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OCR for page 437
Index
A fitness costs of, 243
hypothetical pathway, 240
Actinobacteria, 34, 35, 44 in-host competition of clones and, 242-
Actinomycete bacteria, 38, 41 243, 250-251
Actinorhizal plants, 30-31 lateral transfer of genes, 219, 251
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, 18-19, 24 management strategies, 238, 239-240,
Allelopathy, 129 246-248
Alloparents and alloparental care, 49-50, radical pathogen cure and, 235, 237,
66-67, 299-300, 304, 307, 308-309, 238, 241, 246
311-312, 315 real-world context, 240-246
Altruism, xv-xvi, 11 (see also Restraint; selection for, 235, 236, 238-239, 241-242,
Human prosocial sentiments; specific 243-246, 248
attributes) single-gene knockout, 200
evolution of, 131-132, 343-362 useful life span of drug, 239-240
greenbeard alleles, 17, 56 Antibiotics
indirect genetic effects, xvi in animal feeds, 238
parental manipulation of offspring, 188 mutualist production of, 26, 30, 32, 38,
phenotypic gambit and, 11 39, 44, 92
as selfish act, 50 restrictions on use, 238
Amoeba (see Dictyostelium discoideum) Ants (see also Fire ants; Social
Amundsen, Roald, 370 Hymenoptera)
Angelman syndrome (AS), 260, 282-283, alloparental care, 50
284-285 bacterial mutualism, 30-31, 39, 44
Anopheles gambiae, 178, 186 brain evolution, 177, 187-188
Antibiotic resistance (see also fungus-growing, 30-31, 39
Chemotherapy; Malaria) greenbeard behavior, 56, 67
broad-spectrum drug use and, 251 hexamerins, 184
evidence-based management, 248-249 immunity genes, 171, 178, 179
fitness advantages of, 243-246 kin recognition, 49-50, 56
437
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odorant receptor genes, 174 Bees, primitive eusocial (see also Honey
origins of eusociality, 169 bees)
runaway social selection, 67 brain evolution, 176-177, 187-188
slave making, 176 gland development genes for chemical
social foraging behavior, 187 signaling, 173, 187
unicoloniality, 50, 67, 68 metabolism and nutrition genes, 172,
Apis mellifera (see also Honey bee), 53, 169, 185-186
174, 178-179, 181, 183, 185-186 molecular evolution study, 169
Arms race, evolutionary, 166, 178, 180, 209, origins of eusociality, 169 (see also
215 Honey bees; Social Hymenoptera)
Arthur M. Sackler Colloquia, iv, viii, xiii, ovary development, 181
84, 135, 211 piRNA pathway, 171, 172, 181
Arthur M. Sackler Gallery of Asian Art, viii reproduction-related genes, 171-172, 181
Asobara tabida, 228-229 Beewolves, 32-33, 41
Autism, 236, 254, 277, 284-285, 289, 291-292 Behavioral economics games, 347-349
Avise, John C., xiii-xiv Beta-glycosidases, 175
Ayala, Francisco J., xiii-xiv Biodiversity, defined, xiii
Azolla filiculoides, 43 Biofilms (see also Multispecies biofilms)
defined, 140
single-species, 193
B Bioluminescence, 26, 30, 40
Bipolar disorder, 285
Baboons, 327, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, Birds (see also Cooperative breeding in
339, 350 birds)
Bacteria (see also Bacterial; “Mycetocyte” coloration and plumage, 66
bacteria; Myxococcus xanthus; other Blowfly (Calliphora vicina), 184
individual species) Bobtail squid, 30-31, 41, 155
mobile DNA, 219 Bonobos (Pan paniscus), 336, 361
Bacterial symbioses, defined, 28 Boyd, Robert, 301, 363-382
Bacterial-eukaryotic mutualisms Bradyrhizobium japonicum, 41, 45
benefits provided to hosts, 26-27, 29-30, Brain evolution, 176-177, 187-188
32 Bumble bees, 169, 179
breakdown of, 2, 29, 31, 33, 43-45, 46, 47 Burkholderia spp., 30-31, 37-38, 40-41, 44
greenbeard genes, 18 Byproduct cooperation, 11, 31, 38, 39, 157,
host association origins, 27, 31, 33, 34, 333
35-36, 45-46, 47
host localization, 28, 30, 32
maintenance of, 29, 38-42 C
methods, 29, 46-47
origins, xvi, 29, 36-38, 46 Cancer, 138, 236, 237, 252, 275, 277, 278-282
from parasitism, 2, 30-31, 35, 36-37, 46, Capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus), 327,
47 343, 357, 358-359
stabilizing forces, 2, 31, 33 Cell–cell adhesion, 94, 95, 97, 107, 114, 158,
symbiont capture, 29, 42-43 166, 203, 204
transmission among hosts, 30, 32, 45, 46 Central Inuit, 366-369, 370
Bacterial parasites, 28 Centromere drive, 221, 223-224, 225
Bacteriocins, 18, 129, 192, 226, 242 Chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus),
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, 30-31, 38, 39, 41 327-328, 330
Baffin Island Inuit, 371 Cheaters/cheating
