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ro-
ra-
las
ese
-all
hat
rry THE NLAGNITUDE OF THE PROGRANI
be
INTRODUCTION
This report recommends a program for constmction of -facilities that will
utilize ùre versatile, relatively low-cost methods of grounil-based astronomy
to cârry out the large {raction of the observations of the-universe tìat can
be done through thã atmosphere, and thus to mâintâin the proper balarrce
between the u-nique capabilities of insÛuments carried into space and the
capabilities of tlðse opãratecl on tle surface of the earth. The total cost for
thå ten-year progrum is less than the ûrst ûve years of that part of the Space
Administration's orbiting obserwatory program devoted to stellar astronomy
and to radio astronomyl These orbiting observatories are, of course, only
a small part of the wúole space efiort' The annual spending rate for the
o"* groLd-b^r"d facilities proiected in.tle previous section of this report
ls of ihe order of one haff of t per cent of tlre present total annual buclget
of the National Aeronautics and Space ,{dministration'
Since astronomers represent a small fraction of the physical scientists
in the country, however, iì is appropriate to ask whether the grourrd-based
facilities recoÁmeodetl ,"pt"tÀt a sharp acceleration in tìe next decade
or are in line with growth rates already established or in sight'
In the case of ãptical astronomy, whe¡e there has been a long perioil of
growth while the Unitecl States was establishing its dominant position in
of science, it is possible to give a rough quantitative ansr¡/er to
Ihi,
"r""
,fr" -q"ltlt ih" b"rt rittgi" ittdex of tÈe nation's òapability in observational
optical'astronomy wodd ãppear to be the collecting area oJ all its research
;å".-p";. The'necessary'ãata have been taken from the Appendir of
Kuiper^anil Middlehurst's ?¿lescopes (lJniversity of Chicago Press' 1960)'
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
OCR for page 79
wíth a few additions fo¡ instruments completed since Ig60. In Figure 20 is
show¡ the integrated area of all telescopes of 24-inch aperture or larger
in the United States. Accumulated totals at intervals of ûve to ten years
are plotted. In the same ûgwe is shown the breakdown for the size cate-
gories (large, medium, anil small) as used in Section III and in ttre recom-
mendations of this report. Here each point represents tìe new total after
ailding tïe telescopes completed in a given year. At the right side a hypo-
thetical point is plotted on each of the graphs, showing how the collecting
area ín each of the four cases would stand in 1976 if all the recommendations
of the PaneÏs report were completeþ implemented by that time. In no
case is tlere any marked increase over the growth rate that has been estab-
Iished over previous decades. Implementation of the Panel's recommenda-
tions will do little more tÏan keep up with the general trend, which indicates
a doubling of the total collecting area each 15 years. Because there has
been a slackening in the growth rate over tÏe last 15 years, it is necessar¡
however, to compress about 15 years of normal growth into the next decade.
It will be noted that this long-term trend was established when the
number of asfuonomers in the country was growing less rapidly than is now
shown to be the case in the manpower survey in Section II ( page 28 ) . The
manpower growth rate previously shown in Figure 18 (page 3I) is repro-
duced at the top o{ the telescope-area graph in Figure 20. At the right edge
is shown ttre range of the expected number of U. S. members of the Inter-
national Astronomical Union in 1973, based on the projection of Table 2
(page 86), and tle assumption that the ratio between the number of U. S.
astronomers, as deûned in Section II, and the number of U. S. members of
the International Astronomical Union will continue to be about 3:2. The
slope of this portion of the plot indicates a doubling of manpower ín nine
or ten years and increases more steeply than the proiected growth of the
telescope collecting area in any size category.
In summary, then, tìre optical facilities recommended by the Panel
would appear to be reasonable and prudent. It should be noted that, even
with full implementation of these ¡ecommendatíons, there will be fewer
square feet of telescopic obiective per U. S. astronomer at the end of the
clecade than there are now. And, even with some allor¡¡ance lor a slight
reduction in tJre percentage of U. S. astronomers engaged in optical astron-
omy, as interest in tleoretical ashophysics, radio astronomy, and space
âsþonomy grows, the program is still based upon a straightforward proiec-
tion. In view of the important contributions being made to the develop-
ment of astronomy by obsewers with U. S. optical telescopes, to provide
72
È*.
