Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 184
Study Committee
Biographical Information
Joseph L. Schofer, Chair, is Professor of Civil and Environmental Engi-
neering and Associate Dean of the Robert R. McCormick School of Engi-
neering and Applied Science at Northwestern University and Director of
Northwestern’s Infrastructure Technology Institute. He chaired the
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering from 1997 to 2002
and was director of research and interim director of the Transportation
Center for various periods until 2008. Dr. Schofer’s research interests focus
on planning and management of transportation systems, particularly the
provision and use of data and information for effective decision making and
evaluation of systems, plans, and projects. His current research includes
studies of the sustainability of transportation systems, decision support for
infrastructure preservation and rehabilitation, privatization of transporta-
tion facilities, and transportation policy. Working through the Transporta-
tion Research Board (TRB), Dr. Schofer is actively engaged in planning and
implementation of conferences and workshops focused on data and infor-
mation resources for transportation planning and management. He is a
member of the Strategic Highway Research Program 2 Technical Coordi-
nating Committee for Capacity Research, and he serves on several TRB
standing committees and cooperative research program project panels. He
chaired the National Research Council Committee to Review the Bureau of
Transportation Statistics’ Survey Programs, which produced the report
Measuring Personal Travel and Goods Movement: A Review of the Bureau of
Transportation Statistics’ Surveys. Dr. Schofer is a member of the Conges-
tion Pricing Technical Group for the Chicago Civic Consulting Alliance, the
Mayor’s Pedestrian Advisory Committee (Chicago), the Transportation
Committee of the Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning, the Citizen’s
Advisory Board of Pace (the suburban Chicago bus service provider), and
168
OCR for page 185
Study Committee Biographical Information 169
other advisory boards. He earned a BE from Yale University and an MS and
a PhD from Northwestern University, all in civil engineering.
Jeffrey N. Buxbaum is a principal with Cambridge Systematics, Inc., in
Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he leads the tolling and road-pricing
practice. He has 29 years of experience in transportation planning and pol-
icy analysis and specializes in policy and technical studies related to trans-
portation finance and road pricing and in traffic and revenue studies for
highways and bridges. He has led transportation projects addressing area-
wide and corridor-level planning, traffic engineering, and financial plan-
ning. Mr. Buxbaum was principal investigator for a National Cooperative
Highway Research Program synthesis study of key elements for public-
sector decision making in public–private partnerships and was the princi-
pal investigator for a similar study funded by the University of Southern
California’s Keston Institute entitled “Protecting the Public Interest: The
Role of Long-Term Concession Agreements for Providing Transportation
Infrastructure.” He led the Washington State Comprehensive Tolling
Study, which examined the short-, medium-, and long-term roles that
tolling could play in raising revenue and managing congestion, and a sim-
ilar study for Connecticut. Mr. Buxbaum has also investigated the future
of tolling in Oregon and worked with Oregon on policy questions sur-
rounding tolling. He also led a study of a potential system of express toll
lanes for the Twin Cities for the Minnesota Department of Transportation.
In addition, he supported the Massachusetts Transportation Finance Com-
mission in its efforts to create a sustainable transportation finance system
for the commonwealth and contributed to studies for the Federal Highway
Administration, the Hudson Institute, and the U.S. Chamber Foundation.