Bdelloid rotifers, 233 in bacterial mutualisms, 2, 40-41, 46
Beckwith–Weidemann syndrome, 280-281, controls, 166, 191, 198, 201-206, 211
282, 283, 284-285 defining, 198-199
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Dictyostelium discoideum, 166, 198-201, Clark University, vii
211 Clostridium difficile, 251
distinguishing, 40-41, 340-341 Cognitive ability, and cultural adaptation,
facultative, 198, 199, 200 363, 364-366, 371-372, 380-381
falsebeards, 55 Coloration, warning, 20
fixed, 198, 199, 200 Conflict (see also Cheaters/cheating;
kin discrimination and, 166, 191, 198, Genetic conflict; Genomic
201, 202-203 imprinting; Pathology from
lottery-like role assignment and, 166, evolutionary conflict; Sexual
191, 202, 204-206 conflict)
Myxococcus xanthus, 88, 93, 107-109, 110 condition-based power, 207
noble resistor genes and, 166, 191, 208 controls, 193, 206-208
pleiotropy and, 166, 191, 201, 202, in Dictyostelium discoideum, 166, 191,
203-204 200, 206-208, 210-211
primate insensitivity to, 325, 332, embryo-maternal, 236, 260
340-341 first-strike power, 206
punishment of, 40, 300, 330, 332, 340, insider-outsider theory, 80-81
341, 342, 346, 348, 349, 360, 361 interlocus, 56, 57, 62
relatedness within social groups and, male parentage (worker policing), 2, 49,
191, 197-198, 201-202 51, 52-53
by single-gene knockouts, 200-201 in model organisms of cooperation,
social parasites, 198, 199, 202 193-194
by wild clones, 199-200 parent-offspring, 236, 260, 265, 271, 272
Chemotherapy (see also Antibiotic) power asymmetries and, 166, 202, 206-
aims of patient treatment, 239-240 208, 261-262
cancer, 252 resolution during group formation of
combination drug therapy, 237 breeding birds, 80
multiple-strain infection and, 235-236 siblings, 261-262
radical pathogen cure , 235, 237, 238, weaning, 260
241, 246 within-group, 91, 111
social structure of the pathogen and, 235 Consanguineous matings, 264
Cheney, Dorothy L., 300, 325-342 Cooperation (see also Vertebrate
Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus), 300, 327 cooperation)
Chickens, meiotic drive in, 225 laboratory-friendly models, 194-195
Chimeras/chimerism, 191, 197-198, 200, 221 and major transitions in evolution,
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) 193-194
attribution of intentions, 330, 332 Cooperative breeding in birds
cognitive constraints, 335, 365, 366, 380 among-generation bet-hedging, 73, 82
cultural adaptation, 378, 380, 381 benefits of philopatry hypothesis, 71,
contingent altruism, 337-338, 360 72, 80, 81
detection of noncooperators, 340 climatic uncertainty and reproductive
emotional constraints, 336 success, 71, 74, 75, 76, 77-78, 79, 81,
generosity in, 351-353 82, 83-84
helping behavior, 353-355 conflict resolution during group
inequity aversion, 361 formation, 80
prosocial sentiments and behavior, 343, ecological constraints hypothesis, 3, 70,
351-356, 381 71, 72, 73, 80, 81
recognition of others’ relationships, 300, environmental quality (temporal
328 variation) and, 69, 70-72, 73-74, 79-82
Chlorobi, 34, 35 fecundity variance, 3, 69, 72, 74, 77-78,
Chloroflexi, 34, 35 82
Cichlid fish (Astatotilapia burtoni), 328 fitness optimization, 72
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group size, 69-70, 72, 73, 74, 77-78, 79, lost technology examples, 370-271
82, 83 maladaptations, 379-381
habitat heterogeneity and reproductive modeling successful behaviors, 376-378
success, 71, 74, 76, 77, 79, 81-82, 83, Netsilik, 366, 370
84 Polar Inuit, 371
inclusive fitness benefits, 70 population process, 371-377
insider-outsider conflict theory, 80-81 social learning biases and, 379-380
kin neighborhoods and, 81-82 West Greenland Inuit, 375
obligate plural breeders, 74 Cyanobacterium spp., 32-33
reproductive skew, 80 Cyphomyrmex longiscapus, 41
territory quality (spatial variation), 69, Cytoplasmic incompatibility, 228, 229
70-72, 73, 74, 79-81
within-generation bet-hedging (risk
D
aversion) hypotheses, 3, 69, 72-74,
79, 82, 83
Daphnia species, 233
Cooperative breeding in humans (see also
Darwinian medicine, 235
Dogon people)
Day, Troy, 235-236, 237-252
alloparenting, 299-300, 303, 304, 307,
Depression, 285
308-309, 311-312, 315
Dictator Game, 300, 345-346, 348, 351
cooperative breeding hypothesis, 306
Dictyostelium discoideum
grandmaternal survival and
altruism, 166, 196-197
grandoffspring survival, 304
cell adhesion genes, 166, 203, 204