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
OCR for page 80
0ís
:gef
lars
ate-
0m-
fter
?o-
ting
ions
.no
tab-
rda-
ates
..{LLD>\20rNcrI
has
ary, . D=l00-200r^*crr
"c-
ade.
the
ftow
The
D=60-99üicn
rt
pro-
dge
e 36-59 rNcI¡
=
D
-."
rter-
le2
t. s.
of
:s
The
aine
-a
the
anel
)ven
)\¡r'er
the
1990 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980
ight
ron-
lace
Fígvte 20
riec-
Cto@th oÍ total collecting area of U '5. oPtical telescopes sínce 7910, lnoíecte¿ to ìncfuãe facílì'
,lop- líes rccomnpnileil bg this îetort The gïouJth of the nunber of U S' mentbets in the 7úefi4'
vide tional Asl¡onorÀìcal Union ìs shou:n lor co rytriton.
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
OCR for page 81
tlan is recommended here would, in the opinion of the Panel, mean a
Iess
loss of momentum, and would constitute a retrenchment.
There is no single index in radio astuonomy tlat represents tle grouncl-
based observing potential in tÏe Unitecl States, particularþ since modem
antenna systems consist of both arrays and paraboloids. The growth of the
major U. S. facilities is bareþ a decade old, and no long-term trends or
growtl rates can be said to have been established. The recommendations
ãf the Pattel proposed a set of facilities demanded by the nature of the
problems now faceil in this ffeld' These faciìities will create capabitties
lor observational research commensurate wittr these tlemands, and quite
beyond any yet provided. The manpower, the tecbniques, anil the engi-
nelring competence for realizatíon of this goal are all in sight, but ade-
quate support must be Provided.
SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS AND COSTS
The cost of the program discusseil in Sections III and IV is established in this
section. The proposeil program as laid out consists of the following items.
Optical Astrorømy
7) Tlnee large telescopes of the 150'to-200-inch c1ass. The
Peak 150-inch is consiclered as tlie trst of this group. $60.0 million
Iiitt
:) An engineering study for constluction of the largest
reflector. $ 1.0 million
feasible optical
3) Fo¿r intermediate-size telescopes of the 60-to-84-inch
class' $ 4'o million
4) Eight small mode¡n telescopes of 36-to-48-inch aperture. $ 3.2 million
Total cost of the optical facilities and engineering study is $68.2 million
with no operating expense included,
Included in these costs are funds for the initial instrumentation such
as spectrographs, photometer, and specbum scanner with which to start
ìi
initiãl opeiations. Included also is the cost of site-development, land-
74
/-'
L
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
OCR for page 82
acquisition, and building {or tIe case of items I ) and 3 ) above. The details
¡a
of the cost breakdown and ttre budget per year to realize the goals are stated
in the present section.
ìil-
)rû
' 'tre
or Radín Astronomg
)ns
:
7) A very large high-resolution pencil-beam array witli
ihe
low sidelobes to be constructed
ies faciiíty.
as a national
, úte
Cost of basic dishes. $30.0 million
Lgi-
Cost of land development with buildings. $ 4.0 million
Ce-
$ 6.0 million
Cost of electronics and other auxiliaries.
cost $40.0 million
Total
2J A high-resolution array consisting of about eight an-
tennas to be constructed at the Owens Valley Observatory. $10.0 million
paraboloids.
3) Two fully steerable 300-foot $16.0 million
his
4)
ms.
Engineering study for the largest possible steerable para-
antenna. $ L0 million
bolic
5J Support for existing radio astronomy departments for
new small instruments and special, unique problems. $30.0 million
lion
The total support for new radio instruments is then $97.0 million, with no
annual support to maintain new facilitíes included.
Iion
: lion
Auxilinrg lnstruments and Automntinn
[íon
7) New auxiliary ínstruments for both optical and radio. $10.0 million
lion
2,) of
Data-processing instruments and automation tele-
scopes.
I
$10.0 million
uch
The combined cost of recommendeil auxiliary instrrments and data-
tart
processing and automation equipment thus totals $20.0 million.
rnd-
ÈL-
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
OCR for page 83
ort
O p er ating SUPP
Anrunl
Annual opemting support of new optical facilities at
1)
a rate of 4 pei cent of the value of the facilities completed
S million
gi*" ti-". $ 5
"t ""y
at a rate
2.) Amual operating support of new radio facilities
the faeilities completed at
oî 10 p"t cent of the value of
$33'6 million
time.
any given
support l-ras*trtoo
Total operating
The total cost of the entire ten-yeal program is thus $224'12 million' The
detailed breakclown is shown and the budget per yeal for this program is
23, page 86' )
iustified in this section. ( See the cost curye in Figure
BASIS. OF COST ESTIMATES AND
PROT ECT ED SPENDIN G RAT E
Facíliti,es Cost Esl ímntes
Estimating the cost of large research instruments that have not yet been
built is aãmittedly difRfllt' The Panel is well aware of the fact that the
Êgures submitted in this Report may meet with- consi¡lerable skepticism'
Sich iloubts are not surprising in view of the number of times that enthusi-
astic proponents of new resáutch facilities in the physical sciences have
seriouìIyìnderestimated the cost' Astronomical ventures have by no means
been immune from this exPerience.