Mr. Buxbaum is a member of the Transportation Research Board Com-
mittee on Congestion Pricing. He earned a BS in civil engineering from the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
William A. V. Clark is Professor of Geography and Statistics in the
Department of Geography at the University of California, Los Angeles
(UCLA). He chaired the department from 1987 to 1991, and again from
1995 to 1997, and was associate director of UCLA’s Institute for Social Sci-
ence Research from 1977 to 1981. His other former positions include Belle
Van Zuylen Professor at the University of Utrecht and Visiting Professor
OCR for page 186
170 Equity of Evolving Transportation Finance Mechanisms
of Geography at the Free University of Amsterdam, both in the Nether-
lands. Dr. Clark’s research over the past two decades has addressed the
internal changes in U.S. cities, notably the changes that occur in response
to residential mobility and migration. His large-scale studies of demo-
graphic change in the neighborhoods of large metropolitan areas have
examined the nature of population flows between cities and suburbs,
white flight, and the impact of legal intervention on the urban mosaic. He
is currently investigating the interaction of class, race, and geography in
metropolitan areas. Dr. Clark was elected to the National Academy of
Sciences in 2005. His other recent honors and awards include fellowship
of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2003, honorary fellow-
ship of the Royal Society of New Zealand in 1997, and the Decade of
Behavior Research Award in 2005. Dr. Clark is a member of the Trans-
portation Research Board Executive Committee and its Subcommittee
for National Research Council (NRC) Oversight and of the NRC Geo-
graphical Sciences Committee. He earned a BA and an MA from the Uni-
versity of New Zealand and a PhD from the University of Illinois,
Urbana-Champaign, all in geography.
Douglas M. Duncan is an independent consultant. He previously served
as county executive for Montgomery County, Maryland for three terms,
from 1994 to 2006. Montgomery County is Maryland’s largest jurisdic-
tion, with an annual budget of $3.9 billion and 9,000 employees. During
his tenure as county executive, Mr. Duncan served on the Board of
Directors of the Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments and
was a member of the Metropolitan Washington Air Quality Committee
and of the Maryland Comprehensive Transit Plan Transit Advisory
Panel. He took a particular interest in transportation and was involved
in many of the decisions relating to the Maryland Intercounty Connec-
tor project, which includes a congestion pricing element. Mr. Duncan
was a member of the city council of Rockville, Maryland, from 1982 to
1987 and was mayor of Rockville from 1987 to 1993. He has also held
positions with Montgomery County’s criminal justice commission and
spent 13 years in the private sector working in the telecommunications
industry. Mr. Duncan has received numerous awards for his leadership
and management, including the 2006 Community Builder Award from
the Greater Washington, D.C., Chapter of the Organization of Chinese
OCR for page 187
Study Committee Biographical Information 171
Americans; the 2004 Leadership Award from CASA of Maryland, the state’s
largest Latino and immigrant-based service and advocacy organization; the
2001 Award for Outstanding Public Leadership in Serving the Disability
Community from the Commission on People with Disabilities; and the
2001 Elizabeth and David Scull Memorial Public Service Award from the
Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments. Mr. Duncan earned a
BA in psychology and political science from Columbia University.
T. Keith Lawton is principal, Keith Lawton Consulting, Inc., based in
Newberg, Oregon. He was formerly with Metro, the metropolitan plan-
ning organization for the Portland, Oregon, region and held a variety of
positions during his 29 years with the organization. Immediately prior
to his retirement, Mr. Lawton was Director of Technical Services in the
Planning Department. He led Metro’s development of a comprehensive
set of models for use by all jurisdictions in the Portland area as well as an
integrated transportation–land use model that links households, popu-
lation, and employment with Metro’s detailed transportation model. He
was also involved in the federally supported activity-based model devel-
opment known as TRANSIMS at the Los Alamos National Laboratory.
As part of his recent consulting work, Mr. Lawton was principal investi-
gator on a study of changes in travel behavior and demand associated
with managed lanes, which was requested by the American Association
of State Highway and Transportation Officials’ Standing Committee
on Planning. Mr. Lawton is an emeritus member of the Transportation
Research Board Committee on Transportation Demand and Forecast-
ing and has served on several National Research Council committees,
including the Committee on Physical Activity, Health, Transportation,
and Land Use and the Committee to Review the Bureau of Transporta-
tion Statistics’ Survey Programs. Currently, he serves on the Strategic
Highway Research Program 2 Technical Coordinating Committee for
Capacity Research. Mr. Lawton holds a BS in civil engineering from the
University of Natal, South Africa, and an MS in civil and environmental
engineering from Duke University.