Hadza of Tanzania, 304
characteristics, 195
kin selection theory, 306, 309
cheaters/cheating, 166, 198-201, 211
!Kung, 304
cheating controls, 166, 191, 201-206, 211
life history theory, 306
chimerism, 191, 197-198, 200
Maya of the Yucatan, 304
condition-based power, 207
parent–offspring conflict theory, 308
conflict, 166, 191, 200, 206-208, 210-211
parental manipulation theory, 308
differentiation-inducing factor signaling
social dominance theory, 308
system, 204, 207-208, 211
Coral reef communities, 129
dimA gene, 204
Coriobacterium glomerans, 32-33
evolutionary arms races in social genes,
Crespi, Bernard J., 236, 275-297
207
Crespi–Badcock theory, 284
farming of bacteria, 166, 210, 211
Crozier’s paradox, 56, 60, 66
first-strike power, 206
Cryptotermes secundus, 175
fruiting bodies, 195, 196-197, 198
Cultural adaptation
kin discrimination, 166, 191, 198, 201,
Baffin Island Inuit, 371
202-203
bowmaking example, 374-375
life cycles, 196
Central Inuit, 366-369, 370
lottery-like role assignment, 166, 191,
cognitive ability and, 363, 364-366, 371-
202, 204-206
372, 380-381
as a model system, 191, 194, 195-199
cognitive biases and, 379
noble resistor genes, 166, 191, 208
essentiality for humans, 366-371
pleiotropy, 166, 191, 201, 202, 203-204
evidence for, 377-379
power asymmetries, 166, 206-208
food preparation practices and taboos,
prestarvation factor, 195
378-379
rates of change in social genes, 191
and global expansion, 364
relatedness within social groups, 191,
kayak keel design example, 375-376
197-198, 201-202
learning from others and, 363, 365, 366,
sexual cycle, 209-210, 211
369-371, 372-377
single-gene knockouts, 200-201
lost European explorer experiment, 370
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social cycle, 191, 195-196 P-elements, 222
wild clones, 199-200 pesticide resistance, 231
Dictylostelium purpureum, 203, 209 segregation distorter, 223, 224
Didemnid ascidians, 32 temperature adaptation, 231
Dimorphopterus pallipes, 41 Wolbachia infection, 43, 229-230
Diplosoma spp., 41, 43
Diptera, 178
E
DNA binding proteins, 221
Dobzhansky, Theodosius, xiii, xiv
Eavesdropping, 300, 327, 328-329
Dogon people of Mali
Ecological constraints hypothesis, 70, 71,
alloparenting, 299-300, 303, 304, 307,
72, 73, 80, 81
308-309, 311-312, 315
Endoriftia persephone, 30-31, 41
asymmetries in genetic relatedness and
Escherichia coli, 92, 251
conflict, 309
restraint evolution in colicin producing
behavioral data, 323
strains, 120-130
child growth determinants, 306-307,
Salmonella enterica mutualism, 132
311-312, 316-319, 323
Eukaryotes, evolution of, 193
child survival determinants, 303, 308,
Euprymna scolopes, 41
309-311, 313, 315-320, 322-323
Eusocial insects (see also Honey bees; Social
conflicts of interest, 315
Hymenoptera; Termites)
cooperative breeding hypothesis, 303,
brain development and function, 171,
306, 308
176-177, 329
ethnographic background, 299, 305
chemical signaling, 173-176
fissioning of WEGs, 313-315, 323
cladogram, 169
genetic relatedness, 312-313
conditional helping, 13
grandparental investment, 312-313,
core traits, 168
315-320
genes implicated in origin or
kin selection theory and, 305, 306, 309,
maintenance of, 170-172
312, 313-314, 315, 321
greenbeard genes, 18
maternal importance, 309-310
group effects, 20, 50
parental manipulation of children, 299-
hygienic behaviors, 178
300, 307, 308
immunity genes, 170, 178-180
polygynous vs. monogamous families,
laboratory-friendly models, 194-195
303, 305, 309-312
and kin selection theory, 2, 50, 56-59
power structure, 315
metabolism and nutrition genes, 172,
reproductive success, 307
183-186
sex differences in work, 307
molecular genetic mechanisms in origin
siblings, 306-308, 321
and maintenance, 165, 167-189
study population, 321
multiple mating by queens, 178
wealth, 310-311, 322
origins, 169
work–eat groups (WEGs), 308-315,
prospects and challenges in molecular
321-322
evolution, 186-189
Drosophila, 179, 182, 185, 187
reproduction, 167, 180-182
cryptic X-drive systems, 224-225
worker policing, 2, 52-53
D. anannassae, 43, 229-230
D. melanogaster, 178, 186, 188, 220, 223,
224, 227, 231
F
D. obscura, 213
D. simulans, 224-225, 231 Fairness an inequity aversion, 300, 325, 335,
flamenco locus, 220 340, 342, 346, 347, 351, 360-361
gland patterning genes, 173 Falsebeards, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 65
lateral gene transfers, 43, 229-230