Nevertheless the Panel has arrived at a set of cost estimates which it
feels it can put forward with reasonable conûdence The principal reason
for this conff-dence is the nature of the recommendations: the major facil-
itíes, both ratlio anil optical, a¡e based on clesigns and components that have
already been built, so tlat neither the feasibility nor the costs are in any
great âoubt. The decision to recommend facilities o{ this nature for im-
áediate constluction took into consideration both Lhe ¡esearch requirements
bring observational ânswers to important
-the type of instruments that will
probleris-and the need to get new telescopes into the hands of üre under-
76
I
i;
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
OCR for page 84
inst¡umented astronomical commulity in the shortest possible time. The
recommended construction program should not only yíeld an optimum
return f¡om the inveitment of available mânpower and funds, but should
also be subject to minimum uncertainty in the cost estimates.
Iion Radio and optical telescopes larger and more complicated than any
yet built, which would ínvolve costs difficult to estimate at presen! have
not been recommended for construetion within the ten-year períod; rather
they have been reserved for consideration by study groups which will pro-
llion
vide not only a thorough-going feasibility analysis, but also detailed cost
estimates.
llion
The cost evaluations for tlre instruments ¡ecommended in the coming
ten-year period are based on the engineering experience of a member of the
The
Panel who has participated, either directly or as'an adviser, in the recent
mis
construction of large telescopes, both radio and optical. Through this experi-
ence and a continuously updated record of the costs of telescope construc-
tion elsewhere, he has assembled the cost survey data summarized in the
Appendix to this report. The rapidly growing industrial experience in this
highly speciaìized field has also provided a background of actual costs that
is of great assistance in estimating and biddíng on ne\¡/ construction projects.
Tables A and B of the Appendix list existing major astronomical facil-
ities, both radio and optical (pages 90 and 96). In Tables C and D of
the Appendix a¡e shown the best available data on basic instrument costs
for ttrese facilities, in terms of 1963 dollars. The cost data are summarized
feen graphicaþ in Figures 2L and 22, which show cost as a function of size for
: tle optical telescopes and for radio astronomy paraboloids.
:ism. The costs of optical telescopes {all remarkably close to a mean line
husi- showing direct proportionality between cost and collecting area (diameter
have squared). There is considerably more scatter for the radio astronomy
.eans antennâs because some of the steerable paraboloids shown in Figure 22
were built for satellite tracking or communications purposes, where opera-
it
ch tion must be continued ulder extreme environmental conditions. The mean
:ASOn
line, showing cost varying as the 2.5 power of the diameter, passes through
iacil- points representing dishes built to tlre tolerances acceptable in ¡adio astron-
have omy, where the rapid and variable motions needed for satellite tracking are
any not required, and where temporary shutdowns during high winds or icing
: im- conditions are not serious.
rents The estimated total construction costs of the recommended faciiíties
rtant a¡e based on the accumulated data shown in Figures 2l and 22. The adop-
rder- tion of a practical construction schedule then leads to a forecast of the year-
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
OCR for page 85
ffi
ffi
ii
Tr
DOLLÂN COST
Df.IIUETERe
fi
I
500 r'flnRon Dr^rrlrTÈtl rNcûEs
200
100
50
t0
Fígøe 27
of apettuîe, in millions of .7963 clollars' The dat@ arc
telesço?es as a Íunctíotu
Zi"rt-
"¡1ptx.l tnctuåe o¡ttícs, mounting' ancl tlome' Lantl costs' site rletel'
í;;;;Lb1;'li'.i¿)i:ippendix)'and
opment, aniL auúIiarll insttúfients a¡e not incluilecl'
i-j
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
OCR for page 86
DOLLÀN COST
DIÀMETSR2'6
TRACK
¡AD,{II
¡,AIJOIÍE
I
500 ÄPER¡L'RE Dr^METER ¡EEf
900
100
10
of 1963 dolla¡s, frcm Table E
a Íunctìoll of .líarneter, Ì'úllíons
ítù
atxtennas as
èiíst" of steerulrle
ndio
,e alata are
ti.iO¿,,Ctro^¿ítl' ?a¡aboloícls ttaith atltle¿L construction leatuîes not orllinarilll
neecled for
'astîon;¡n1J
î
site deuel' 7 7 for erPlanation'
are núrketl øith a s¡tecíal sgmbol. See tert,
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
OCR for page 87
by the present
furiling needeil through tle ten-year perioil coverecl
to-year
reDort.