David M. Levinson is Richard P. Braun–CTS Chair in Transportation
Engineering and Associate Professor in the Department of Civil Engi-
neering at the University of Minnesota. His research interests include
OCR for page 188
172 Equity of Evolving Transportation Finance Mechanisms
transportation economics and financing, transportation policy and
deployment, integrated transportation and land use planning, travel
behavior, and travel demand modeling. His recent research projects
include a value pricing project and an evaluation of the MnPASS (I-394
high-occupancy toll lanes) for the Hubert Humphrey Institute of Public
Affairs, measurement of the equity and efficiency of the Twin Cities
ramp meter system for the Minnesota Department of Transportation,
and a study of the needs of transportation-disadvantaged individuals.
Dr. Levinson recently spent a year as a visiting academic at the Centre for
Transport Studies, Imperial College, London. He has also worked as a
transportation planner with the Montgomery County Planning Depart-
ment of the Maryland–National Capital Park and Planning Commis-
sion. Dr. Levinson was the winner of the 2005 New Faculty Award
presented by the Council of University Transportation Centers and the
American Road and Transportation Builders Association. He is a mem-
ber of the Transportation Research Board Committee on Transportation
Demand Forecasting, and is editor of the Journal of Transportation and
Land Use. Dr. Levinson received a BS from the Georgia Institute of Tech-
nology, an MS from the University of Maryland at College Park, and a
PhD from the University of California, Berkeley, all in civil engineering.
Robert Cameron Mitchell is professor emeritus in the Graduate School
of Geography at Clark University. Before joining the Clark faculty, he
taught at Swarthmore College and at the Pennsylvania State University
and was a senior fellow at Resources for the Future in Washington, D.C.,
from 1976 to 1987. In recent years, Dr. Mitchell has worked extensively
with economists to design studies that measure the economic value of
environmental policies involving nonmarketed goods, such as oil spill
prevention and national water quality improvements. His publications in
this field address measurement techniques, notably the use of surveys to
value public goods (contingent valuation), and the application of these
techniques to a range of environmental issues. Specific cases addressed in
Dr. Mitchell’s publications include the damages from the Exxon Valdez
oil spill; siting of a high-level nuclear waste repository at Hanford; the
Three Mile Island nuclear incident; and the reduction of trihalomethanes
in the public drinking water system of a small southern Illinois town.
Dr. Mitchell is a member of several professional associations, including
OCR for page 189
Study Committee Biographical Information 173
the American Sociological Association and the American Association for
Public Opinion Research, and is a former member of the editorial board
of Public Opinion Quarterly. He has served as a consultant to a wide range
of companies and organizations, including the State of California’s
Department of Natural Resources; the Nature Conservancy; the Organi-
sation for Economic Co-operation and Development; the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency; Social Impact Assessment, Inc., La Jolla,
California; and the World Bank. In 1998, he received the Association of
Environmental and Resource Economists’ prize for a publication of
enduring value for the book Using Surveys to Value Public Goods, authored
jointly with Richard Carson. Dr. Mitchell earned a BA in history from the
College of Wooster, an MDiv from Union Theological Seminary, and an
MA and PhD in sociology from Northwestern University.