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Feral dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), 340 and sexual maturation, 236, 265-272
Fire ants (Solenopsis), 18 sibs, 255, 261-262
GP-9 gene, 67, 171, 175-176 symmetric kin, 255, 259
Firebugs, 32-33 Global Malaria Action Plan, 241
Firmicutes, 34, 35 Greenbeard genes
Fischman, Brielle J., 165, 167-189 alloparental care, 49-50, 66-67
Foster, Kevin R., 89, 137-164 altruistic, 17
Frank, Steven A., 236, 275-297 attractive traits, 66
Frankia spp., 30-31 bacterial–eukaryotic mutualisms, 18
Franklin Expedition of 1845–1846, 370 Crozier’s paradox, 56, 60, 66
Franklin, John, 370 eusocial insects, 56, 67
Frequency-dependent effects, xvi, 1, 7, 17, examples of behavior, 56
18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 93, 110, 130, 182 facultative, 16, 18
falsebeard interaction with, 55-56, 57,
58, 59, 60, 61, 65
G genetic kin recognition, 1, 49, 55, 56, 64
harmful, 16, 18
Game theory, 19-20, 300, 345-349 helpful, 16, 18, 56-61
Gamete killing, 224 interlocus conflict, 56, 57, 62
Generosity, 300, 345, 347, 349, 351-353, 359 key feature, 18
Genetic conflict (see also Genomic kin selection mechanisms, 55-56, 68
imprinting) kind selection, 5, 7, 16-19, 21, 24
defined, 216 multilocus, 56-57, 65-66
inbreeding, 259, 261, 287, 293-294, 295 nepotism, 65-67, 68
sex determination, 214, 217, 228, 230 obligate, 16, 18
types of, 216-218 payoff matrix, 19, 58
Genetic diversity, and social heterosis, 67-68 persistence of alleles, 60
Genetic drift, 24, 92, 93, 107, 110, 111 and phenotype matching, 57, 58, 59
Genome-eliminating supernumerary pheromonal communication, 175-176
chromosome, 214 and runaway social selection, 65-67
Genomic imprinting selection pressures, 66
adolescent sexual maturation, 236, and unicoloniality, 67
271-272 Group-level selection, 49, 50
asymmetries of relatedness and, 236,
253, 254-257, 262, 273
birth order and, 270-271 H
blended vs. unblended relatedness,
268-269 Habitat saturation, 71
DNA methylation suppression of TEs Haig, David, 236, 253-274
and, 220, 230 Haldane’s rule, 225
effects of, 254, 259, 271, 281 Hamilton, William D., xvi, 50
epigenetic imprints, 280 Hamilton’s rule (see also Inclusive fitness)
extended kinship, 26 defined, xvi, 50
fathers, 260-261, 264, 269-270, 273-274 and genetic diversity, 68
and fetal development, 260 and helping behavior, 49, 50, 55, 56-59,
as genetic conflict, 218 60, 61-62, 63, 66, 67, 68
identifying genes, 282 indirect genetic effects, 11
kinship categories and, 257-263, 273-274 and kin discrimination, 258
kith and kin selection and, 263-264, 273 in kind selection, 16
mothers, 259-260, 264, 273 in kith selection, 12, 14, 15
partner change and, 253, 259, 262, 264- neighbor-modulated approach, 5, 6-7, 9,
265, 267-268 12, 14, 15, 22, 23
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Hamiltonian medicine, 235 Humans
Haplodiplody hypothesis, 51 bacterial mutualisms, 30-31, 38
Harding, Brittany N., 88, 117-136 microbiome, 138, 154
Harvard University, vii-viii veil of ignorance model, 204
Hawk–Dove game, 20-21 vocal signals, 173
Hayes, Isaac, 371 Hybrid incompatibility genes, 225, 229,
Henrich, Joseph, 301, 363-382 289-290, 291
Hepatoblastoma, 281 Hydrozoans, 56
Hexamerins, 184 Hyenas (Crocuta crocuta), 327, 337
Hitchhiking, 93, 110 Hymenoptera. See Social Hymenoptera
Homing endonucleases, 223
Homo heidelbergensis, 364
I
Honey bees (Apis mellifera), 53, 181-182,
183-184, 185, 187
Immunity genes, 171, 178, 179
brain-related genes, 165, 171
Imprinted genes (see Genomic imprinting)
carbohydrate metabolism, 165, 185-186
Imprinting, learned, 257
cAMP/CREB signaling pathways, 171
Inclusive fitness (see also Hamilton’s rule;
CREB binding protein, 171
Social selection)
dance communication, 176, 177
indirect genetic effects, 21
hexamerins, 184
kith selection, 12-16
immunity genes, 165, 179
relatedness and, 24, 70
insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1,
social effects modeling, 8-10, 22, 24
165, 185
Indirect fitness gains, xvi, 7, 21, 50, 71, 73,
juvenile hormone, 165, 185
75, 226, 255, 266, 272 (see also Kin
Major Royal Jelly, 183-184
selection)
metabolism and nutrition genes, 165-
Indirect genetic effects, 8, 9, 11, 16, 261, 281
166, 172, 184
Infertility, 275, 277, 286, 290
molecular origins of sociality, 165, 169
Insects. See Social Hymenoptera; Social
odorant receptor genes, 165, 174