'"""iï"" produc-
the astronomical program proposed involves multiple
possible' the total facility
uo" ãiå*irti"g types of basic iistirm"t'i' tih"t"u"t
erms o unit cost'
;;t f;r """t iåe classiffcation can be tabulated in twitÏ a fbreakdown rfE
i"Ui" S øu.. the total cost per unit or total facility A
i"Iä fr.,ï,, ú"ri" and auxiliar| instrumentation costs of optical telescopes j
;;"t"as alreatly in operation or now under construction' In the
;J;"d"
telescópe,, iiis necessary' of course' to make site suweys'
ofì"tg"
;;;"q"# ""ä develop prãperty at nerv observing or the anil to construct
""." "p,ical sites'
Northern Hemi-
i-,,'iiai'"n. and facilitie; fòr supporting activjties' F .B
be depe.dei"ì o' l"rg" industrial_facilities witfri¡ a rea-
;"#ä;;;;
,ã"iùL ¿i.*"* of thã site "hot""' Iio*"uer, a large teiescope in site
the
l
the remote
;;;ã;" H;trphere would involve additional expensein{orable 3' ..j
I
i".ltri"t, ,hippiog, labor, ancl related costs, as noteil T I
'*-
'iü ,""ãi¿ îortio" of Table 3 indicátes the corresponding roposed'f cost o
p
f""itiry lt"*. fo, ihe tht"" types- of radio telescope ínstn-rnents
'--'ät; designs, procurement' and erection scheil-
pt".toiog,
"ngit "optiä *""i"uuui must be tlovetailed to equalize
",ioi
or", ?oì rãrg" ,"ãio
"ia manpower'
afr" 1""¿ oi mannfacto.lrrg facilities antl available technical
if* "r"",i""f fabrication aid constmction tímes for the optical telescope¡
i"g".rt* *l*t the proposed number of units involved'
;* tf,"t";ì;i;î, -basJ e*-pe'ience in the construction of
oo
ilt"."ft"¿ot" times are '""""i
- --
similar facilities.
itt" corresponiling estimates for fabrication time Tor tTable 4' aadio
he large r
half of long
ã.ruy, ãr" indicateil in the second
telescopes
"nd
with tlle corresponding scheilules for construction'
Anrrunl Operating Support for Neu Facilities
a schedule of funcling
Before using the information in Table 3 to prepare-
;;;;-; ;;:y:; perioil, it is necessarv to inquire what allowanceround tbe
must
that.ltl $ow up a he
;;å" f* típ;"i, of the reseat"h ptág'"tnt institutions'
inro*""",t as they are compllteã' Universities'- res-earch of oper-
""* wiú be reqrrieil to assume the added expense
""à ""ir""rf """ters
ffiiih;,"*;g"'"rrd "o-pl"* å'""'"h tools in a rather short interval'radio The
both
.ltäi¿y ."t""i problem Jf annual support at all observatories' and unless
ã"J"iu*r, *iI- b""o*" acute unlessìirere is advance planning
flrodiig agâocies can anticipate the demanil'
80
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
OCR for page 88
fl
Ë
MN)RASTR)N)MICALTELESC2PESAoelegeCos.tPe¡lJniÍobseroatoryFaciliÍg
sent
["r^u'u
cosrs oF r.AcrrJrY-$ r'o-¡-ro¡ (1963) TorALs
It
iluc- Â1¡ER. I'NIT
SITE-DEV'
,ility OTIIERCOST FAqI¡-ITS
BI,DG. &
Af'X'
H BAsrco
CON:¡INCENT COSÍ
ETC. BEMOTE
INSTBS.
TELES.