Sandra Rosenbloom is Professor of Planning, Adjunct Professor of
Natural Renewable Resources, Adjunct Professor of Gerontology, and
Adjunct Professor of Women’s Studies at the University of Arizona. She
served as director of the Roy P. Drachman Institute for Land and
Regional Development Studies, a research and public service unit of the
university, from 1990 to 2004. Before joining the University of Arizona
faculty in 1990, she held an endowed chair as David Bruton Centennial
Professor of Urban Design and Planning at the University of Texas,
Austin. Dr. Rosenbloom’s research explores the intersection between the
social sciences and transportation, and she is internationally recognized
for her scholarship on the implications for transportation and commu-
nity development of societal trends—notably, suburbanization, the
aging of society, the increased role in the labor force of women with chil-
dren, and the growth of groups with special needs. She received the
Transportation Research Board (TRB) 2004 Roy W. Crum distinguished
service award for her outstanding achievements in the field of trans-
portation research. Her other honors include the 1999 Roger Tate Award
for pioneering research on mobility options for the elderly, and the gov-
ernment of New Zealand’s 1998 Kitahura Lectureship. Her extensive
international work has been supported by the European Community,
the European Council of Ministers of Transport, the Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development, and by the governments of
Australia, France, and the Netherlands. Dr. Rosenbloom is a member of
OCR for page 190
174 Equity of Evolving Transportation Finance Mechanisms
the TRB Executive Committee and was a member of the Planning Com-
mittee for the 4th International Conference on Women’s Issues in
Transportation. She chaired the TRB Committee on Paratransit, has
served on several other TRB committees and task forces, and was named
a National Associate of the National Academies in 2004. Dr. Rosenbloom
earned an AB in political science, an MA in public policy, and a PhD in
political science, all from the University of California, Los Angeles.
Kenneth A. Small is Research Professor and Professor Emeritus in the
Department of Economics at the University of California, Irvine. He
chaired the department from 1992 to 1995 and served as Associate Dean
of Social Sciences from 1986 to 1992. Dr. Small specializes in urban,
transportation, and environmental economics, and his recent research
has addressed urban highway congestion, measurement of value of time
and reliability, effects of fuel efficiency standards, public transit financ-
ing, and fuel taxes. He conducted a project on travel demand modeling
for California’s 91 Express Lanes for the U.S. Department of Transporta-
tion (DOT), investigated the viability of value pricing demonstrations
for the U.S. DOT and the California DOT, and studied the viability of
public transit with road-pricing measures for the University of Califor-
nia Energy Institute. He has also recently studied travel reliability, tran-
sit pricing, and the effects of fuel prices and fuel-efficiency regulation
on travel behavior. Dr. Small was associate editor of Transportation
Research, Part B: Methodological for 4 years and serves on the editorial
boards of that journal and of Regional Science and Urban Economics,
Journal of Urban Economics, Transportation, and Journal of Transport
Economics and Policy. He has served on several National Research Coun-
cil committees, including the Committee for a Study on Urban Trans-
portation Congestion Pricing. He received the Distinguished Member
Award of the American Economic Association’s Transportation and
Public Utilities Group in 1999 and the Transportation Research Forum’s
Distinguished Transportation Research Award in 2004. Dr. Small has
advised the European Union, the World Bank, and other government
organizations. He earned a BS in physics and an AB in mathematics
from the University of Rochester and an MA in physics and a PhD in
economics from the University of California, Berkeley.
OCR for page 191
Study Committee Biographical Information 175
Brian D. Taylor is Professor and Chair of Urban Planning and Direc-
tor, Institute of Transportation Studies, at the University of California,
Los Angeles (UCLA). His research addresses transportation policy and
planning. In particular, his work explores how society pays for trans-
portation systems and how these systems serve the needs of people with
low levels of mobility because of low income, disability, location, or age.
Much of Dr. Taylor’s research focuses on the politics of transportation
finance, including the history of freeway planning and finance, emerg-
ing trends in highway finance, the linking of subsidies to public transit
performance, and the measurement of equity in public transit finance.