insects
queen pheromone 9-ODA, 174
Insider-outsider theory, 80-81
reproduction-related genes, 172, 181-182
Insulin growth factor gene (IGF2), 280-281,
sex determination, 181-182
282, 291
social foraging behavior, 187
Interbirth intervals, 261
vitellogenin axis, 185
Interlocus conflice, 56, 57, 62
whole-genome sequence, 169
Intralocus antagonism, 287
Horizontal gene transfer
bacterial mutualisms, 2, 30, 32, 36,
37-38, 40, 42, 43, 44-45, 46
J
and endemic variation, 106
House, Bailey R., 300, 343-362 Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), 337
Huijben, Silvie, 235-236, 237-252 Jewel wasp (Nasonia vitripennis), 169
Human genome, transposable elements,
219
Human prosocial sentiments (see also K
specific attributes)
Kane, Elisha, 371
dimensions of, 345-346
Kerr, Benjamin, 88, 117-136
game theory applied to, 300, 345-349
Kin-directed behavior, 257
limits on altruistic preferences, 347
Kin recognition
motives underlying altruism, 349-351
adhesion genes, 203
nonhuman primates compared to,
cheating control, 166, 191, 198, 201,
350-355
202-203
phylogenetic foundations, 350
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in eusocial insects, 49-50, 54-55, 56, Long-tailed tit (Aegithalos caudatus), 73
64-65 Lotus strigosus, 41
greenbeard genes and, 7, 16-19, 55-59
phenotype matching, 55, 56, 57, 264
M
Kin selection
altruism, 50
Malaria
caste-rearing nepotism and, 54, 55
cases per year, 247
conditional helping, 13
fitness effects drug resistance, 243-246
defined, 6-7, 263
genetic diversity of infections, 242-243
environmental cues, 55
radical pathogen cure, 235, 237, 238,
failures, 51
241, 246
genetic recognition, 55
resistance to drugs, 240-241
genetic relatedness and, 67-68
rodent model, 242, 243-244
greenbeard genes, 1, 7, 16-19, 55-59
treatment goals, 241
group selection hypothesis, 54-55
vector control, 252
haplodiplody hypothesis, 51
Manipulation, 1, 13, 15, 40
heritability of the indirect selection
Marmosets, 343, 357
effect, 16
Maternal effect dominant embryonic arrest
monogamy hypothesis, 51
(Medea) system, 227
multilevel selection models, 7
Maternally expressed factors, 227, 259, 260,
neighbor-modulated approach, 5, 6-7, 9,
261, 271, 277, 280, 282, 283, 284, 285,
12, 14, 15, 22, 23
291
phenotypic gambit, 11
Meiotic drive elements, 166, 213, 214, 216,
reproductive skew theory and, 54
218, 223-225, 230, 288
successes, 51
Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus,
Kind selection
155-156
defined, 1, 5, 263-264
Microbes (see Bacterial; Dictyostelium
greenbeard genes, 1, 5, 7, 16-19, 21, 24,
discoideum; Multispecies biofilms;
264
Myxococcus xanthus)
kin selection compared to, 16-19
examples of natural microbial
phenotype matching, 264
communities, 138-139
Kinship
social interactions, 87-89, 138-139, 192
asymmetric, 236, 253, 254-257
Mitochondria, 2, 32, 37-38, 193, 214, 227,
and cheating, 191, 197-198, 201-202
228, 287-288
instinctive categories vs. cultural
Mitri, Sara, 89, 137-164
classification, 258
Monogamy, 3, 51, 189, 303, 319
symmetric, 259
Multispecies biofilms
Kith selection (see also Mutualisms)
cell–cell adhesion and, 158
defined, 1, 2, 5, 12-16, 264
abundance of additional species,
multiple partners, 24
147-148
phenotypic expression and, 13
between-species cooperation, 155-156
Kraemer, Susanne A., 88, 91-115
bottlenecks, 151, 157
characteristics of communities, 140
competition among microbial groups,
L
150-154
Language development, 260, 285, 365 ecological competition in, 144-147, 150-
Leishmania, 221-222 154, 157
Life-history theory, 273 examples, 138-139
Lion (Panthera leo), 340 fitness calculations, 161
Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis), human microbiome, 138, 154
339
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invasion analysis, 150-151, 152-153, 157, chimeric load, 109
162-163 coevolution, 91, 93, 109, 111
model framework, 158-161 conflict, within-group, 111
motility and, 158 DNA sequencing and phylogenetic
mutualism constraints, 148-150, 152-153, analysis, 114-115
154-157 endemic variation, 91, 93, 106
nutrient concentration and diffusion genetic structure of fruiting body
rate, 89, 142-143, 147, 150-153, 154, groups, 91, 92-93, 94, 98-100, 102,
158 104, 106
quorum sensing, 88, 140, 154 horizontal gene transfer, 106
secretor/nonsecretor models, 88-89, kin selection, 93, 109
141-154, 158-161 laboratory origin of minority