Ë,,*
cost. I'¡.CILITY DESCRI¡TION
B--
own Optícal Telþscopes
üA $ 0.4
0.1
opes s 0.3
36 to 48" fot Uflío. Asttotl. DèPt.
fir. 0.8 1.0
0.08
r the 0.12
60 to 84" lo¡ Good Obs. Unía. Sites
8.5 r8.5
2.0
r, :' 2.3
750 to 200" fo¡ Best Obs. Si|es: No Hemíß
seys,
8.5 3.0 23.0
9.2
2.3
so. Hemì.s.
truct !i
Ë
,emi- Rad,io Telescopes
Èa
lt.
fea- Hi sh-Resolutìon Pencil Beam
Anaa, Multiple Units-N 4L'1. Facilítg
r the 40.0
(Coú of enfire susteû¿)
¡ site AÐedure Sunthesß Mobìle Arrug
' M ltiple Uníls oÍ 130' SIeetuble at Exísling 1.25
o.10
Obs. Site, per unít
st of
FuIIg Stee¡abl'e 3OO' Patuboloii'| at Eristìig
,osed. 8.0
Obsercatotu S¿tes
ched- sholnillg cost os' apeÍtuÌe fot ña'ior optlcal
'
nlize anð, ¡ad.io telescoqes
ower.
copes AL
coNSTnucrtoN-FABRICATtoN TIME FOR UNIT FACILITY
s ASTRON OMIC
ienß.
¡Ived. it
'¡
on of lì PROPOSED SCIIEDULES
coNsrR. TIME
1 CON6:cÀ. POSSIDLE
"t*-oo
'I uNrrs (vB¡¡s)
o"
.o.r"t"" otr"uot ¡vr'us)
radio
along A Opt¿"ot Telescopes
I
I
2! Modem reflectors
Dept gr8,
Oaet 7st
ì l. 36 to 48" Iot tJntu, Astrcn
IJryerú earlv
2 in Ð atg.
Sites
1 z.
4
4
60 Lo 84" îo¡ UníÐ. Obs Obs, ¡esearch
2 ìn nert 4 uÌs,
I Eristíng d,esígns
No'Hemis. 8i 7 geørs
2
lol BestObí ¡Ì1.
Sites:
150 to 200"
¡3. 2nd, bg 7O gts.
Síte and d,eoelop.
Spread oaer 70 grs.
10
Lnding 1
So' Herniß'
Fot Î$ture recom.
Laltet Íeø !r8.
0
4
ust be )4. Larye Telescope Studg
j
rd the Rad,io Telescopes
B
I Extend.able øfi49
Co¡úínuing
rtions, 9
High-Resofutìan Nafl. Pencil Alrag
I .1.
I Earlg need'; mooabl¿
4 ìn 3 grs.
7.5!
:2.
ì oper- M ob ile Ste eøbla
-lt.
1 30
pørøbolíc øraq
4 in nert 3 grs.
[. The 7 ín 4l grs. Poltrír, and
Parubolold' 4
300-ft. Steeruble
I írL 6+ ltts,
I radio Specttul studíøs
i"
Mas affect 300-ft.
4-
unless Fitst feu uîs.
Sûñ,v 4
Larye Telescope
)
81
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
OCR for page 89
A complete analysis of the operating costs of existing observatories is
dificult beùuse suppot comes ftãm many sources and is accounteil for in
many difierent *uy* Sio"" tìe impact will be greatest upon those having
to operate the larglst new facilities, it will be su-fficient to use a formula for
.opport costs based on tle experience of the larger re-
comluting
"rron"I
alreaily-in operation. A¡r examination oI the known annual
,""råh
""it"r,
operating costs of the ûve oì six largest observatoríes i'.' this country shows
tlìat theiatlo of the annual cost to ttre 1963 estimated capital value of the
facility falls in a remarkably n¿urow lânge between 2 5 and 3'5 per cent'
ioo, other recent iarge telescope proposals have also intlicated
ir,
"í¿i operating support t"ogiog fto- 3.5 to 4'75 per c€nt of the total
annual
propor"df""ility vatuã. ¡ correlaied experience may also- be noted; many
iarg:" unirrersity anil college campus building programs show annual oper-
atiig costs for iaboratory building and facilities runningfrom 3'5 to 4'5 per
th" to,"I plant välue. It appears adequate, thereforg to recommend
""rriofor the adàitions to established optical observatories, the allowance
that, f
for ánnual operation of newly completed facilities be set at 4 per cent of the
construction cost.
