an additional observer seat on the flight deck available to other
pilots by courtesy of the captain.
Long-call reserve: a reserve period in which a crew member receives a re-
quired rest period following notification by the certificate holder to report
for duty.10
Long-haul: flights are that involve long distances, typically beyond 6 hours
in length, and often are nonstop flights.
Mainline airlines: air carriers that predominately operate scheduled service
in jet aircraft with more than 90 seats and often provide intercontinental
service.
Nonrevenue travel: free or reduced-rate (nonrevenue) travel.
Overnighting: assignment by an airline for a flight crew member to spend a
required rest period at a location that is not the pilot’s domicile, normally
including prearranged accommodations and local transportation; see also
layover.
Part 91 ferry: a flight with no paid passengers or cargo aboard, performed
to position an aircraft to a desired location such as to perform its next
10 Ibid.
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133
GLOSSARY
revenue flight; alternatively, a flight of an aircraft that is not airworthy,
performed under provisions of a “ferry permit.”11
Part 121: This phrase refers to most passenger and cargo airlines that fly
transport-category aircraft with 10 or more seats.
Regional airlines: air carriers that predominately operate scheduled service
in aircraft, both jet and turboprop, with 90 or fewer seats.
11 FederalAviation Administration. (n.d.). Special Flight Permits. Available: http://www.
faa.gov/about/office_org/field_offices/fsdo/phl/local_more/media/ferry_permit.pdf [June 2011].
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