segregation index, 162 phenotypes, control for, 104-105,
Simpson’s paradox, 150 113-114
single-species simulation, 142-144, 151 maintenance of social diversity, 110-111
size of the growth area, 146-147 migration into “foreign” groups, 91,
social insulation, 89, 147-148, 154, 157- 93-94, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111
158, 162 model of population biology, 108, 194
social phenotypes, 139-140 motility systems, 92, 95
spatial structure and, 89, 137, 139, 140, phage transduction, 106
149, 151, 152-153, 154-155, 158 phase variation, 105-106
statistical analysis, 163 phenotypic and genetic diversity, 88, 94,
within-species cooperation, 89, 155-156 95, 98-100
Multicellularity, cooperation, 193 phylogenetic relationships, 102-103
Mutualisms (see also Bacterial-eukaryotic regeneration of clonality, 110
mutualisms) sample collection and strain isolation,
between-species cooperation, 155-156, 94, 111-112
157, 210 social conflict within groups, 91
cheating in, 2, 40-41, 46 spore production, 87, 91, 92, 97, 101-102,
chemotaxis and, 156, 158 105, 107
complex, 15 sporulation assays, 113
Hamilton’s rule and, 12, 15 starvation response, 87-88, 92, 104
inclusive fitness modeling, 6, 7, 12 statistical analyses, 114
inoculation density on agar plates and, swarming motility assays, 111-112
156-157 swarming phenotypes, 91, 95-97, 102,
multispecies simulation, 148-150, 105
154-157 territorial kin discrimination, 94, 107, 110
nutrient competition and, 155-156
partner choice and partner fidelity
N
feedback, 13, 24
spatial structure and ecological
Nahum, Joshua R., 88, 117-136
feedback and, 131
Nasonia wasps, 169, 178, 179, 182, 227, 229
social selection, 1, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 15, 24
Nasutitermes termites, 179, 180
within-species cooperation, 155-156, 157
Neanderthals, 364
“Mycetocyte” bacteria, 32-33, 37-38
Neotermes koshunensis, 175
Myxococcus xanthus
Nepotism, 49, 50, 51, 53-54, 55, 56, 64, 65,
balancing selection, 110
66, 68, 263, 347
cell–cell adhesion, 94, 95, 97, 107
Netsilik, 366, 370
cheater–cooperator population
Neurospora, 220
dynamics, 110
New York University, vii
cheater strains with social defects, 88,
Nitrogen fixation, 30, 32, 37, 38, 39, 40
93, 107-109
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Nonacs, Peter, 2, 49-68 Paternally expressed factors, 259, 260-261,
Nonadditive fitness effects, 18, 19, 20-21, 22 271, 277, 278, 280, 282, 283, 284
Nonhuman primates (see Chimpanzees; Pathology from evolutionary conflict
Vertebrate cooperation; other cancer, 236, 237, 252, 275, 277, 278-282
individual species) growth conflict, 236, 275, 276-277, 278-
altruistic social preferences in, 350-359 285, 290, 291-292
fairness and inequity aversion, 360-361 maternally expressed factors, 277, 280,
punishment of conspecifics, 360 282, 283, 284, 285, 291
Nontransitivity model of opposing forces, 275, 278, 279,
in male mating systems, 129 284, 286, 292-293
in overgrowth patterns, 129 morphology and feeding-related
prevalence in natural ecosystems, behavior, 277, 282-283
129-130 paternally expressed factors, 277, 280,
and restraint evolution in E. coli, 119- 282, 283, 284
120, 121, 122, 127, 128, 129-130 psychiatric disorders, 236, 275, 277, 283-
spatial structure and, 130 285, 290, 291-292
in sperm competition, 129 sexual conflict, 285-287
victim–exploiter relationships, 129-130 Pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum), 178-179
Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), 305
Peking University, viii
O Pelotomaculum thermopropionicum, 155-156
Phenotype matching, 56, 57, 264
Odorant receptor genes, 174 Philanthus triangulum, 41
Oxytocin, 285 Photosynthates, 32-33, 38
Pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca), 339, 341
Pinyon jays (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus),
P 326-327
piRNA pathway, 171, 172, 181, 220, 222
Paper wasps (Polistes dominulus), 177, 329
Planctomycetes, 34, 35
Parasitism
Plasmids, 218, 234
bacterial, 28
antibiotic resistance, 219
manipulation of host reproduction, 40
colicin, 120, 132
restraint in host–parasite systems, 131
killer, 214, 226
social, 198, 199, 202
R-M system, 226
transition from mutualism, 45, 46
Ti, 18-19, 24
transition to mutualism, 2, 30-31, 35,
Plasmodium falciparum, 242, 244
36-37, 46, 47
Plasmodium chabaudi, 242, 243, 244
vertical transmission, 42
Pleiotropy, 166, 191, 201, 202, 203-204
virulence/infectivity, 131