On the other hand, experience with large radio telescopes clearly indi-
cates a very clifierent set ofannual operating costs, involving a much higher
percentage of construction costs; the range is from about 10 per cent to,
io ,orn" ã"r"r, over 28 per cent of the value of the faeility' These higher
opeÉting costs arise from the special nature of the facilities and the peculiar
oi"rati"! problems of raclio obse¡vatoríes. Al arbitrary examination of
tËe parti-cJar facilities recommended in this report indicates that a 10 per
c"J fo.mola for amual operation would be justited' This rate is two or
tlree times higher than that fôr the corresponding optical observatories
because: (1) the radio obServatories are growing, arrd operating costs are
hígh on nù iacilities; (2) advances in electronic teclïdques make for rapid
ob"solescence of auxiliary equipment, such as receivers, and frequent replace-
ment is necessary; (3)'most iadio observatories are much further removed
fiom university óenters than are optical observatories, with corresponclingly
higher travel ánd operating costs; (4) at radio obserwatories work is carried
oti both d"y and night, with higher costs for double crews; (5) antenna
systems cover t *o"lt htg"t property area, with higher road antl grounds
maintenance costs, and higher communication costs'
It should be emphasized tlat the percentage figures adopted here for
the annual operating ( "housekeeping') cost of new facilities cover only the
added technical cosis such as operating and maintenance personnel, scien-
82
"t
ø
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
OCR for page 90
þs is tiffc and maintenance supplies, and data-processing and computer charges.
or in They do not include salaries of academíc or scienti.ffc stafi, support of .grad-
uate students, or otler progtam-cost items such as scientiffc libraries. In
r.ing
various institutions the latter costs may be divideal in so many ilifierent
¿ for
ways between old and new telescopes, between observational anil non-
)r re-
observational research, and between teaching and research, that ít would
rnual
hows be dificult to ârrive at a universal formula.
Since the assígnecl task of tìe Panel has been to consider the npu
,f the
facilities that will be needed in the next ten years, it has not attempted to
cent.
examine the total problem of the support of astronomical teaching anil
cateil
research in the Uniterl States. Thus the ffgures presented here should not
total
be construed as representing the total government support neealed by Amer-
many
ican astronomy. The problem of annual support is being consiilered by
oper-
.5 per a panel of the Physics Survey Committee, appointed by the National Acad-
emy of Sciences to make a long-range study of physics and its requirements.
mend
According to the estimates of the Physics Surwey panel, the total sup-
va'J3e
port cost, including small project facilities, is between $10 million and $20
of the
million ¿ year witl tle present physical plant. Since ou¡ recommendations
will approúmately ilouble the existing facilities and will accommodate
¡ lnor-
n""tly t*i"" the number of astronomers by the end of the decade, it may
righer
be assumed that the total support cost will also approximately double if the
)nt to,
same unit cost per astronomer prevails. Thus, ttre technical ("housekeep-
higher
ing") costs shown in Table 5 constitute approximately one half of the total
:culiar
' ion of additional operating cost needed to support tÏe scientific programs to be
cauied by tÏe new facilities. Untloubtedly these costs will continue to be
10 per
'
divided beween normal university budgets and feileral grant monies.
iwo or
atories
Spend.i,ng Rate
sts are
The unit costs for new facilities from Table I antl the construction sched-
r rapíd
ules from Table 4 are combined in Table 5, anil tÏe growth of annual oper-
, :place-
ating costs is computed according to the 4 per cent and 10 per cent formulas
.moved
adopted in the prevíous section. This table Shows the spending rate for con-
rclingly
struction of each type of facility and also the accumulated value of all the
carried
facilities completed at the end of each year of the program. The latter ffgure
.nteûìa
is used for calculation of the corresponding annual operating support that
. ;rounds
will be needed as the new instruments go into actual research operation.
In addition to the spending for tÏe major facilities and for their operat-
' rere for
ing support as they are completed, the total spending rate must take into
,nly the
account other parts of the over-all recommended program' These costs are
[, scien-
á
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
OCR for page 91
MTLLTON
ANNUÁL OPERATTNG çOFT OF NEW FACTLTTLES-í
5
TABLE
Based, on C otlstruc'tion Sched'ul'e
Optícøl
ç 3.2
60.0 0.4 0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
I. 8 0.8
36/48" TelPs' 4.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
2. 4 60/84" Teles.