His research also examines travel demographics, including patterns of
public transit use by the central city poor and the constrained travel
patterns of working women. Dr. Taylor recently coauthored a study
that examined the high-occupancy toll lanes on State Route 91 in
Orange County, California, and compared how tolls and sales taxes
affect the county’s lower income residents. In 2005, he coauthored a
review and synthesis of road-use metering and charging systems com-
missioned by the National Research Council (NRC) Committee for the
Study of the Long-Term Viability of Fuel Taxes for Transportation
Finance. Before joining the UCLA Department of Urban Planning in
1994, Dr. Taylor held assistant professor and visiting lecturer positions
at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and was a transporta-
tion planner with the Metropolitan Transportation Commission in
Oakland, California. He is a member of the American Planning Asso-
ciation, holds professional certification from the American Institute of
Certified Planners, and is a member of the Blue Ribbon Panel of Trans-
portation Experts that advises the National Surface Transportation Pol-
icy and Revenue Study Commission. He was a member of the NRC
Committee for a Study of Contracting Out Transit Services and is cur-
rently serving on the Committee for a Study of Potential Energy Sav-
ings and Greenhouse Gas Reductions from Transportation. Dr. Taylor
earned a BA in geography from the University of California, Los Ange-
les (UCLA), an MS in civil engineering and an MCP in city and regional
planning from the University of California, Berkeley, and a PhD in
urban planning from UCLA.
OCR for page 192
176 Equity of Evolving Transportation Finance Mechanisms
Beverly G. Ward is a United We Ride Coordination Ambassador with
the National Resource Center for Human Service Transportation Coor-
dination and is based in Tampa, Florida. The National Resource Center
is operated by the Community Transportation Association of America
under a cooperative agreement with the Federal Transit Administration.
In her position as ambassador on human service and public transport
coordination for Federal Region 1 (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont), Dr. Ward works with
regional, state, and local officials; transit operators; and mobility advo-
cates to improve coordinated human service and public transportation.
She was formerly an associate in research at the University of South
Florida for more than 17 years. Her research at the university’s Louis de
la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, department of anthropology,
and Center for Urban Transportation Research addressed policies, sys-
tems, and practices relating to housing, mobility, and access. In particu-
lar, Dr. Ward analyzed the social impacts of housing and transportation
policies on an aging population, persons with disabilities, women, and
low-income and minority communities. Her research has been sup-
ported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National
Science Foundation, the Florida Department of Transportation, and
the Federal Highway Administration. Before taking up her position at
the University of South Florida, Dr. Ward was assistant director of the
Alabama Transit Association in Birmingham. She is a member of the
Transportation Research Board Committee on Environmental Justice in
Transportation and served from 2004 to 2005 on the National Research
Council Committee on Research on Women’s Issues in Transportation:
A Conference. She is also a member of the Harvard Civil Rights Project
Transportation Equity Advisory Board. Dr. Ward earned a BA in psy-
chology and film–drama from Vassar College, an MPA from the Univer-
sity of Alabama at Birmingham, and a PhD in applied anthropology
from the University of South Florida.
Johanna P. Zmud is a senior policy researcher with the RAND Corpora-
tion in Arlington, Virginia. She was formerly president of NuStats, LLC, a
survey science consultancy specializing in transportation studies. Her areas
of expertise include opinion and behavior measurement, survey methods
research, communication research, travel survey design and analysis, and
OCR for page 193
Study Committee Biographical Information 177
public transit markets. Dr. Zmud has 22 years of experience in survey
design, implementation, and statistical analysis and has managed more
than 30 household travel surveys and 100 other surveys, including surveys
on tolling and road pricing. She was principal investigator for a recent
National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) synthesis
study that summarized and analyzed public opinion data on tolls and road
pricing across the United States and internationally. Dr. Zmud has pub-
lished papers on a variety of survey-related topics, including quality in
survey research among non–English-speaking populations, instrument
design, and stated preference applications. She chairs the NCHRP Project
Panel on Improved Framework and Tools for Highway Pricing Decisions
and the Data and Information Systems section of the Transportation
Research Board (TRB) and is a member of several other TRB committees
and panels. She is also a former chair of the TRB Committee on Travel Sur-
vey Methods and served on the National Research Council Committee on
Safety Belt Technology. Dr. Zmud earned a BS from East Carolina Univer-
sity, an MS from the University of Maryland, and a PhD in communica-
tion research from the University of Southern California’s Annenberg
School for Communication and Journalism.