Pogo elements, 221
Parent-offspring conflict, 236, 260, 265, 271,
Polar Inuit, 371
272
Polygamy, 51
Parental manipulation of offspring, 189,
Polygyny, 175, 262, 299, 303, 305, 309, 310,
299, 306, 307
311-312, 317, 319, 321
Partner choice
Populus, 221
in bacterial mutualism, 31, 33, 38, 39, 40,
Power
41-42, 46
age and, 262, 315
in kith selection, 13, 24
asymmetries, 166, 202, 206-208, 261-262
Partner fidelity feedback
condition-based, 207
in bacterial mutualism, 31, 33, 38-40,
conflict control by, 206-208, 211
41-42
first-strike, 206
in kith selection, 13, 14, 15, 24
mediation of competition and, 207-208
Parthenogenesis, 228, 229
sibs, 261-262, 306
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Poxviruses, 219 positive assortment and, 118, 120, 121,
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), 260, 271, 125, 129, 131-132
282-283, 285 rock–paper–scissors game, 88, 119-120
Predation/predators, 24 (see also simulation of ecoevolutionary
Myxococcus xanthus) dynamics, 124-127, 134-135, 136
and horizontal gene transfer, 42 spatial structure and, 130-131
Price’s equation, 8, 9, 10 survival of the weakest, 119
Princeton University, vii in victim–exploiter communities,
Prochloron spp., 32-33, 41 130-131
Prosocial Test, 351-356 Restriction-modification (R-M) systems, 226
Proteobacteria, 34, 35, 36, 87, 92 (see also Reticulitermes flavipes, 184
Myxococcus xanthus) Retinoblastoma, 281
Pseudogenes, 221 Retrogenes, 221
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 151, 153 Retroposons, 218, 219, 221-222
Pseudonocardia spp., 30-31 Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), 327,
Public goods games, 347 329-331
Pufferfish, 219 Rhizobia, 30-31, 32, 36, 39, 40, 44
Punishment of cheaters, 40, 300, 330, 332, Rhizobiales, 36
340, 341, 342, 346, 347, 348, 349, 360, Richerson, Peter J., 301, 363-382
361 Rickettsia, 42
Riftia pachyptila, 41
Ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), 340
Q Robinson, Gene E., 165, 167-189
Rubenstein, Dustin R., 3, 69-85
Queller, David C., 1, 5-25, 166, 191-211 Runaway social selection, 67
Quorum sensing, 88, 140, 154, 192, 195-196
S
R
Sachs, Joel L., 2, 27-47
Ravens (Corvus corax), 300, 330 Sackler, Arthur M., vii-viii. See also Arthur
Read, Andrew F., 235-236, 237-252 M. Sackler Colloquium
Reciprocity, 12, 13, 15 Sackler, Jillian, vii, viii
Regus, John U., 27-47 Salmonella enterica, 131
Reproductive skew theory, 49, 51, 53-54, 55, Schizophrenia, vii, 236, 254, 284, 285
64, 65, 68 Scrub jays (Aphelocoma californica), 330
Restraint, evolution of Self-splicing introns, 218-219, 223
in colicin producing E. coli strains, 88, Selfish genetic elements
120-130, 132-135 B (supernumerary) chromosomes, 166,
competition assay, 133-134 213-214, 223-224, 227
defined, 118 clade selection hypothesis, 232
ecological dynamics, 120, 121-122, 128- defined, 214
129, 132 domestication, co-option, or exaptation,
evolution of resistant strain, 122-124 221
experimental treatments, 132-133 “epi-transposon” hypothesis, 222
in host–parasite communities, 131 evolutionary function, 166, 216, 230-233,
in hypercycle communities, 131 234
Lotka-Volterra model, 130 gene converters, 223
migration patterns and, 88, 121-122, 127, and genetic conflict, 214, 215, 216-218,
130, 132, 134-135 224, 228
in nontransitive communities, 88, 119- harmful effects, 220, 218-233
120, 121, 122, 127, 128, 129-131 host dependency, 216
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imprinted genes, 166 (see also Genomic Silk, Joan B., 300, 343-362
imprinting) Silver-Russell syndrome, 271, 282, 283
interspecies lateral transfers, 219, 222, Skophammer, Ryan G., 27-47
229-230 Slave making, 176
meiotic drive elements, 166, 213, 214, Slime molds, 56
216, 218, 223-225, 230, 288 Social brain hypothesis, 177
modification-rescue systems, 166, 225, Social effects, modeling, 8-10
226, 227, 228, 234 Social foraging behavior, 187
organellar genes, 166, 214, 217-218, Social heterosis, 67-68
227-230 Social Hymenoptera
parasitic hypothesis, 215, 216, 228, 229, caste-biasing nepotism, 49, 50, 51, 53,
230, 231, 232-233, 234 54, 55, 56, 64, 65-67, 68
postsegregation distorters, 225-227, 229 environmental cues, 49, 55, 56, 58, 64-65
safe havens, 216, 220, 222, 223 genetic recognition, 2-3, 49, 55
transposons and other mobile elements, greenbeard traits, 2-3, 49, 55-60, 65-67
166, 214, 215, 217, 218, 220, 221-222, haplodiplody hypothesis, 51