Site:
3. 3 150/200" Best r8.5
18.5
Hømís'
N o'
So'Eemís -
23.O
- 42'5 67'2
0.0 0.4 0.8 7.4 o'4 1'4 o'4 r9 9
Value ol geør's addítìon
to co ûryl.eted lacíLiÍi¿s
o.o 0.4 7.2 2'6 3.0 44 4'8 24'7 247 67'2
Aacutwlated' aahre oÍ
completed' løcílitíes
Annu,I operatínesuppoft at
o.o 016 o.o4| 0'104 0'120 0'176 o'1g2 og88 0988 9688 5'3
B ßødío
5.0 5.0 5.0 TA)
5.0 5.0 5.0 40.0
1.0
0'0 5.0
Atøg
7 4'O
1. Pencíl-Beam
7.25 2.50 2.50 10.0
1-25
2.50
Aîraa
I
1 0'0
2. Aût. Mobìle 16.0
B.0
80
2
3. 300-ft. Steerable
o'o 4'0 6.25 7.50 15.Ë0 7.50 6-25 5.0 13.0 1.0 66.0
value ol leois add'iti'otu to
pt"iuâ ¡oavu"t
"o
Acaumulatød oalue of com'
0'o 4'o 10.25 17.25 33.25 40.75 47.00 52.00 65.00 66.00
fac¡I¡t¡es
iiiied
Annual o\eiating flPPoft at
00 0'40 1.025 1.775 3.325 4.075 4.700 5.200 6 500 6'600 33'6
tO9¿ rrtte"
t.
0.0 0.416 7.073 1.879 3.445 4.251 4892 6'188 7'488 9288 38'9
Total AnnuaL Ogetufítug
SúpþoÌt, OPticlI and Rad'¡o
4.
4;t""t f- w*otio*tuppoitaate formøl^tion' ð.
'already develop-etl in Table 5 are
shown in Table 6; some of the ûgures
,.o""t".I. The stuily goup to conJder the lalgest feasible optical time for
telesco-pe 1.
onlv to sive
vears of the decaile' not
i;Ë;;;ï;äJt".i". 3.
but also to make use of the in-
tirå t"irr"tting of the maior new telescopes, 4.
expertise developecl during the-period of their engineering
t"t-äiø"
"f¿ stuily group to
;J;;;ril;rt""''The work of ihe proposed radios astronomv on a somewhat
i scheduled
;;;ã;;;ili"tg;t possible movabL paraboloitlnfuence the construction of
i
more urgent basis, since its conclusiåns may
¡esult in its
ä" r"""ilãoo-ioát paraboloiil that is recommendêtl6and couldthe provision
Table includes
conversion into a larger instrument' Line C of
in Section V of the report antl
f- fflö;Jrurri"n "aioo '""ommended
84
¡¡¡L-.tr¡¡ ,
.
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
OCR for page 92
for automation and data-processing, likewise advocated in
also the funds
tlat Section. The funding for tlese programs is divided fairly evenly over
the years, in the expectation ttrat there will be a great demand for this type of
inst¡umentation in radio astronomy in the ûrst two yeârs, followed by the
same type of support for the new optical telescopes as they are completed.
Line D of Table 6 lists the annual operating support of research programs
using the new instnnents, both radio and optical, taken from ttre schedules
shown in Table 5.
.LO The total proiected ten-yeæ spencling schedulg shom in ttre Ênal line
of Table Q is displayed graphically in Figure 23. Of the total of $224 million
. -I8.5
. for ttre ten-year period, the facfüties for grourd-based optical ashonomy
2s.0
amount to $68.2 million and those for radio astronomy to $97 million. The
- 42.5
accumulated operating support for the completed {acilities at the end of
:-l
i
' 67.2
i
s.3
r88 I
2.688
'¡i
6
t 7.0 4o.o ,; TABLE PR)POSED 10-Y EAR BUDCET-6 MILLION*Facilôtöes Cotßtructi.on and. Operati.on
PROPOSED (
10.0 1
)- 16.0 -ì
;
o 1.0 66.0 i¡ 1o-YEA.R
BIIDGEî YE,IRS-FOR SCIIEDI'LED FÀCIÌ-T¡IES
;i TOTAL
00 66.00 .j erv. r'-rcrcrrv co¡Ts
5oo 6-600 33.6 iì A opt¡cal
tl r. ¿ 36-48" TeI¿s.-Unío. 80.2 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.2 .' 3.2
0.4 0.4
¿88 9.288 38.9 i 2. 4 60-84" at UníÞ. Sítes 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.1 4.0
0.6 0.4
3. 3 t50-200" atBestsítes 6.5 7.0 5.0 3.5 60.0
iuoir:r.: 6.5
l!: 4. I Teles. Studg Gøup .25 .25 .25 ''
-----J 1.0
-
,'j 5. 0 New ¿t neplacernent
,t Equtp.
***;;
l:*
7.75 7-85 5.65 3.6
, Tolal Optìcal 68.2
b are ,
,i Radío
)scoDe l . I Pcnc¡l-Beotu Atav
*--:- 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.0 2.0
It, 40.0
ne lor :i 2. 1 I Ant. Mobile Atag 2.5 2.É
1.0 2.0 1.5 0.5 10.0
.$ 3. 2 900-ft. SteefttbLe 2.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 1.0
1.0 2.0 3.0
.he in_ 76.0
,r 4. I Larye Ant. StudA crcup 0.25 0.25 0.25.
0.25 7.0
eenng .Ì 5. J5 unla. Neu-Reptace. 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
3.0 30.0
i. 7.0 1s.75 12.75 10.50 10.00 9.00 7.OO 5.00
oup to 10.25 11.75
Total RødIo 97.0
,{ C Instflrnents, Data processíng,
rewhat
2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
ion Ot 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
+ Automatíon (Opt. ¿r Radì.o) 2.0 20.0
in.its ïO Annual Opet. Support
t .416 1.073 1.879 3.445 4.251 4.892 6.188 Z.iAe S.zAe 38.9
':
)USIOn 12.400 19.366 24.023 26.129 26.195 24.301 24.642 25.038 22.138 19.888 224.1
Totd Prcposed
.rl
rrt and
85
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
OCR for page 93
25-
OPEBÀTINC COST
2ö-
15-
10-
RÁDIO ¡ÂCIÍ-IrÍES
-- o"",a-to"ttt*'
Ð-
INSTBÛÀ/ÍENTS ÀND
ÄUTOMÀTION
I
I
I
I
I
10 YEÀ¡s
0 6
ð
4
TOTÀL
EXPENDITIIÂES
r80-
140-
100-
60-
.-t'
^/
*=-
20-
I
t
rtll I 10 YE{RS
L234
i'ii,,i,iÅ:1.:
Illekd facìIiÍíes,"^r,.,t:i.:;.:t^:::y:;:,iî,i1""1,!,,1åä"iíi'i::;:::u',ïl';::,":i,:'îÍr"liì"Tl,ii;.
The loøer panel snot'
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
OCR for page 94
level reaches
ten years amounts to $38.9 million, and the annual support
rate of
$g-3 million in ttre last year of ttre program' The over-all annual
;;;dt.*;;;"t in rhe árst four veaìs tã a maximum of aat the$endmillion
bout 26
of the
;i;;Ñ,h; ;adual decline to ábout $20 million a vear
*--"it
decacle.
¿""tlo" in the predicted rate toward ttre end of ttre decaile requires
a ten-year program of
a word of clariffcation, It arises from the fact tlat
"
on the assumption tlat all the instru-
facilities construction must pthe- roceed
enil of the decade' It is' of course' likeþ'
;"*;ii-b" ""mpleted at
,J""tU""t "l-ost certain, that, well before tle end of ttre ten-year period'
;ahJ;a"il; *p*tant faciities now unforeseeable will have appeared on
,ltìl-in""1 lvËether these can be built within an annual eæenditurg Êle l
at the maximum predicted ûgure in the fourtl and fth
that is stabiLized
ÍES
a continuecl growth in spend-
tlllcfEs
vears of tle current program, or wiil
tfotãtold. 'woulil inileeil be reason to question
equire
i ¡{ND
,,o* b" There
í"g,
"itality of Àmerican astronomy if lhe instrunents here recommendeil
""""t
thã v
*ã" touo¿ suficient for many decades, ¡ather than merely for the im-
mediately foreseeable futu¡e.
fuwuøt Scìentific Suppott lor Exíßting Faaiktíes
Although it is not a part of the PaneÏs task to make iletaileil
recommeird'a-
wish to record its deep
ES
;;";; tle scale of- total a.toual support, it does
;J,'ä;ovJ, ,h; problem of maint"i'üg a ptoper balance of support' with-
ã"iir"tt¡r¡l"g iis emphasis oo """"ùuI ttew gtound-based for neglectthef
acilities'
^not o
be anv tliversion of iuppo* from
Þ;;"ññ-aú t},"ru deparknents,
ã"goi";ptogt"-s"'in existing otsewatories and university istribution of
It is particularþ important, tËe Panel feels, to maintain a d astronomical
LIfIES
i"aãå ,opport t¡atiill ensure an equitable balance between
ufiort in näãonal centers and tlat in universiÇ departments'
.c¡l-rTfES
of coø'
¡
ack geøt.
87
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