230-233, 234 immune gene evolution, 178-180
types and consequences, 218-233 kin recognition, 2-3, 49-50, 54-55, 64-65
Selfish-herd defense, 20 kin selection mechanisms, 50-51, 54-59,
SETMAR gene, 221 67-68
Sex chromosome drive, 223, 224-225 male parentage conflicts (worker
Sex ratios, 2, 40, 51, 64, 227, 230, 276 policing), 2, 49, 51, 52-53
Sexual conflict (see also Genomic monogamy hypothesis, 3, 51
imprinting) reproductive skew theory, 2, 49, 51,
Gaussian fitness function, 296 53-54, 55, 64, 65, 68
genetic models of sexually antagonistic runaway social selection, 49-50
traits, 296 sex investment ratios, 2, 49, 51-52
quadratic fitness, 294 simulating evolution of cooperation,
sex-limited traits, 277, 285-286, 291 2-3, 49, 56-59
sexual antagonism over trait with same Social immunity, 178
fitness consequences, 277, 286-290, Social selection
291 byproduct social effects, 11
X inactivation consequences, 295 causality, 6, 7, 8, 10-11, 14
X vs. autosome theory, 236, 275-276, Hamilton’s rule and, 5-6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14,
277, 287-290, 293-296 15, 16, 22, 23, 49, 55, 56-59
Sexual maturation indirect genetic effects approach, 8, 21
adolescence, 271-272 kind selection, 5, 6, 7, 16-23
another-mouth-to-feed scenario, 266- kith selection, 5, 6, 7, 12-16
267, 269 indirect genetic effects, 11
birth order and, 270-271 modeling social effects, 8-10
blended vs. unblended relatedness, mutualisms, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 15, 24
268-269 neighbor-modulated approach, 5, 6-7, 9,
effects of imprinted genes, 271 12, 14, 15, 22, 23
father absence and, 269-270 phenotype matching, 6, 9, 10, 11-12, 13,
genomic imprinting and, 265-272 14-15, 22, 23, 57-59
helper-at-the-nest scenario, 267, 268-270, reciprocity, 12, 13, 15
271 runaway, 67
life expectancy and, 266 selfish effects, 24
partner change and, 267-268 social causality, 6, 9, 10, 11-12, 14
pygmies, 266 population structure (relatedness) and,
Siblings, conflict, 261-262 6, 10
Side-blotch lizards (Uta stansburiana), 56, 129 separation condition, 6, 10
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Staphylococcus aureus, 151, 153 Velicer, Gregory J., 88, 91-115
State University of New York at Stony Vertebrate cooperation
Brook, viii attribution of intentions, 300, 325, 326,
Stinkbugs, 30-31, 40-41, 43 329-331
Strassmann, Beverly I., 299, 303-324 attribution of knowledge, 326, 331-332
Strassmann, Joan E., 166, 191-211 cognitive constraints, 334-335
Streptomyces philanthi, 32-33, 41 contingent altruism measures, 325,
Stromatolites, 138, 139 336-339
Superb starlings (Lamprotornis superbus), 69, detection of noncooperators, 325,
74-84 (see Cooperative breeding) 340-342
Superorganisms, 2 emotional constraints, 335-336
mechanisms, 332-334
recognition of others’ relationships, 300,
T 326-329
Vervets (Chlorocebus aethiops), 300, 327, 333,
Tamarins, 343, 357-358
340
Termites (see also Eusocial insects)
Vibrio fischeri, 30-31, 38, 40, 41, 45, 155
hexamerins, 184, 187
Viviparous lizards, 129
immune gene evolution, 171, 179-180
Volvocales, 193
juvenile hormone, 184
metabolism and nutrition genes, 165-
166, 172, 184
W
origins of eusociality, 169
queen pheromone gene (Neofem2), 175, Wasps, 300 (see also Social Hymenoptera)
187 immunity genes, 178
within-colony competition, 153, 154 origins of eusociality, 169, 177, 187-188
Third-Party Punishment Game, 346 Water fern, 32-33, 43
Ti plasmid, 18-19, 24 Weaning, 260, 283, 319
Tragedy of the commons, 130-131 Werren, John H., 166, 213-234
Transposons, 166, 215, 217, 218-219 West Greenland Inuit, 375
Tribolium beetles, 227 Wilms’ tumor, 281
Trichogramma wasps, 227 Wolbachia, 40, 42, 43, 228-230, 234
Trust, 300, 345, 347, 348 Woodard, S. Hollis, 165, 167-189
Trust Game, 345, 348 World Health Organization, 240, 311
Tubeworms, 30-31, 41
Tufted capuchins, 360
X
X inactivation, 287, 293, 294, 295
U
Xavier, João B., 89, 137-164
Ubiquitin pathway, 283
Ultimatum Games, 345-346, 348, 360
Y
Unicoloniality, 50, 67, 68
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and
Yeast, 56, 226
Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
World Heritage site, 305
United States Agency for International
Z
Development, 305
Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), 328
V
Vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus), 338
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